Gaetano Donizetti (Gaetano Donizetti) |
Gaetano donizetti
Nziyo dzaDonizetti dzinofadza nyika nekufara kwadzo. Hein
Donizetti tarenda rinofambira mberi zvikuru anoona maitiro eRenaissance. G. Mazzini
Mimhanzi Donizetti inoshamisa, yakanaka, inoshamisa! V. Bellini
G. Donizetti - mumiriri wechikoro cheItaria yerudo opera, chidhori chevateveri vebel canto - akaonekwa pamhepo yekuItaly panguva iyo "Bellini akange ave kufa uye Rossini akanyarara." Muridzi wechipo chisingaperi chine mutinhimira, tarenda rakadzama renhetembo uye pfungwa yemitambo, Donizetti akagadzira 74 operas, iyo yakaratidza hupamhi nekusiyana kwetarenda rake remunyori. Basa rekuita raDonizetti rakasiyana zvisingaite mumhando dzemhando: idzi imagariro-yepfungwa melodramas ("Linda di Chamouni" - 1842, "Gemma di Vergi" - 1834), madhirama enhoroondo uye ehugamba ("Velisario" - 1836, "The Siege of Calais" - 1836, "Torquato Tasso" - 1833, "Mary Stuart" - 1835, "Marina Faliero" - 1835), lyric-dramatic operas ("Lucia di Lammermoor" - 1835, "The Favorite" - 1840, "Maria di Rogan" - 1843), inosuruvarisa melodramas ("Lucretia Borgia" - 1833, "Anne Boleyn" - 1830). Kunyanya akasiyana maopera akanyorwa mumhando yebuffa, nziyo dzemumhanzi ("Castle of the Invalids" - 1826, "New Pursonyak" - 1828, "Crazy by Order" - 1830), comic operas ("Love's Potion" - 1832, "Don. Pasquale” – 1843), ma<em>comic opera ane nhaurirano dzekurukurirano (Mwanasikana weChiuto – 1840, Rita – akarongwa muna 1860) uye ma<em>buffa operas chaiwo ( The Governor in Difficulty – 1824, The Night Bell – 1836).
Maopera aDonizetti ndiwo zvibereko zvebasa remunyori ane hunyanzvi pamimhanzi uye libretto. Zvaaiva muimbi akadzidza zvikuru, akashandisa mabasa aV. Hugo, A. Dumas-baba, V. Scott, J. Byron naE. Scribe, iye pachake akaedza kunyora ribretto, uye akanyora nhetembo dzinosetsa zvakakwana.
Mukushanda kwebasa reDonizetti, nguva mbiri dzinogona kusiyaniswa. Mumabasa ekutanga (1818-30), simba raG. Rossini rinonyanya kuonekwa. Nyangwe zvazvo maopera acho asina kuenzana muzvinyorwa, hunyanzvi uye kuratidzwa kwehunhu hwemunyori, mauri Donizetti anoonekwa semuimbi mukuru. Nguva yekugadzira kukura kwemunyori inowira pamakumi matatu - hafu yekutanga ye30s. Panguva ino, anogadzira hunyanzvi hwakapinda munhoroondo yemimhanzi. Vakadaro ndivo "nguva dzose itsva, nguva dzose inofadza" (A. Serov) opera "Love Potion"; "rimwe remadhaimondi akachena emuItaly opera" (G. Donati-Petteni) "Don Pasquale"; "Lucia di Lammermoor", apo Donizetti akazivisa zvese zvisinganzwisisiki zvezviitiko zvepfungwa zvemunhu ane rudo (De Valori).
Kusimba kwebasa remunyori wacho kwakasiyana zvechokwadi: “Kureruka kwakaita Donizetti kunyora mimhanzi, kukwanisa kukurumidza kubata pfungwa yemimhanzi, kunoita kuti zvikwanisike kuenzanisa maitirwo ebasa rake nezvibereko zvechisikigo zvemiti yemichero inotumbuka” ( Donati- Petteni). Zvakangofanana zviri nyore, munyori akaziva zvitaera zvakasiyana-siyana zvenyika nemhando dzeopera. Mukuwedzera kune operas, Donizetti akanyora oratorios, cantatas, symphonies, quartets, quintets, zvemweya uye mazwi.
Nechekunze, upenyu hwaDonizetti hwairatidzika kuva rukundo runopfuurira. Kutaura zvazviri, zvakanga zvisiri izvo. “Kuberekwa kwangu kwakavanzika,” akanyora kudaro munyori wenziyo, “nokuti ndakaberekerwa pasi pevhu, pasi peBorgo Canal, umo mwaranzi wezuva usina kumbopinda.” Vabereki vaDonizetti vaiva varombo: baba vake vaiva murindi, amai vake vaiva muruki. Pazera re9, Gaetano anopinda muSimon Mayr Charitable Music School uye anova mudzidzi akanakisa ipapo. Pazera remakore 14, akatamira kuBologna, kwaakadzidza paLyceum of Music naS. Mattei. Hunyanzvi hwakatanhamara hwaGaetano hwakatanga kuratidzwa pabvunzo muna 1817, apo mabasa ake esymphonic uye cantata akaitwa. Kunyangwe kuLyceum, Donizetti akanyora 3 operas: Pygmalion, Olympias uye The Hasha dzeAchilles, uye kare muna 1818 opera yake Enrico, Count of Burgundy yakabudirira kuitirwa muVenice. Pasinei nekubudirira kwe opera, yakanga iri nguva yakaoma zvikuru muupenyu hwomunyori: zvibvumirano zvekugadzira hazvigone kupedzwa, mhuri yaida rubatsiro rwemari, uye avo vaiva pedyo naye havana kumunzwisisa. Simon Mayr akaronga kuti Donizetti aite chibvumirano neRome Opera kuti anyore opera Zoraida yeGranata. Kugadzirwa kwacho kwakabudirira, asi kutsoropodza kwakawira pamusoro pemuimbi wechidiki kwaiva utsinye hunonyadzisa. Asi izvi hazvina kuputsa Donizetti, asi zvakasimbisa simba rake mukuedza kuvandudza unyanzvi hwake. Asi nhamo dzinotevera imwe pashure peimwe: kutanga mwanakomana womunyori anofa, ipapo vabereki vake, mudzimai wake anodiwa Virginia, uyo asati atombosvika makore 30 okukura: “Ndiri ndoga pasi pano, uye ndichiri mupenyu!” Donizetti akanyora apererwa. Art yakamuponesa kubva pakuzviuraya. Kukokwa kuParis kunotevera munguva pfupi. Ikoko anonyora rudo, runonakidza, "Mwanasikana weRegiment", inoyevedza "Favorite". Zvose izvi mabasa, pamwe chete nenyanzvi yePolievkt, yakagamuchirwa nechido. Opera yaDonizetti yekupedzisira ndiCatarina Cornaro. Yakaitwa muVienna, umo muna 1842 Donizetti akagamuchira zita reAustria dare munyori. Mushure me1844, chirwere chepfungwa chakamanikidza Donizetti kurega kuumba ndokukonzera rufu rwake.
Unyanzvi hwaDonizetti, hwaimiririra kuimba kwekushongedza, hwaive hwepanyama uye hwepanyama. "Donizetti akatora zvese zvinofadza nekusuwa, kunetseka uye kunetseka, zvese zvishuwo zvevanhuwo zvavo zverudo uye runako, ndokuzozviratidzira munziyo dzakanaka dzichiri kugara mumoyo yevanhu" (Donati-Petteni).
M. Dvorkina
- Opera yeItaly mushure meRossini: basa raBellini naDonizetti →
Mwanakomana wevabereki varombo, anowana mudzidzisi wekutanga uye mubatsiri mumunhu waMayr, obva adzidza kuBologna Musical Lyceum achitungamirwa naPadre Mattei. Muna 1818, opera yake yekutanga, Enrico, Count of Burgundy, yakaitwa muVenice. Muna 1828 akaroora muimbi uye pianist Virginia Vasselli. Muna 1830, opera Anna Boleyn yakaitwa nekukunda paCarcano theatre muMilan. MuNaples, ane chigaro chemutungamiriri wemitambo yemitambo uye chinzvimbo chemudzidzisi panzvimbo yekuchengetedza, nepo achiremekedzwa zvikuru; zvisinei, muna 1838, Mercadante akava mutungamiriri wenzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu. Uku kwaiva kurwadza kukuru kumunyori. Mushure mekufa kwevabereki vake, vanakomana vatatu nemukadzi, iye (kunyangwe nyaya dzakawanda dzerudo) anoramba ari ega, hutano hwake hunozununguswa, kusanganisira nekuda kweanoshamisa, titanic basa. Mushure mekuva munyori uye mutungamiriri wemakonti epachivande kuVienna Court, anoratidza zvakare kugona kwake kukuru. Muna 1845 akarwara zvakakomba.
“Ndakaberekerwa muBorgo Canal pasi pevhu: mwaranzi wechiedza hauna kumbopinda mukamuri repasi, kwandakaburuka masitepisi. Uye, sezizi, richibhururuka richibuda mudendere, ndaigara ndiine mafungire akaipa kana kuti anofara. Aya mazwi ndeaDonizetti, uyo nekudaro aida kuziva kwaakabva, magumo ake, anoratidzwa neanouraya musanganiswa wemamiriro ezvinhu, izvo, zvisinei, hazvina kumutadzisa kushandura zvakakomba, kunyange zvinosuruvarisa uye zvinosuruvarisa zvirongwa mubasa rake rekuvhiya nekusekesa uye chaiko. zvirongwa zvefarcical. "Apo mimhanzi yemakomiki inozvarwa mumusoro mangu, ndinonzwa kubvongodza kudivi rayo rekuruboshwe, kana yakakomba, ndinonzwa kubhowa kwakafanana kurudyi," munyori wacho akapokana nekunyepedzera kusinganzwisisike, sekunge ari kuda kuratidza kuti pfungwa dzinomuka nyore sei mukati. pfungwa dzake. . “Unoziva chirevo changu here? Fast! Zvichida izvi hazvina kukodzera kubvumidzwa, asi zvandakaita zvakanaka zvaigara zvichiitwa nekukurumidza, "akanyorera Giacomo Sacchero, mumwe wevakasununguka vake, uye mhedzisiro, kunyangwe zvisiri nguva dzose, yakasimbisa chokwadi chechirevo ichi. Nomutoo wakarurama anonyora Carlo Parmentola, kuti: “Kusaenzana kwamanyoro aDonizetti zvino yava nzvimbo yakajairika nokuda kwokutsoropodza, pamwe chete nebasa rake rokusika rakacheneswa, zvikonzero zvacho zvinowanzotsvakwa muidi rokuti nguva dzose aisundwa nemigumo isingachinjiki. Zvisinei, chokwadi chinoramba chiripo chokuti kunyange semudzidzi muBologna, kana pasina chinhu chakamukurumidza, akashanda nesimba uye akaramba achishanda pamwero wakafanana kunyange apo, pashure pokunge awana kubudirira, akabvisa kudiwa kwekuramba achinyora. Zvichida izvi zvinoda kuramba zvichigadzira, pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu ekunze, pamutengo wekuderedza kudzora kuravira, chaiva chimiro cheunhu hwake husina kugadzikana semuimbi ane rudo. Uye, chokwadi, akanga ari mumwe wevanyori avo, vakasiya simba raRossini, vakaramba vachigutsikana nezvekudiwa kwekutevera kuchinja mukuravira.
“Kwemakore anodarika gumi,” anonyora kudaro Piero Mioli, “tarenda raDonizetti rine mativi akawanda rave richiratidzirwa zvakasununguka uye zvakasiyana-siyana mumitambo yakakomba, isina kukomba uye yenyambo maererano neinodarika hafu yezana ramakore yemitambo yeopera yokuItaly, yaiitwa munhu panguva iyoyo. mumufananidzo weasina kunaka Rossini, achiri kutanga kubva kuma30s XNUMXs, kugadzirwa mumhando yakakomba kunowana mukana wehuwandu, sezvo, zvisinei, izvi zvaidiwa nenguva iri kuuya yekudanana uye muenzaniso weakadai saBellini, aive Kana iyo Rossini theatre yakazvimisikidza muItari mumakumi emakore echipiri neechitatu ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, kana iyo Verdi theatre ikakwira mune yechishanu, yechina ndeyaDonizetti.
Achishandisa chinzvimbo ichi chakakosha, Donizetti, nerusununguko rwake rwekufemerwa, akamhanyira kumuenzaniso wezviitiko zvechokwadi, kwaakapa chiyero chakafanana, achivasunungura, kana zvichidikanwa, kubva kune chinangwa uye zvinoshanda zvinodiwa zvekutevedzana kunoshamisa. Kutsvaga kwekupisa kwemunyori kwakamuita kuti asarudze iyo yekupedzisira yeiyo opera yakatevedzana sechokwadi chega chinodiwa kuti anzwisise zano. Chaive chishuwo ichi chechokwadi panguva imwe chete chakadyisa kurudziro yake yemakomiki, nekudaro, achigadzira macaricatures uye macaricatures, akazova munyori mukuru wenziyo dzemimhanzi mushure meRossini, uye akatsunga kutendeuka kwake munguva yake yekukura kuenda kumitambo yemakomiki yakanyorwa kwete chete nekunyomba kunosuwisa. , asi nounyoro uye nohunhu. . Maererano naFrancesco Attardi, “munguva ye<em>opera buffa yakanga isingaenzaniswi, muedzo wakadzama uye wechokwadi wezvishuvo zvemimhanzi yomuzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Opera buffa, sokunge zvakadaro, rimwe divi remari, richitikurudzira kufunga zvakawanda nezve opera seria. dai yaive rondedzero ye bourgeois social structure.
Nhaka yakakura yaDonizetti, iyo ichiri kumirira kuzivikanwa kwakakodzera, inokodzera ongororo yakajairika iyo chiremera chakadai mumunda wekudzidza basa remunyori saGuglielmo Barblan chinomupa: "Kukosha kwehunyanzvi hwaDonizetti kuchatijekera rini? Mafungiro ekare aimuremera kwemakore anopfuura zana akamupa senyanzvi, kunyange zvazvo aiva nyanzvi, asi akatakurwa nekureruka kwake kunoshamisa pamusoro pezvinetso zvose kuti azvipire kune simba rekuda kwechinguva chekufemerwa. Kutarisa nekukurumidza kumitambo gumi nemaviri yeDonizetti, kubudirira kwekuvandudzwa kwemazuva ano kwemitambo yakakanganwa kunoratidza, pane imwe nguva, kuti kana mune dzimwe nguva mafungiro akadaro angave asina rusaruro, saka mumabasa ake anokosha ... Donizetti akanga ari muimbi aiziva nezve basa raakapiwa uye akanyatsotarisa tsika dzeEurope, umo akanzwisisa zvakajeka nzira chete yekufambisa melodrama yedu kubva panzvimbo dzakareruka dzakaipa iyo provincialism, iyo yainzi "tsika" .
G. Marchesi (yakashandurwa naE. Greceanii)
Zvinyorwa:
opareta (74), kusanganisira Madness (Una Follia, 1818, Venice), Varombo vanodzungaira virtuosos (I piccoli virtuosi ambulanti, 1819, Bergamo), Peter Mukuru, Russian Tsar, kana Livonian muvezi (Pietro il grande Czar delle Russie o Il Falegname di Livonia, 1819, Venice), Rural wedding (Le Nozze in villa, 1820-21, Mantua, carnival), Zoraida Pomegranate (1822, theatre "Argentina", Rome), Chiara naSerafina, kana Pirates (1822, theatre " La Scala”, Milan), Happy delusion (Il fortunato inganno, 1823, theatre “Nuovo”, Naples), Governor in difficulty (L'Ajo nell'imbarazzo, also known as Don Gregorio, 1824, theatre “Valle”, Rome) , Castle of the Invalids (Il Castello degli invalidi, 1826, Carolino Theatre, Palermo), Mwedzi Misere muMaawa maviri, kana Vakadzingwa muSiberia (Otto mesi in due ore, ossia Gli Esiliati muSiberia, 1827, Nuovo Theater , Naples), Alina, Mambokadzi weGolconda (Alina regina di Golconda, 1828, Carlo Felice Theatre, Genoa), Pariah (1829, San Carlo Theatre, Naples), Elizabeth muCastle Kenilw orth (Elisabetta al castello di Kenilworth, anonziwo. Kenilworth Castle, yakavakirwa panovhero yaW. Scott, 1829, ibid.), Anne Boleyn (1830, Carcano Theatre, Milan), Hugo, Count of Paris (1832, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Love Potion (L' Elisir d'amore, 1832, Canobbiana Theatre, Milan), Parisina (mushure meJ. Byron, 1833, Pergola Theatre, Florence), Torquato Tasso (1833, Valle Theatre, Rome), Lucrezia Borgia (zvichibva pamutambo wezita rimwe chete V. . Hugo, 1833, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Marino Faliero (zvichibva pamutambo wezita rimwechete naJ. Byron, 1835, Italien Theatre, Paris), Mary Stuart (1835, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Lucia di Lammermoor (yakavakirwa pabhuku raW. Scott "Muroora weLammermoor", 1835, iyo San Carlo Theatre, Naples), Belisarius (1836, Fenice Theatre, Venice), Kukombwa kweCalais (L'Assedio di Calais, 1836, theatre ” San Carlo, Naples), Pia de'Tolomei (1837, Apollo Theatre, Venice), Robert Devereux, kana Earl weEssex (1837, San Carlo Theatre, Naples), Maria Di Rudenz (1838, theatre ” Fenice, Venice ), Mukunda weHondo(La fille du régiment, 1840, Opera Comique, Paris), Martyrs (Les Martyrs, chinyorwa chitsva chePolyeuctus, chakavakirwa panjodzi yakaitwa naP. Corneille, 1840, Grand Opera Theatre, Paris), Favorite (1840, ibid. ), Adelia, kana Mwanasikana weArcher (Adelia, about La figlia dell'arciere, 1841, theatre ” Apollo, Rome), Linda di Chamouni (1842, Kärntnertorteatr, Vienna), Don Pasquale (1843, Italien Theatre, Paris) , Maria di Rohan (Maria dl Rohan paIl conte di Chalais, 1843, Kärntnertorteatr) , Vienna), Don Sebastian wePortugal (1843, Grand Opera Theatre, Paris), Caterina Cornaro (1844, San Carlo Theatre, Naples) nevamwe; 3 oratorios, 28 cantata, 16 nziyo dzemimhanzi, 19 quartets, 3 quintets, mimhanzi yechechi, mabasa akawanda enzwi.
