Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (Nikolai Myaskovsky).

Nikolai Myaskovsky

N. Myaskovsky ndiye mumiririri wekare weSoviet musical culture, uyo akanga ari pamavambo ayo chaiwo. "Zvichida, hapana wevanyori veSoviet, kunyangwe akasimba, akajeka kwazvo, anofunga nepfungwa yemaonero anopindirana enzira yekusika kubva kuhupenyu hwekare hwemimhanzi yeRussia kuburikidza nekumhanya kwezvino kufembera kune ramangwana, sepaMyaskovsky. ,” akanyora kudaro B. Asafiev. Chokutanga pane zvose, izvi zvinoreva symphony, iyo yakapfuura nenzira yakareba uye yakaoma mubasa raMyaskovsky, yakava "nhoroondo yake yemweya". Iyo symphony yakaratidza pfungwa dzemunyori nezvezvino, umo maive nemadutu echimurenga, hondo yevagari vemo, nzara uye kuparadzwa kwepashure pehondo makore, zviitiko zvinosuruvarisa zve30s. Upenyu hwakatungamirira Myaskovsky kuburikidza nekuoma kweHondo Yenyika Yese, uye pakupera kwemazuva ake aive nemukana wekuona kusuruvara kukuru kwekupomerwa kusina kunaka mukugadzirisa kwakashata kwegore ra1948. Myaskovsky's 27 symphonies ihwo hupenyu hwose hwakaoma, dzimwe nguva hunorwadza kutsvaga kutsvaga. chimiro chemweya, icho chaionekwa mukukosha kusingaperi uye kunaka kwemweya nepfungwa dzevanhu. Mukuwedzera kune symphonies, Myaskovsky akasika 15 symphonic mabasa emamwe marudzi; concerto for violin, cello uye orchestra; 13 tambo quartets; 2 sonatas for cello nepiano, violin sonata; zvinopfuura 100 piyano zvidimbu; nziyo dzendarira band. Myaskovsky ane rudo runoshamisa rwakavakirwa pandima nevanyori vekuRussia (c. 100), cantatas, uye nhetembo yezwi-symphonic Alastor.

Myaskovsky akaberekerwa mumhuri yeinjiniya yemauto munhare yeNovogeorgievsk mudunhu reWarsaw. Ikoko, uye ipapo muOrenburg neKazan, akapedza makore ake ehuduku. Myaskovsky aiva nemakore 9 apo amai vake vakafa, uye hanzvadzi yababa yakachengeta vana vashanu, uyo "akanga ari mukadzi akachenjera uye ane mutsa ... zvaisakwanisa asi kuratidzwa kune vanhu vedu, "hanzvadzi dzaMyaskovsky dzakazonyora, uyo, maererano navo, akanga ari muhuduku "mukomana akanyarara uye anonyara ...

Pasinei nekukura kwekuda kwemimhanzi, Myaskovsky, maererano netsika dzemhuri, akasarudzwa kuti aite basa rechiuto. Kubva 1893 akadzidza paNizhny Novgorod, uye kubva muna 1895 paChipiri St. Petersburg Cadet Corps. Akadzidzawo mimhanzi, kunyange zvazvo asina nguva. Yekutanga kuumba miedzo - piyano preludes - ndeyezera regumi nemashanu. Muna 1889, Myaskovsky, achitevera zvido zvababa vake, akapinda muSt. Petersburg Military Engineering School. “Pazvikoro zvese zvemauto zvakavharwa, ichi ndicho chega chandinoyeuka nekusemesa kushoma,” akazonyora kudaro. Zvichida shamwari itsva dzemunyori dzakaita basa mukuongorora uku. Akasangana ... "nevazhinji vanofarira mimhanzi, uyezve, maitiro matsva kwandiri - Iyo Mighty Handful." Sarudzo yekuzvipira kumimhanzi yakava yakasimba uye yakasimba, kunyange zvazvo yakanga isiri pasina kupesana kwemweya kunorwadza. Uye saka, mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza kubva kukoreji muna 1902, Myaskovsky, akatumirwa kushanda mumauto eZaraysk, ipapo Moscow, akatendeukira kuna S. Taneyev netsamba yekurumbidza kubva kuna N. Rimsky-Korsakov uye pazano rake kwemwedzi mishanu kubva munaJanuary. kusvika muna May 5 G. akaenda naR. Gliere nzira yose yokuwirirana. Atamira kuSt. Petersburg, akaenderera mberi nezvidzidzo zvake neaichimbova mudzidzi weRimsky-Korsakov, I. Kryzhanovsky.

Muna 1906, muchivande kubva kuvakuru vemauto, Myaskovsky akapinda muSt. Mimhanzi yakaitwa panguva ino, maererano naye, "nehasha", uye panguva yaakapedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory (1911), Myaskovsky akanga atova munyori wenziyo mbiri dzenziyo, Sinfonietta, nhetembo ye symphonic "Kunyarara" (naE. Poe), piano sonatas ina, quartet, dzerudo . Mabasa enguva yeConservatory uye mamwe anotevera anosuwa uye anonetsa. "Grey, inotyisa, mhute yekuvhuvhuta ine chifukidziro chemakore makobvu," Asafiev anovaratidza nenzira iyi. Myaskovsky pachake akaona chikonzero cheizvi mu "mamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu" izvo zvakamumanikidza kurwira kubvisa basa rake risingadiwi. Mukati memakore eConservatory, ushamwari hwepedyo hwakamuka uye hwakapfuurira muupenyu hwake hwose naS. Prokofiev naB. Asafiev. Yakanga iri Myaskovsky uyo akatungamira Asafiev mushure mekupedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory kuenda kumimhanzi-yakakosha chiitiko. "Ungatadza sei kushandisa kugona kwako kunoshamisa kwekutsoropodza"? - akanyorera kwaari muna 1914. Myaskovsky akaonga Prokofiev semunyori ane zvipo zvikuru: "Ndine ushingi hwekumufunga iye akakwirira zvikuru kupfuura Stravinsky maererano netarenda uye yepakutanga."

Pamwe chete neshamwari, Myaskovsky anoridza mimhanzi, anofarira mabasa aC. Debussy, M. Reger, R. Strauss, A. Schoenberg, anopinda "Evenings of Modern Music", umo kubva muna 1908 iye pachake ari kutora chikamu semunyori. . Misangano nevadetembi S. Gorodetsky uye Vyach. Ivanov inomutsa kufarira munhetembo yeVanyori - 27 romances inowanikwa pamavhesi aZ. Gippius.

Muna 1911, Kryzhanovsky akaunza Myaskovsky kune mutungamiri K. Saradzhev, uyo akazova mutambi wekutanga wemabasa akawanda emunyori. Mugore rimwe chete, basa raMyaskovsky remimhanzi rakatanga muvhiki nevhiki "Music", rakabudiswa muMoscow naV. Derzhanovsky. Kwemakore matatu ekubatana mujenari (3-1911), Myaskovsky akabudisa zvinyorwa 14 uye zvinyorwa, zvinosiyaniswa nekunzwisisa uye kudzika kwekutonga. Chiremera chake semumhanzi chakasimbiswa zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya, asi kubuda kwehondo yeimperiya kwakachinja zvakanyanya hupenyu hwake hwakazotevera. Mumwedzi wekutanga wehondo, Myaskovsky akaunganidzwa, akasvika kuAustria pamberi, akagamuchira mhirizhonga inorema pedyo nePrzemysl. "Ndinonzwa ... kunzwa kwerumwe rudzi rwekusiyana kusingatsananguriki kune zvese zviri kuitika, sekunge kupopotedzana kwehupenzi, mhuka, kwehutsinye kuri kuitika mundege yakasiyana zvachose," anonyora Myaskovsky, achiona "kuvhiringidzika kuri pachena" kumberi. , uye anosvika kumhedziso yokuti: “Kugehena nehondo ipi neipi!”

Mushure meChimurenga chaGumiguru, muna Zvita 1917, Myaskovsky akachinjirwa kuzoshanda kuMain Naval Headquarters muPetrograd uye akatangazve basa rake rekunyora, agadzira 3 symphonies mumwedzi miviri nehafu: inoshamisa Yechina ("mhinduro kune vane ruzivo rwakanyanya, asi. ine magumo akajeka ") uye yechishanu, umo kwenguva yekutanga rwiyo rwaMyaskovsky, rudzi uye mitambo yekutamba yakanzwika, inoyeuchidza tsika dzevanyori veKuchkist. Yaiva nezvemabasa akadaro ayo Asafiev akanyora kuti: ... "Handizivi chimwe chinhu chakanaka mumhanzi waMyaskovsky kupfuura nguva dzekujekesa zvisingawanzoitiki pamweya uye kujekeswa kwemweya, apo kamwe kamwe mimhanzi inotanga kupenya uye kufefetera, sesango rechirimo mushure memvura. ” Iyi symphony yakakurumidza kuunza Myaskovsky mukurumbira wenyika.

Kubva muna 1918, Myaskovsky akagara muMoscow uye pakarepo akabatanidzwa mune zvemimhanzi uye zvemagariro evanhu, achibatanidza nemabasa ehurumende muGeneral Staff (iyo yakaendeswa kuMoscow maererano nekutamiswa kwehurumende). Anoshanda muchikamu chemimhanzi cheState Publishing House, mudhipatimendi remimhanzi rePeople's Commissariat yeRussia, anotora chikamu mukusikwa kwe "Collective of Composers" nzanga, kubvira 1924 anga achishandira pamwe mumagazini "Modern Music" .

Mushure mokusunungurwa muna 1921, Myaskovsky akatanga kudzidzisa paMoscow Conservatory, iyo yakatora makore anoda kusvika makumi matatu. Akaunza galaxy yose yevanyori veSoviet (D. Kabalevsky, A. Khachaturian, V. Shebalin, V. Muradeli, K. Khachaturian, B. Tchaikovsky, N. Peiko, E. Golubev nevamwe). Kune huwandu hwakawanda hwekuzivana kwemimhanzi. Myaskovsky anotora chikamu mumadekwana emimhanzi naP. Lamm, muimbi wemateur M. Gube, V. Derzhanovsky, kubva muna 30 anova nhengo yeASM. Mumakore aya, rudo rwakaonekwa pamavhesi aA. Blok, A. Delvig, F. Tyutchev, 1924 piano sonatas, muma2s. munyori anotendeukira kumhando ye quartet, achiedza nemwoyo wose kupindura kune zvido zvegutsaruzhinji zvehupenyu hweproletarian, anogadzira nziyo zhinji. Nekudaro, iyo symphony inogara iri pamberi. Kuma30s. 20 yavo yakasikwa, mumakore gumi anotevera, gumi nerimwe. Zvechokwadi, havasi vose vane unyanzvi hwakaenzana, asi mune zvakanakisisa symphonies Myaskovsky anowana izvozvi, simba uye hukuru hwekutaura, pasina izvo, maererano naye, mimhanzi haipo kwaari.

Kubva pane symphony kuenda kune symphony, munhu anogona kuwedzera uye zvakajeka kuteedzera tsika ye "mbiri yekuumbwa", iyo Asafiev akaratidzira se "mairi maviri - kuzviziva iwe pachako ... uye, padivi payo, kutarisa chiitiko ichi nekutarisa kunze." Myaskovsky pachake akanyora nezve symphonies "aaigara achinyora pamwechete: yakanyanya kusimba mupfungwa ... uye kushoma." Muenzaniso wekutanga ndeweChigumi, iyo "yaive mhinduro ... kune yaishungurudza kwenguva refu ... zano - kupa mufananidzo wekuvhiringidzika kwemweya kwaEugene kubva kuPushkin's The Bronze Horseman." Chishuvo chechimwe chinangwa epic chirevo chimiro cheEighth Symphony (kuyedza kuisa mufananidzo waStepan Razin); yegumi nembiri, yakabatana nezviitiko zvekuunganidza; yegumi nematanhatu, yakatsaurirwa kune ushingi hwevatyairi veSoviet; Yegumi nepfumbamwe, yakanyorerwa bhendi rendarira. Pakati pema symphonies e20-30s. kunyanya kukosha ndeyeChitanhatu (1923) uye Makumi maviri nekutanga (1940). Iyo Yechitanhatu Symphony inosiririsa uye yakaoma mumukati. Mifananidzo yeiyo revolutionary element inopindirana nepfungwa yekupira. Mimhanzi ye symphony izere nekusiyana, kuvhiringidzika, kumhanyira, mhepo yaro inopisa kusvika kumuganhu. Myaskovsky's Sixth ndeimwe yeakanakisa magwaro eunyanzvi epanguva. Nebasa iri, "pfungwa huru yekuzvidya mwoyo kwehupenyu, nokuti kuvimbika kwayo kunopinda mumutauro weRussian symphony" (Asafiev).

Manzwiro akafanana akazadzwa neTwenty-First Symphony. Asi anosiyaniswa nekuzvidzora kukuru kwemukati, kupfupika, uye kuisa pfungwa. Pfungwa yemunyori inobata zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu, inotaura nezvavo noushamwari, nemwoyo wose, nekubata kwekusuwa. Madingindira eSimphony akazadzwa nemataurirwo enziyo dzechiRussia. Kubva pamakumi maviri nekutanga, nzira inotsanangurwa kune yekupedzisira, makumi maviri nemanomwe Symphony, iyo yakanzwika mushure mekufa kwaMyaskovsky. Iyi nzira inopfuura nebasa remakore ehondo, umo Myaskovsky, sevanyori vose veSoviet, inoreva dingindira rehondo, kufungisisa pamusoro payo pasina kuzvikudza uye nzira dzenhema. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo Myaskovsky akapinda nayo munhoroondo yetsika yemimhanzi yeSoviet, yakatendeseka, isingachinji, yechokwadi yeRussia yeuchenjeri, pane iyo yose chitarisiko nezviito paiva nechitambi chepamusoro-soro yemweya.

O. Averyanova

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