Grigory Pavlovich Pyatigorsky |

Gregor Piatigorsky

Grigory Pyatigorsky - chizvarwa Yekaterinoslav (zvino Dnepropetrovsk). Sezvaakazopupura mundangariro dzake, mhuri yake yaive nemari shoma, asi haina kufa nenzara. Chakanyanya kujeka chaakaona muhuduku hwake kwaiva kufamba nguva zhinji nababa vake vachiyambuka mawere pedyo neDnieper, achishanyira chitoro chemabhuku chasekuru vake uye achiverenga mabhuku akachengetwa imomo, pamwe chete nekugara muimba yepasi nevabereki vake, mukoma nehanzvadzi panguva yeEkaterinoslav pogrom. . Baba vaGregory vairidza violin uye, sezviri pachena, vakatanga kudzidzisa mwanakomana wavo kuridza violin. Baba havana kukanganwa kupa mwanakomana wavo zvidzidzo zvepiyano. Mhuri yePyatigorsky yaiwanzoenda kumitambo yemimhanzi uye makonzati panzvimbo yemitambo yemunharaunda, uye ndipo apo Grisha muduku akaona uye akanzwa sero kekutanga. Kutamba kwaakaita kwakaita kuti mwana uyu arovererwe zvakanyanya zvekuti akatozobatwa nechirwere ichi.

akatora matanda maviri; Ndakaisa hombe pakati pemakumbo angu sesero, uku duku yaifanira kumirira uta. Kunyangwe violin yake akaedza kuiisa vertically zvekuti yaive chinhu chakaita sesero. Vachiona zvose izvi, baba vacho vakatengera kasero kemukomana ane makore manomwe ndokukoka mumwe Yampolsky somudzidzisi. Mushure mokubva kwaYampolsky, mutungamiriri wechikoro chemimhanzi chemunharaunda akava mudzidzisi weGrisha. Mukomana wacho akafambira mberi zvikuru, uye muzhizha, apo vatambi vanobva kumaguta akasiyana-siyana eRussia vakauya kuguta panguva yemakonzati e-symphony, baba vake vakatendeukira kune wekutanga cellist weboka re orchestra, mudzidzi wepurofesa anozivikanwa weMoscow Conservatory Y. Klengel, Mr. Kinkulkin nechikumbiro - kuteerera mwanakomana wake. Kinkulkin akateerera kuita kwaGrisha kwehuwandu hwemabasa, achirova zvigunwe zvake patafura uye kuchengetedza kutaura kwematombo pachiso chake. Ipapo, Grisha paakaisa sero parutivi, akati: “Nyatsoteerera, mwanakomana wangu. Udza baba vako kuti ndinokurayira zvakasimba kuti usarudze basa rinokunakira iwe zviri nani. Isa cello parutivi. Iwe haugone kuiridza." Pakutanga, Grisha akafara: unogona kubvisa maekisesaizi ezuva nezuva uye kupedza nguva yakawanda uchitamba nhabvu neshamwari. Asi kwapera vhiki, akatanga kutarisa achisuwa akananga kuchisero chakanga chiri yoga chakamira mukona. Baba vacho vakazviona vachibva varayira mukomana wacho kuti atangezve zvidzidzo zvake.

Mashoko mashomanana pamusoro pebaba vaGrigory, Pavel Pyatigorsky. Muhuduku hwake, akakunda zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda kuti apinde muMoscow Conservatory, kwaakazova mudzidzi wemuvambi anozivikanwa wechikoro cheRussia violin, Leopold Auer. Pauro akadzivisa chishuvo chababa vake, sekuru Gregory, chokumuita mutengesi wemabhuku (baba vaPauro vakatoparadza mwanakomana wavo anopandukira). Saka Grigory akagara nhaka chido chake chezviridzwa zvine tambo uye kupfuurira muchishuvo chake chokuva muimbi kubva kuna baba vake.

Grigory nababa vake vakaenda kuMoscow, uko wechidiki akapinda muConservatory ndokuva mudzidzi weGubarev, ipapo von Glenn (wekupedzisira aiva mudzidzi wevakakurumbira cellists Karl Davydov naBrandukov). Mamiriro emari emhuri haana kubvumira kutsigira Gregory (kunyange, achiona kubudirira kwake, mutungamiriri weConservatory akamusunungura kubva pamari yechikoro). Naizvozvo, mukomana ane makore gumi nemaviri aifanira kuwana mari yakawedzerwa muMoscow cafes, achitamba mudiki ensembles. Zviya, panguva iyoyo, kunyange akakwanisa kutumira mari kuvabereki vake muna Yekaterinoslav. Muzhizha, orchestra pamwe nekubatanidzwa kweGrisha vakafamba kunze kweMoscow uye vakashanyira mapurovhinzi. Asi mumatsutso, makirasi aifanira kutangwazve; kunze kweizvozvo, Grisha akapindawo chikoro chakazara paConservatory.

Neimwe nzira, mutambi wepiyano ane mukurumbira uye munyori wenziyo Purofesa Keneman akakoka Grigory kuti atore chikamu mukonzati yeFI Chaliapin (Grigory aifanira kuita nhamba dzega pakati pemitambo yaChaliapin). Grisha asina ruzivo, achida kukwezva vateereri, akaridza zvakajeka uye zvakajeka zvokuti vateereri vakada kuvharwa kwecello solo, vachitsamwisa muimbi ane mukurumbira, uyo kuonekwa kwake pachikuva kwakanonoka.

Pakatanga Chimurenga chaOctober, Gregory aingova nemakore 14 chete. Akatora chikamu mumakwikwi enzvimbo yekuimba ari oga weBolshoi Theatre Orchestra. Mushure mekuita kwake kweConcerto yeCello neDvorak Orchestra, jury, inotungamirirwa nemukuru mukuru wemutambo V. Suk, yakakoka Grigory kuti atore nzvimbo ye cello accompanist yeBolshoi Theatre. Uye Gregory akabva angoziva repertoire yakaoma yetiyetera, akaridza ega zvikamu muma ballet uye opera.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, Grigory akagamuchira kadhi rezvokudya zvevana! The soloists of orchestra, uye pakati pavo Grigory, akaronga ensembles akabuda nemakonzati. Grigory nevamwe vake vakaita pamberi pezviedza zveArt Theatre: Stanislavsky, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Kachalov naMoskvin; vakapinda mumakonzati akasanganiswa apo Mayakovsky naYesenin vakaita. Pamwe chete naIsai Dobrovein naFishberg-Mishakov, akaita sevatatu; zvakaitika kuti akatamba mumakwikwi naIgumnov, Goldenweiser. Akatora chikamu mukutanga kweRussia kuita kweRavel Trio. Nenguva isipi, wechidiki, uyo akatamba chikamu chinotungamira che cello, akange asisanzwisisike semhando yemwana mudiki: aive nhengo yakazara yeboka rekugadzira. Apo kondakita Gregor Fitelberg akasvika kumutambo wokutanga waRichard Strauss waDon Quixote muRussia, akataura kuti cello solo mubasa iri yakanga yakaoma zvikuru, naizvozvo akakoka zvikuru VaGiskin.

Grigory zvine mwero akapa nzira kune akakokwa soloist ndokugara pasi pechipiri cello console. Asi ipapo vaimbi vakangoerekana vapikisa. "Mumhanzi wedu anogona kuridza chikamu ichi sezvakaita chero ani zvake!" vakati. Grigory akanga agere panzvimbo yake yepakutanga uye akaita solo nenzira yokuti Fitelberg akamumbundira, uye orchestra yakaridza zvitunha!

Mushure mechinguva, Grigory akava nhengo yetambo quartet yakarongwa naLev Zeitlin, ane maitiro akabudirira. People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky akakurudzira kuti quartet itumidzwe zita raLenin. "Sei Beethoven?" Gregory akabvunza achiratidza kushamisika. Zviitiko zve quartet zvakabudirira zvokuti akakokwa kuKremlin: zvakanga zvakakodzera kuita Grieg's Quartet yeLenin. Mushure mekupera kwekonzati, Lenin akatenda vatori vechikamu uye akakumbira Grigory kuti ambomira.

Lenin akabvunza kana cello yakanaka, uye akagamuchira mhinduro - "saka-saka." Akataura kuti zviridzwa zvakanaka zviri mumaoko evapfumi uye zvinofanirwa kuenda mumaoko evaimbi vane hupfumi huri mutarenda ravo chete ... "Ichokwadi here," Lenin akabvunza, "kuti wakapikisa pamusangano pamusoro pezita re quartet? .. Ini, zvakare, ndinotenda kuti zita raBeethoven raizoenderana nequartet zviri nani pane zita raLenin. Beethoven chimwe chinhu chisingaperi… "

Ensemble, zvisinei, yakanzi "First State String Quartet".

Achiri kuziva kudiwa kwekushanda nemudzidzisi ane ruzivo, Grigory akatanga kutora zvidzidzo kubva kune yakakurumbira maestro Brandukov. Zvisinei, akakurumidza kuona kuti zvidzidzo zvepachivande zvakanga zvisina kukwana - akakwezvwa kuti adzidze panzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu. Kudzidza zvakanyanya mimhanzi panguva iyoyo zvaigoneka kunze kweSoviet Russia: mapurofesa mazhinji ezvekuchengetedza nevadzidzisi vakasiya nyika. Zvisinei, People's Commissar Lunacharsky vakaramba chikumbiro chekubvumirwa kuenda kunze kwenyika: People's Commissar of Education vaidavira kuti Grigory, semuiti weimba ye orchestra uye senhengo ye quartet, aikosha. Uye ipapo muzhizha ra1921, Grigory akabatana neboka soloists of Bolshoi Theater, akaenda konzati rwendo rweUkraine. Vakaita muKyiv, uye vakazopa nhamba yemakonzati mumataundi maduku. MuVolochisk, pedyo nemuganhu wePoland, vakapinda munhaurirano nevanotengesa zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo, avo vakavaratidza nzira yokuyambuka nayo muganhu. Usiku, vaimbi vaisvika pazambuko duku mhiri kwoRwizi rwaZbruch, uye vaitungamirira vakavarayira kuti: “Mhanyai.” Pakaridzwa pfuti dzenyevero kubva kumativi ose ebhiriji, Grigory, akabata sero pamusoro wake, akasvetuka kubva pazambuko achipinda murwizi. Akateverwa nemuridzi weviolin Mishakov nevamwe. Rwizi rwacho rwakanga rusina kudzika zvokuti vapoteri vacho vakakurumidza kusvika munharaunda yePoland. "Zvakanaka, tayambuka muganhu," akadaro Mishakov, achidedera. “Kwete chete,” akadaro Gregory, “takapisa mabhiriji edu zvachose.”

Makore akawanda gare gare, Piatigorsky paakasvika kuUnited States kuzopa makonzati, akaudza vatori venhau nezveupenyu hwake muRussia uye kuti akabva sei kuRussia. Mushure mekusanganisa ruzivo nezvehudiki hwake paDnieper uye nezvekusvetukira murwizi kumuganhu wePoland, mutori wenhau akatsanangura zvine mukurumbira cello yaGrigory kushambira mhiri kweDnieper. Ndakaita musoro wenyaya yake musoro webhuku iri.

Zvimwe zviitiko zvakaitika zvinoshamisa. Varindi vepamuganho vePoland vaifungidzira kuti vaimbi vakayambuka muganho vaive vamiririri veGPU uye vaida kuti vatambe chimwe chinhu. Vakaenda kune dzimwe nyika vakanyorova vakaita "Beautiful Rosemary" yaKreisler (panzvimbo pekupa magwaro ayo vaimbi vakanga vasina). Vakabva vaendeswa kuhofisi yomukuru wemauto, asi vari munzira vakakwanisa kunzvenga varindi ndokukwira chitima chaienda kuLvov. Kubva ipapo, Gregory akaenda kuWarsaw, kwaakasangana nekondakita Fitelberg, uyo akasangana naPyatigorsky panguva yekutanga kutamba kwaStrauss 'Don Quixote muMoscow. Mushure maizvozvi, Grigory akava mubatsiri cello accompanist muWarsaw Philharmonic Orchestra. Nenguva isipi akatamira kuGermany uye pakupedzisira akazadzisa chinangwa chake: akatanga kudzidza nemapurofesa ane mukurumbira Becker naKlengel paLeipzig uyezve Berlin conservatories. Asi zvinosuruvarisa, aifunga kuti hapana mumwe kana mumwe wacho aigona kumudzidzisa chero chinhu chinokosha. Kuti azvidyise uye abhadhare zvidzidzo zvake, akabatana nechiridzwa chetatu chairidza mune imwe cafe yeRussia muBerlin. Iyi cafe yaiwanzoshanyirwa nevaimbi, kunyanya, ane mukurumbira cellist Emmanuil Feuerman uye asina mukurumbira kondakita Wilhelm Furtwängler. Mushure mekunzwa mutambi Pyatigorsky achitamba, Furtwängler, pazano raFeuerman, akapa Grigory chinzvimbo che cello accompanist muBerlin Philharmonic Orchestra. Gregory akabvuma, uye ndiko kwaiva kupera kwezvidzidzo zvake.

Kazhinji, Gregory aifanira kuita somunhu oga, achiperekedzwa Philharmonic Orchestra. Pane imwe nguva akamboimba chikamu chake ega muDon Quixote pamberi pemunyori, Richard Strauss, uye wepashure akataura pachena kuti: “Pakupedzisira, ndakanzwa Don Quixote wangu nenzira yandaironga nayo!”

Sezvo akashanda kuBerlin Philharmonic kusvika 1929, Gregory akasarudza kusiya basa rake re orchestra achifarira basa rake ega. Gore rino akaenda kuUSA kekutanga uye akatamba nePhiladelphia Orchestra, inotungamirwa naLeopold Stokowski. Akaitawo ega neNew York Philharmonic pasi paWillem Mengelberg. Kuita kwaPyatigorsky muEurope neU.SA kwakabudirira zvikuru. The impresarios akamukoka akayemura kukurumidza iyo Grigory akamugadzirira zvinhu zvitsva. Pamwe chete nemabasa ezvidzidzo zvekare, Pyatigorsky akazvidira kutora maopuses nevanyori vemazuva ano. Paive nezviitiko apo vanyori vakamupa mabasa akajeka, akakurumidza kupedza (vanyori, sekutonga, vanogamuchira kurongeka nerimwe zuva, kuumbwa dzimwe nguva kunowedzerwa pamberi pekuita, panguva yekudzokorora), uye aifanira kuita solo. cello chikamu zvinoenderana neye orchestral mamaki. Nokudaro, muCastelnuovo-Tedesco cello concerto (1935), zvikamu zvakanga zvakarongwa zvisina hanya zvokuti chikamu chikuru chekudzokorora chaisanganisira kuwirirana kwavo nevatambi uye kuiswa kwekugadzirisa mune zvinyorwa. Mutungamiriri - uye uyu ndiye Toscanini mukuru - akanga asina kugutsikana zvakanyanya.

Gregory akaratidza kufarira zvikuru mabasa evanyori vakakanganwa kana kuti vasina kuita zvakakwana. Nokudaro, akagadzirira nzira yekushanda kweBloch's "Schelomo" nekuiratidza kuvanhu kekutanga (pamwe chete neBerlin Philharmonic Orchestra). Aive wekutanga kuita mabasa mazhinji naWebern, Hindemith (1941), Walton (1957). Mukutenda kutsigirwa kwemimhanzi yemazuva ano, vazhinji vavo vakatsaurira mabasa avo kwaari. Apo Piatigorsky akava shamwari naProkofiev, aigara kunze kwenyika panguva iyoyo, iye akazonyora Cello Concerto (1933) kwaari, iyo yakaitwa naGrigory neBoston Philharmonic Orchestra inotungamirirwa naSergei Koussevitzky (uyewo chizvarwa cheRussia). Mushure mekuita, Pyatigorsky akakwevera kutarisisa kwemunyori kune imwe roughness mu cello chikamu, sezviri pachena chine chekuita nekuti Prokofiev aisaziva mukana wechiridzwa ichi zvakakwana. Muimbi akavimbisa kugadzirisa uye kupedzisa solo chikamu che cello, asi kare muRussia, sezvo panguva iyoyo aizodzokera kunyika yake. MuMubatanidzwa, Prokofiev akadzokorora zvachose Concerto, akaishandura kuva Concert Symphony, opus 125. Munyori akazvitsaurira basa iri kuna Mstislav Rostropovich.

Pyatigorsky akakumbira Igor Stravinsky kuti amurongere suite padingindira re "Petrushka", uye basa iri natenzi, rakanzi "Italian Suite yeCello nePiano", yakatsaurirwa kuna Pyatigorsky.

Kuburikidza nekuedza kwaGrigory Pyatigorsky, boka rekamuri rakagadzirwa nekubatanidzwa kwevatenzi vakatanhamara: piano Arthur Rubinstein, mutambi weviolin Yasha Heifetz uye mutambi wemhirizhonga William Primroz. Iyi quartet yaive yakakurumbira uye yakarekodha nezve makumi matatu-refu-kutamba marekodhi. Piatigorsky aifarirawo kuridza mimhanzi sechikamu che "imba yevatatu" neshamwari dzake dzekare muGermany: piano Vladimir Horowitz uye violinist Nathan Milstein.

Muna 1942, Pyatigorsky akava mugari weUnited States (zvisati zvadaro, aionekwa semupoteri kubva kuRussia uye aigara pane inonzi Nansen pasipoti, iyo dzimwe nguva yakakonzera kusagadzikana, kunyanya kana ichibva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe nyika).

Muna 1947, Piatigorsky akazvitamba mufirimu Carnegie Hall. Pachikuva cheimba yekonzati yakakurumbira, akaita "Swan" naSaint-Saens, achiperekedzwa nembira. Akarangarira kuti kufanorekodhwa kwechidimbu ichi kwaisanganisira kutamba kwake achiperekedzwa nembira mumwe chete. Paseti yefirimu, vanyori vefirimu vakaisa vangangosvika gumi nevaviri vairidza rudimbwa pachikuva kuseri kwemuimbi, uyo anonzi airidza pamwe chete ...

Mashoko mashomanana pamusoro pefirimu pachayo. Ndinokurudzira zvikuru vaverengi kutsvaga iyi tepi yekare pazvitoro zvekurenda mavhidhiyo (Yakanyorwa naKarl Kamb, Inotungamirirwa naEdgar G. Ulmer) sezvo iri gwaro rakasiyana revaimbi vakanyanya kuita mukurumbira muUnited States vachiita muXNUMXs uye XNUMXs. Iyi firimu ine chirongwa (kana uchida, iwe unogona kufuratira): iyi nhoroondo yemazuva emumwe Nora, uyo hupenyu hwake hwose hwakazove hwakabatana neCarnegie Hall. Semusikana, aripo pakuvhurwa kwehoro uye anoona Tchaikovsky achiitisa orchestra panguva yemutambo wake wekutanga Piano Concerto. Nora anga achishanda paCarnegie Hall hupenyu hwake hwese (kutanga semuchenesi, gare gare semaneja) uye ari muhoro panguva yemitambo yevatambi vane mukurumbira. Arthur Rubinstein, Yasha Heifets, Grigory Pyatigorsky, vaimbi Jean Pierce, Lily Pons, Ezio Pinza naRize Stevens vanoonekwa pahwindo; Ochestra inoridzwa ichitungamirwa naWalter Damrosch, Artur Rodzinsky, Bruno Walter naLeopold Stokowski. Mushoko, unoona uye unonzwa vaimbi vakatanhamara vachiridza mimhanzi inoshamisa…

Pyatigorsky, kunze kwekuita mabasa, akagadzirawo mabasa e cello (Dance, Scherzo, Variations on a Theme of Paganini, Suite for 2 Cellos and Piano, etc.) Vatsoropodzi vakacherechedza kuti anobatanidza hunhu hwekuzvarwa nepfungwa yakanatswa yemaitiro uye. kutaura. Zvirokwazvo, kukwana kwehunyanzvi hakuna kumbobvira kwapera pachako kwaari. Kudengenyeka kweruzha rwePyatigorsky's cello yaive nenhamba isina muganho yemumvuri, kutaura kwayo kwakakura uye hukuru hwepamusoro hwakagadzira hukama hwakakosha pakati pemuiti nevateereri. Unhu uhwu hwakanyatsoratidzwa mukuitwa kwemimhanzi yerudo. Mumakore iwayo, mumwe chete cellist aigona kuenzaniswa naPiatigorsky: yaiva huru Pablo Casals. Asi panguva yehondo akagurwa kubva kune vateereri, achigara semumiriri kumaodzanyemba kweFrance, uye munguva yepashure pehondo ainyanya kugara munzvimbo imwe chete, muPrades, kwaakaronga mitambo yemimhanzi.

Grigory Pyatigorsky aivawo mudzidzisi anoshamisa, achibatanidza kuita mabasa nekudzidzisa kunoshingaira. Kubva 1941 kusvika 1949 akabata cello dhipatimendi paCurtis Institute muPhiladelphia, uye akatungamira dhipatimendi remumhanzi wekamuri kuTanglewood. Kubva 1957 kusvika 1962 akadzidzisa paBoston University, uye kubva 1962 kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwake akashanda paUniversity of Southern California. Muna 1962, Pyatigorsky akaguma zvakare kuMoscow (akakokwa kujeri reTchaikovsky Competition. Muna 1966, akaenda kuMoscow zvakare mune imwe nzvimbo). Muna 1962, New York Cello Society yakagadzira Mubairo wePiatigorsky mukukudza Gregory, uyo unopihwa gore negore kune ane tarenda mudiki cellist. Pyatigorsky akapiwa zita rekuremekedza chiremba wesayenzi kubva kumayunivhesiti akawanda; uyezve, akapihwa nhengo muLegion of Honor. Akakokwa zvakare kakawanda kukokwa kuWhite House kuti atore chikamu mumakonzati.

Grigory Pyatigorsky akafa musi waAugust 6, 1976, uye akavigwa muLos Angeles. Kune akawanda akarekodhwa emhando dzepasirese dzakaitwa naPyatigorsky kana ensembles nekutora kwake chikamu mune angangoita ese maraibhurari muUnited States.

Ndiko kuguma kwemukomana uyo akasvetuka munguva kubva pabhiriji kuenda kuRwizi Zbruch, iyo yakapfuura muganhu weSoviet-Polish.

Yuri Serper