Gabriel Fauré |

Gabriel Fauré

Faure. Fp quartet mu c-moll Nhamba 1, op.15. Allegro molto moderato (Guarneri Quartet uye A. Rubinstein)

Mumhanzi wakanaka! Zvakajeka, zvakachena, uye zveFrench, uye munhu! R. Dumesnil

Kirasi yaFauré yaive yevaimbi sezvaiitwa salon yaMallarme yevananyanduri… Vaimbi vakanyanya kwazvo venguva iyoyo, kunze kwevashoma, vakapfuura nemuchikoro ichi chekunaka nekunaka. A. Roland-Manuel

Hupenyu hwaG. Faure - muimbi mukuru wechiFrench, mutambi, pianist, conductor, mutsoropodzi wemimhanzi - zvakaitika munguva yezviitiko zvakakosha zvezvakaitika kare. Muchiito chake, hunhu, maitiro, maitiro emazana maviri akasiyana akasanganiswa. Akatora rutivi muhondo dzokupedzisira dzehondo yeFranco-Prussia, akaona zviitiko zveParis Commune, akanzwa ufakazi hwehondo yeRussia-Japan (“Kuuraya kwakadini pakati pevaRussia nevaJapan! Izvi zvinosemesa”), akapukunyuka. Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Mune unyanzvi, kufungidzira uye zviratidzo zvakabudirira pamberi pemeso ake, mitambo yeWagner muBayreuth neRussia Seasons muParis yakaitika. Asi chinonyanya kukosha kwaiva kuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi yeFrench, kuberekwa kwayo kwechipiri, umo Fauré akatorawo chikamu uye umo nzira huru dzekuita kwake kushamwaridzana kwaiva.

Fauré akaberekerwa kumaodzanyemba kweFrance kune mudzidzisi wemasvomhu wechikoro uye mwanasikana wemukuru muuto reNapoleonic. Gabriel aiva mwana wechitanhatu mumhuri iyi. Kukura mumaruwa nemudiki-mudyi wekudya kwakaumba mukomana akanyarara, anofunga, akaisa maari rudo rwezvinyoro zvinyoro zvemipata yekwake. Kufarira kwake mumhanzi kwakangoerekana kwazviratidza mukunatsiridzwa kwokunyara pakuwirirana kwechechi yomunzvimbomo. Chipo chemwana chakaonekwa uye akatumirwa kunodzidza kuParis paChikoro cheClassical uye Religious Music. 11 makore paChikoro akapa Faure ruzivo rwakakosha rwemumhanzi uye hunyanzvi hwakavakirwa pakudzidza kwenhamba yakawanda yemabasa, kusanganisira mimhanzi yekutanga, kutanga nerwiyo rweGregorian. Kurongeka kwakadai kwechimiro kwakaratidzwa mubasa raFaure akakura, uyo, sevamwe vevanyori vakuru vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, akamutsidzira mamwe misimboti yekufunga kwemimhanzi ye pre-Bach era.

Faure ainyanya kupiwa zvakawanda kuburikidza nekukurukurirana nemuimbi wezviyero zvakakura uye tarenda inoshamisa - C. Saint-Saens, uyo akadzidzisa paChikoro muna 1861-65. Hukama hwekuvimbana kwakazara uye nharaunda yezvido zvakatanga pakati pemudzidzisi nemudzidzi. Saint-Saëns akaunza mweya mutsva mudzidzo, achisuma vadzidzi vake kumumhanzi wevanodanana - R. Schumann, F. Liszt, R. Wagner, kusvika panguva iyoyo isingazivikanwe muFrance. Faure haana kuramba asina hanya nemaitiro evanyori ava, shamwari dzakatombomuti dzimwe nguva "French Schuman". NaSaint-Saens, ushamwari hwakatanga hwakagara kweupenyu hwose. Achiona chipo chakatanhamara chemudzidzi, Saint-Saens akavimba naye kanopfuura kamwe kuti azvitsive mune mamwe maitirwo, gare gare akatsaurira "Breton Impressions" yake yenhengo kwaari, akashandisa dingindira raFauré mukusuma kwake Second Piano Concerto. Mushure mekupedza kudzidza paChikoro nemibairo yekutanga mukuumbwa uye piano, Fauré akaenda kunoshanda kuBrittany. Kubatanidza mabasa epamutemo muchechi nekuridza mimhanzi munharaunda yenyika, kwaanofarira kubudirira kukuru, Faure anorasikirwa nenzvimbo yake nekukanganisa ndokudzokera kuParis. Pano Saint-Saens anomubatsira kuwana basa senhengo muchechi diki.

Basa rinokosha mukuguma kweForet rakaridzwa ne salon yemuimbi ane mukurumbira Pauline Viardot. Gare gare, munyori wenziyo wacho akanyorera mwanakomana wake kuti: “Ndakagamuchirwa paimba yaamai vako nomutsa noushamwari, zvandisingafi ndakakanganwa. Ndakachengeta… ndangariro dzenguva dzinoshamisa; vanokosha kwazvo nekutenderwa naamai vako uye nehanya newe, tsitsi dzaTurgenev dzakasimba ... "Kukurukurirana naTurgenev kwakaisa hwaro hwehukama nemifananidzo yeRussia art. Gare gare, akazivana naS. Taneyev, P. Tchaikovsky, A. Glazunov, muna 1909 Fauré akauya kuRussia ndokupa makonzati muSt. Petersburg neMoscow.

MuSalon yaViardot, mabasa matsva aFauré aiwanzonzwika. Panguva ino, akanga anyora nhamba huru dzerudo (kusanganisira Kumuka kwakakurumbira), iyo yaikwezva vateereri nerunako rwemutinhimira, hunyengeri hwemavara anowirirana, uye kupfava kwenziyo. Violin sonata yakamutsa mhinduro dzechido. Taneyev, paakamunzwa panguva yaaigara muParis, akanyora kuti: "Ndiri kufara naye. Pamwe iyi ndiyo yakanakisa kuumbwa kweavo vese vandakanzwa pano ... Iwo ekutanga uye matsva ekubatana, anonyanya kushinga modulations, asi panguva imwecheteyo hapana chakapinza, chinogumbura nzeve ... Runako rwemisoro runoshamisa ... "

Hupenyu hwemunhu hwemunyori hwakanga husina kubudirira. Mushure mekurambana nemwenga (mwanasikana waViardot), Foret akawana kuvhunduka kukuru, migumisiro yaakabvisa chete mushure memakore maviri. Kudzokera kukugadzira kunounza akati wandei erudo uye Ballade yePiano neOrchestra (2). Kuvandudza tsika dzepiyano yaLiszt, Faure anogadzira basa rine mutinhimira unonzwika uye rinenge risinganzwisisike hunyengeri hwemavara anowirirana. Kuroora mwanasikana wemuvezi Fremier (1881) uye kudzikama mumhuri kwakaita kuti hupenyu hwaForet hufadze. Izvi zvinoratidzwa mumhanzi zvakare. Mumabasa epiyano uye zverudo zvemakore aya, munyori anowana nyasha dzinoshamisa, hunyengeri, uye kugutsikana kwekufungisisa. Kanopfuura kamwe chete, matambudziko ane chekuita nekuora mwoyo kwakanyanya uye kutanga kwechirwere chakaipisisa kumuimbi (hosha yekunzwa) yakakanganisa nzira yekusika yemunyori, asi akabuda mukundi kubva kune imwe neimwe, achipa humbowo huzhinji hwetarenda rake rakatanhamara.

Kunobereka zvibereko nokuda kwaFauré kwakanga kuri kuteterera kwenhetembwa yaP. Verlaine, mukuwirirana naA. France, “yapakuvamba zvikurusa, inotadza zvikurusa uye yakavanzika zvikurusa, yakaoma kunzwisisa zvikuru uye yakavhiringidzika zvikuru, inopenga zvikurusa, asi, chokwadika, yakanyanya kufemerwa, uye yechokwadi yevadetembi vemazuva ano” (anenge makumi maviri erudo, kusanganisira madhigirii "Kubva Venice" uye "Rwiyo Rwakanaka").

Kubudirira kukuru kwakaperekedza Faure aifarira mukamuri mhando, pahwaro hwechidzidzo chaakavaka makirasi ake nevadzidzi mukirasi yekunyora. Imwe yenhongonya yebasa rake inoshamisa Yechipiri Piano Quartet, izere nekudhumhana kunoshamisa uye mafaro mafaro (1886). Fauré akanyorawo mabhuku makuru. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, opera yake "Penelope" (1913) yakanzwika ine chirevo chakakosha kune vatsigiri veFrance, vatsvakurudzi vakawanda uye vanoyemura basa raFauré vanomuona senyanzvi Inodiwa nekusuwa kwakapfava uye kwakanaka kwenziyo dzake (1888). Zvinoda kuziva kuti Faure akatora chikamu mukuvhurwa kwemwaka wekutanga wekonzati yezana ramakore re1900, achigadzira mimhanzi yemutambo wenziyo Prometheus (mushure meAeschylus, 800). Rakanga riri basa guru mukati mayo approx. XNUMX vatambi uye izvo zvakaitika mu "French Bayreuth" - iyo yakavhurika theatre muPyrenees kumaodzanyemba kweFrance. Panguva yekudzidzira dhirezi, kutinhira kwakaputika. Faure anoyeuka kuti: “Dutu racho raityisa. Mheni yakawira munhandare munzvimbo chaimo (zvakangoitika!), apo Prometheus aifanira kubaya moto ... nzvimbo yacho yakanga iri mumamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa. Zvisinei, mamiriro ekunze akavandudzika uye kutanga kwakabudirira zvikuru.

Kushamwaridzana kwaFauré kwaive kwakakosha zvikuru mukusimudzira mimhanzi yechiFrench. Anotora chikamu chinoshingaira mumabasa eNational Society, yakagadzirirwa kusimudzira unyanzvi hwemimhanzi hweFrance. Muna 1905, Fauré akatora chigaro chemukuru weParis Conservatoire, uye kubudirira kweramangwana rebasa rake pasina mubvunzo mhedzisiro yekuvandudzwa kwevashandi vekudzidzisa uye kurongekazve kwakaitwa naFauré. Nguva dzose achishanda semudziviriri wezvitsva uye zvinofambira mberi mune unyanzvi, Fauré muna 1910 haana kuramba kuva mutungamiri weIndependent Musical Society, yakarongwa nevaimbi vechidiki vasina kugamuchirwa muNational Society, pakati pavo paiva nevadzidzi vakawanda vaFauré (kusanganisira M. Ravel). Muna 1917, Faure akawana kubatana kwevaimbi veFrance nekuunza vakazvimiririra muNational Society, izvo zvakavandudza mamiriro ehupenyu hwemakonsati.

Muna 1935, shamwari uye vanoyemura basa raFauré, vaimbi vakuru, vaimbi nevaimbi, pakati pavo vaive vazhinji vevadzidzi vake, vakatanga Sosaiti yeshamwari dzaGabriel Fauré, iyo inosimudzira mimhanzi yemunyori pakati pevateereri vakawanda - "zvakajeka, zvakachena kwazvo. , chiFrench chakadaro uye sevanhu” .

V. Bazarnova