Sofia Asgatovna Gubaidulina (Sofia Gubaidulina) |

Sofia Gubaidulina

Panguva iyoyo, mweya, nhetembo Nyika chero kwaunoda Kutonga, - muzinda wemweya, Mweya, nhetembo. M. Tsvetaeva

S. Gubaidulina ndomumwe wevanyori vakanyanya kukosha veSoviet hafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Mimhanzi yake inoratidzirwa nesimba guru remanzwiro, mutsara mukuru wekukura uye, panguva imwechete, pfungwa yakadzikama yekutaura kwezwi - chimiro chetimbre yayo, maitiro ekuita.

Rimwe remabasa akakosha akaiswa neSA Gubaidulina nderekubatanidza maficha etsika dzekuMadokero nekuMabvazuva. Izvi zvinotungamirirwa nekwakabva kumhuri yeRussia-Tatar, hupenyu hwekutanga muTataria, ipapo muMoscow. Asisiri we "avant-gardism", kana "minimalism", kana "new folklore wave" kana chero mamwe maitiro emazuva ano, ane akajeka ega maitiro.

Gubaidulina ndiye munyori weakawanda emabasa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana. Vocal opuss inomhanya nebasa rake rose: yekutanga "Facelia" yakavakirwa padetembo raM. Prishvin (1956); cantatas "Night in Memphis" (1968) uye "Rubaiyat" (1969) paSt. oriental poets; the oratorio "Laudatio pacis" (pachiteshi cheJ. Comenius, pamwe chete naM. Kopelent naPX Dietrich - 1975); "Pfungwa" yevanoimba uye tambo ensemble (1983); "Kuzvitsaurira kuna Marina Tsvetaeva" nokuda kwekwaya cappella (1984) nevamwe.

Iro boka rakakura kwazvo rezvinyorwa zvekamuri: Piano Sonata (1965); Zvidzidzo zvishanu zvembira, kaviri bass uye percussion (1965); "Concordanza" nokuda kwekubatanidzwa kwezviridzwa (1971); 3 tambo quartets (1971, 1987, 1987); "Mimhanzi ye harpsichord uye zviridzwa zvinoridzwa kubva muunganidzwa waMark Pekarsky" (1972); "Detto-II" ye cello uye 13 zviridzwa (1972); Gumi Etudes (Preludes) ye cello solo (1974); Concerto yebassoon uye yakaderera tambo (1975); "Chiedza neRima" yenhengo (1976); "Detto-I" - Sonata ye organ uye percussion (1978); "De prolundis" yebhatani accordion (1978), "Jubilation" yevana percussionists (1979), "In croce" ye cello uye organ (1979); "Pakutanga pakanga pane rhythm" yevatambi vengoma 7 (1984); "Quasi hoketus" yepiyano, viola uye bassoon (1984) nevamwe.

Iyo nharaunda yesymphonic inoshanda naGubaidulina inosanganisira "Matanho" eorchestra (1972); "Hour of the Soul" yekuridza wega, mezzo-soprano uye symphony orchestra kuSt. Marina Tsvetaeva (1976); Concerto kune maviri orchestras, akasiyana uye symphony (1976); concertos for piyano (1978) uye violin uye orchestra (1980); The Symphony “Stimmen… Verftummen…” (“Ndinonzwa… Zvanga Zvanyarara…” – 1986) nevamwe. Imwe yakaumbwa ndeyemagetsi chete, "Vivente - non vivante" (1970). Mimhanzi yeGubaidulina yemabhaisikopo yakakosha: "Mowgli", "Balagan" (makatuni), "Vertical", "Dhipatimendi", "Smerch", "Scarecrow", etc. Gubaidulina akapedza kudzidza kubva kuKazan Conservatory muna 1954 se piano ( naG. Kogan ), akadzidza achisarudza mukunyora naA. Lehman. Somunyori wenziyo, akapedza kudzidza kubva kuMoscow Conservatory (1959, naN. Peiko) uye akapedza chikoro (1963, naV. Shebalin). Achida kuzvipira chete kukugadzira, akasarudza nzira yemuimbi wemahara kwehupenyu hwake hwese.

Creativity Gubaidulina yakanga isinganyanyi kuzivikanwa munguva ye "stagnation", uye perestroika chete ndiyo yakaita kuti azivikanwe zvakanyanya. Mabasa eSoviet master akagamuchira kuongororwa kwepamusoro kune dzimwe nyika. Nokudaro, mukati moMutambo weBoston weSoviet Music (1988), imwe yenyaya dzacho yakanga ine musoro unoti: “Madokero Anowana Njere dzaSofia Gubaidulina.”

Pakati pevatambi vemimhanzi naGubaidulina ndivo vaimbi vakakurumbira: conductor G. Rozhdestvensky, violinist G. Kremer, cellists V. Tonkha naI. Monighetti, bassoonist V. Popov, bayan player F. Lips, percussionist M. Pekarsky nevamwe.

Manyorero ega ega Gubaidulina akaumbwa pakati pemakore makumi matanhatu, kutanga neshanu Etudes yembira, kaviri bass uye percussion, yakazadzwa neruzha rwemweya rwezviridzwa zvisina kujairika. Izvi zvakateverwa ne60 cantatas, thematically yakataurirwa kuMabvazuva - "Night in Memphis" (pamagwaro kubva kumashoko ekare eEgipita akashandurwa naA. Akhmatova naV. Potapova) uye "Rubaiyat" (pamavhesi naKhaqani, Hafiz, Khayyam). Ose macantatas anoburitsa madingindira evanhu asingaperi erudo, kusuwa, kusurukirwa, kunyaradzwa. Mumumhanzi, zvinhu zveOriental melismatic melody zvinogadzirwa neWestern inobudirira dramaturgy, ine dodecaphonic composing technique.

Mumakore makumi manomwe, asina kutakurwa ne "nyowani yakapfava" maitiro akapararira zvakanyanya muEurope, kana nzira yepolystylistics, iyo yakashandiswa zvakanyanya nevaitungamira vanyori vezera rake (A. Schnittke, R. Shchedrin, nezvimwewo. ), Gubaidulina akaenderera mberi achitsvaga nzvimbo dzekutaura zvinonzwika (somuenzaniso, muGumi Etudes yeCello) uye dramaturgy yemimhanzi. Concerto yebassoon uye yakaderera tambo nhaurirano yakapinza ye "theatrical" pakati pe "gamba" (solo bassoon) uye "boka revanhu" (boka re cellos uye mabhesi maviri). Panguva imwecheteyo, kukakavara kwavo kunoratidzwa, iyo inofamba nematanho akasiyana-siyana ekusanzwisisana: "boka revanhu" rinoisa nzvimbo yaro pa "gamba" - kurwisana kwemukati kwe "gamba" - "kubvuma kwake kune vazhinji" uye moral fiasco yemukuru "unhu".

"Awa yeMweya" yekuridza wega, mezzo-soprano uye orchestra ine kupesana kwevanhu, lyrical uye hutsinye, hutsinye misimboti; mhedzisiro ndeye yakafuridzirwa lyrical vocal finale kune sublime, "Atlantean" ndima dzeM. Tsvetaeva. Mumabasa eGubaidulina, kududzirwa kwekufananidzira kwepakutanga kwakasiyana vaviri vaviri vakaonekwa: "Chiedza uye Rima" kune nhengo, "Vivente - non vivente". ("Kurarama - kusingapenyu") yemagetsi synthesizer, "In croce" ("Crosswise") ye cello uye organ (2 zviridzwa zvinotsinhanisa madingindira azvo panguva yebudiriro). Kuma80s. Gubaidulina zvakare anogadzira mabasa ehurongwa hwakakura, hukuru, uye anoenderera mberi nedingindira raanofarira "kumabvazuva", uye anowedzera kutarisisa kwake kumimhanzi yezwi.

Bindu reMufaro uye Kusuwa kune nyere, viola uye rudimbwa rinopihwa nekunatswa kwekumabvazuva. Muchinyorwa ichi, melismatics isinganzwisisike yerwiyo inonakidza, kupindirana kwezviridzwa zvepamusoro zvekunyoresa kwakanaka.

Concerto yeviolin uye orchestra, yakadanwa nemunyori "Offertorium", inosanganisira pfungwa yekuzvipira uye kuberekwa patsva kuhupenyu hutsva nenzira dzemimhanzi. Dingindira kubva ku“Musical Offering” yaJS Bach muurongwa hweorchestra naA. Webern inoshanda sechiratidzo chemumhanzi. Yechitatu tambo quartet (imwe-chikamu) inotsauka kubva kutsika yeklastiki quartet, inobva pakusiyana kwe "munhu-yakagadzirwa" pizzicato kutamba uye "isina kugadzirwa" kutambisa uta, iyo inopiwawo chirevo chekufananidzira. .

Gubaidulina anofunga nezve "Perception" ("Perception") ye soprano, baritone uye 7 tambo zviridzwa muzvikamu zve13 kuva rimwe remabasa ake akanakisisa. Yakamuka semugumisiro wekunyorerana naF. Tanzer, apo mudetembi akatumira zvinyorwa zvenhetembo dzake, uye munyori akapa mhinduro dzemashoko nemimhanzi kwavari. Aya ndiwo masimuriro akaita nhaurirano yekufananidzira pakati peMurume neMukadzi pamisoro inoti: Musiki, Kusika, Kusika, Chisikwa. Gubaidulina akawana pano kuwedzera, kupindira kwekutaura kwechikamu chezwi uye akashandisa chiyero chemaitiro ezwi panzvimbo yekuimba zvakajairika: kuimba kwakachena, kuimba kweshungu, Sprechstimme, kutaura kwakachena, kutaura kwekuda, kutaura kwezwi, kuzevezera. Mune dzimwe nhamba, tape yemagineti ine rekodhi yevatori vechikamu mukuita yakawedzerwa. Iyo lyrical-philosophical nhaurirano yeMurume neMukadzi, yapfuura nematanho ekumisikidzwa kwayo muhuwandu hwenhamba (No. 1 "Tarisa", Nha. 2 "Isu", Nha. 9 "Ini", Nha. 10 “Ini Newe”), inosvika kumugumo wayo muNo. 12 “Rufu rweMonty” Ichi chikamu chinokatyamadza zvikurusa chinyorwa chebhiza dema Monty, uyo akambotora mibairo pamijaho, uye zvino ari kutengeswa, kutengeswa, kurohwa. , akafa. No. 13 “Manzwi” anoshanda seanodzinga mashoko anotevera. Mazwi ekuvhura ne ekuvhara ekupedzisira – “Stimmen… Verstummen…” (“Manzwi… Akanyaradzwa…”) akashanda sechinyorwa chegwara guru regumi nembiri raGubaidulina reFirst Symphony, iro rakaenderera mberi nepfungwa dzehunyanzvi dze“Perception”.

Nzira yeGubaidulina mune unyanzvi inogona kuratidzwa nemashoko anobva kuCantata yake "Night in Memphis": "Ita mabasa ako pasi pano nemoyo wako."

V. Kholopova