Tito Gobbi (Tito Gobbi) |

Tito Gobbi

Zita raTito Gobbi, muimbi akatanhamara wenguva yedu, rinobatanidzwa nemapeji akawanda akajeka munhoroondo yetsika dzemimhanzi dzeItaly. Aiva nezwi rakasiyana-siyana, risingawanzoitiki murunako rwemutinhimira. Ainyatsogona kutaura, uye izvi zvakaita kuti asvike pakakwirira.

“Inzwi, kana uchiziva kurishandisa, ndiro simba guru,” anodaro Gobbi. “Nditendei, kutaura kwangu uku hakusi kudhakwa kana kudada kwakanyanyisa. Pakapera Hondo Yenyika II, ndaiwanzoimbira vakakuvara muzvipatara, uko kwaiungana varombo vanobva kumativi ose enyika. Zvino rimwe zuva mumwe mukomana - akanga akaipa zvikuru - muzevezeve akandikumbira kuti ndimuimbire "Ave Maria".

Murombo uyu aive mudiki, akaora moyo, ari ega, nekuti aive kure nekumba. Ndakagara pamubhedha wake, ndikamubata ruoko ndokuimba “Ave Maria”. Ndichiri kuimba, akafa – achinyemwerera.

Tito Gobbi akaberekwa muna Gumiguru 24, 1913 muBassano del Grappa, taundi riri mujinga memakomo eAlps. Baba vake vaive vemhuri yekare yeMantua, uye amai vake, Enrika Weiss, vakabva kumhuri yeAustria. Apedza chikoro, Tito anopinda paYunivhesiti yePadua, achizvigadzirira basa remutemo. Zvisinei, nekuvandudzwa kwezwi rakasimba, sonorous, jaya rinosarudza kuwana dzidzo yemimhanzi. Achisiya mutemo, anotanga kutora zvidzidzo zvezwi muRoma, pamwe nemukurumbira panguva iyoyo Tenor Giulio Crimi. Kumba kwaCrimi, Tito akasangana nomuridzi wepiyano ane tarenda Tilda, mwanasikana wenyanzvi yemimhanzi yeItaly yakakurumbira Raffaelo de Rensis, uye nokukurumidza akamuroora.

“Muna 1936, ndakatanga kuita comprimano (muiti wemabasa maduku. – Approx. Aut.); Ini ndaifanira kudzidza mabasa akati wandei panguva imwe chete, kuitira kuti kana mumwe wevatambi achirwara, ndaizogadzirira kumutsiva nekukurumidza. Mavhiki ekudzokorora kusingaperi akandibvumira kuti ndipinde mukati mechinhu chebasa, kuti ndiwane chivimbo chakakwana mairi, uye naizvozvo akanga asiri zvachose mutoro kwandiri. Mukana wekuonekwa pachikuva, nguva dzose usingatarisirwi, wainyanya kufadza, kunyanya sezvo njodzi inosanganisirwa nekukasira kwakadai yakaderedzwa paTeatro Real muRome panguva iyoyo nekuda kwerubatsiro rwakakosha rwenhamba huru yevadzidzisi vakanaka uye nerupo rutsigiro rwe. shamwari.

Dambudziko rakawanda rakavanza anonzi madiki madiki. Dzinowanzo sanganisira mitsara mishomanana yakapararira kune zviito zvakasiyana, asi panguva imwe chete, misungo yakawanda yakavanzwa mavari. Handisi ndega mukutya kwangu…”

Muna 1937, Gobbi akaita debut yake paAdriano Theatre muRome saGermont Baba mune opera La Traviata. Tarenda yemimhanzi yemuimbi wechidiki yakacherechedzwa neiyo capital's theatrical press.

Mushure mekukunda muna 1938 paInternational Vocal Competition muVienna, Gobbi akave mudzidzi wepachikoro paLa Scala theatre muMilan. Gobbi's true debut mune yakakurumbira theatre yakaitika muna Kurume 1941 muUmberto Giordano's Fedora uye yakabudirira chaizvo. Kubudirira uku kwakasanganiswa gore rakatevera munzvimbo yeBelcore muDonizetti's L'elisir d'amore. Kutamba uku, pamwe chete nekuita kwezvikamu muFalstaff yaVerdi, zvakaita kuti Gobbi ataure nezvechiitiko chakatanhamara muunyanzvi hwemanzwi hwekuItaly. Tito anogamuchira kubatanidzwa kwakawanda munhandare dzemitambo muItaly. Anoita zvinyorwa zvekutanga, uye anoitawo mumafirimu. Mune ramangwana, muimbi achaita zvinopfuura makumi mashanu azere kurekodha opera.

S. Belza anonyora kuti: “…Tito Gobbi akasikwa aine unyanzvi hunoshamisa kwete hwekutaura chete, asiwo hunyanzvi hwekuita, hukasha, chipo chinoshamisa chekuzvarwa patsva, izvo zvakamubvumira kugadzira mifananidzo yedariro yemimhanzi inonzwika uye isingakanganwiki. Izvi zvakaita kuti anyanye kukwezva kuvagadziri vemafirimu, avo vakakoka muimbi-mutambi kuti atore nyeredzi mumafirimu anopfuura makumi maviri. Kare muna 1937, akaonekwa pachiratidziro muLouis Trenker's The Condottieri. Uye hondo ichangopera, Mario Costa akatanga kutora firimu rekutanga rakazara reopera firimu nekutora chikamu kwake - The Barber of Seville.

Gobbi anoyeuka kuti:

“Nguva ichangopfuura, ndakaona zvakare firimu rakavakirwa pairi opera muna 1947. Ndinoimba chikamu chenyaya yacho. Ndakasangana nezvose patsva, uye ndakafarira firimu kudarika ipapo. Ndeyeimwe nyika, iri kure uye yakarasika, asi netarisiro kwete irretrievably. Ndakafarikanya sei muupwere hwangu apo ndakadzidza The Barber nechinjo dzayo dzisingaenzaniswi dzemutinhimira, ndakafadzwa sei chaizvoizvo nokupfuma nokupenya kwenziyo dzacho! Rare opera yaive pedyo neni mumweya.

Kubva muna 1941 kusvika muna 1943 ini naMaestro Ricci takashanda pabasa iri rinenge zuva nezuva. Uye kamwe kamwe Opera yeRoma inondikoka kuti ndiite mukutanga kweThe Barber; Chokwadi, ndaisagona kuramba kukoka uku. Asi, uye ndinozvirangarira nekuzvikudza, ndakava nesimba rokukumbira kunonotsa. Pashure pezvose, ndaiziva kuti kuti unyatsogadzirira, unzwe kuzvivimba, zvinotora nguva. Ipapo vatungamiri vemitambo vakanga vachiri kufunga pamusoro pekuvandudzwa kwenyanzvi; kuratidzwa kwokutanga kwakabvumwa nomutsa kuti kunomiswa, uye ndakaimba The Barber kekutanga muna February 1944.

Kwandiri, iri rakanga riri danho rinokosha rokufambira mberi. Ndakawana budiriro huru, ndakarumbidzwa nokuda kwokuchena kwenzwi uye upenyu hwokuimba.

Gare gare, Gobbi achabviswa zvakare kubva kuCosta - mu "Pagliacci" inobva pane opera naLeoncavallo. Tito akaita zvikamu zvitatu panguva imwe chete: Prologue, Tonio uye Silvio.

Muna 1947, Gobbi akabudirira kuvhura mwaka nechikamu cheMephistopheles muchikamu cheBerlioz's Damnation of Faust. Kushanya kwekunze kwakawanda kwakatanga, izvo zvakasimbisa mukurumbira waGobbi. Mugore rimwe chete, muimbi wacho akaombera maoko neStockholm neLondon. Muna 1950, akadzokera kuLondon sechikamu cheLa Scala Opera Company uye akaita pachikuva cheCovent Garden mumitambo inonzi L'elisir d'amore, pamwe neFalstaff, Sicilian Vespers uye Verdi's Otello.

Gare gare, Mario Del Monaco, achinyora vaaishanda navo vane mukurumbira, anodana Gobbi "asingaenzaniswi Iago uye muimbi akanakisa." Uye panguva iyoyo, nekuda kwekuita kwemabasa ekutungamira mumaopera matatu eVerdi, Gobbi akapihwa mubairo wakakosha, semumwe weakanyanya kupenya baritones akaita panguva iyoyo muCovent Garden.

Pakati pe-50s yaive nguva yekukwira kwepamusoro kwemuimbi. Dzimba huru dzeopera pasi rose dzinomupa makondirakiti. Gobbi, kunyanya, anoimba muStockholm, Lisbon, New York, Chicago, San Francisco.

Muna 1952 Tito anoimba paMutambo weSalzburg; anogamuchirwa pamwe chete saDon Giovanni asingaenzaniswi muopera yaMozart yezita rimwe chetero. Muna 1958, Gobbi akatora chikamu mukuita kwaDon Carlos kuLondon's Covent Garden Theatre. Muimbi akaita chikamu chaRodrigo akagamuchira wongororo yakanyanya kubva kune vatsoropodzi.

Muna 1964, Franco Zeffirelli akaita Tosca paCovent Garden, achikoka Gobbi naMaria Callas.

Gobbi anonyora kuti: “Covent Garden Theatre yaigara mukushushikana uye kutya: ko kana Callas akaramba kuridza panguva yekupedzisira? Sander Gorlinski, maneja wake, akange asina nguva yechimwe chinhu. Kuvepo kwevanhu vasina kubvumirwa pakudzidzira kwese kunorambidzwa zvachose. Mapepanhau aive akaganhurirwa kune laconic mishumo ichisimbisa kuti zvese zvaifamba zvakanaka ...

Ndira 21, 1964. Heino tsananguro yebasa risingakanganwiki, rakanyorwa nemukadzi wangu Tilda mudhiyari yake mangwanani akatevera:

“Manheru akanaka sei! Chiitiko chakaisvonaka, kunyange kekutanga muupenyu hwangu aria “Vissi d'arte” asina kuombera maoko. (Maonero angu ndeokuti vateereri vakafadzwa zvikuru nechitarisiko zvokuti havana kuda kuvhiringidza chiitiko chacho nekuombera kusina kufanira. – Tito Gobbi.) Chiito chechipiri chinongoshamisa: hofori mbiri dze opera art dzakakotamira kune mumwe kune mumwe pamberi pe chidzitiro, sevakwikwidzi vane ruremekedzo. Pashure pokudanidzira kusingagumi, vateereri vakatora chikuva. Ndakaona kuti maBritish akazvidzora akapenga sei: vakabvisa mabhachi avo, matai, Mwari vanoziva chimwe chinhu ndokuvazunguza. Tito akanga asingaenzaniswi, uye kuita kwavose kwairatidzirwa nokururama kunoshamisa. Ehe, Maria akanyatso zunza mufananidzo wenguva dzose weTosca, achiupa humwe hunhu uye pachena. Asi iye chete ndiye anogona kuzviita. Chero ani zvake aizoshinga kutevedzera muenzaniso wake, ndinoyambira: chenjera!

Kuita kunofadza kwakazodzokororwa nevatambi vakafanana muParis neNew York, mushure mezvo the divine prima donna yakasiya nhandare yeopera kwenguva refu.

Repertoire yemuimbi wacho yaishamisa. Gobbi akaimba zvinopfuura zana zvakasiyana-siyana zvenguva dzose nezvitayera. "Mafungiro ose uye manzwiro emitambo yenyika yose ari pasi pake," vatsoropodzi vakadaro.

“Kuita kwake mabasa aitungamirira mumitambo yeVerdi kwaishamisa zvikuru,” anonyora kudaro L. Landman, “kunze kweavo vakadudzwa, ava ndiMacbeth, Simon Boccanegra, Renato, Rigoletto, Germont, Amonasro. Iyo yakaoma yechokwadi uye ine hutsinye mifananidzo yePuccini's operas iri padyo nemuimbi: Gianni Schicchi, Scarpia, mavara eiyo verist operas naR. Leoncavallo, P. Mascagni, F. Cilea, kuseka kunopenya kweRossini's Figaro uye kukosha kwakakosha kwe. "William Taura".

Tito Gobbi mutambi akanakisa ensemble. Kutora chikamu mumitambo mikuru yeopera yezana ramakore, akadzokorora kuimba pamwe chete nevatambi vakanaka vakadai saMaria Callas, Mario Del Monaco, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, conductors A. Toscanini, V. Furtwängler, G. Karajan. Ruzivo rwakanakisa rwezvikamu zveopera, kugona kugovera dynamics zvakanaka uye kuteerera zvine hunyoro kune mumwe wake zvakamubvumira kuwana isingawanzo kubatana mukuimba pamwe chete. NaCallas, muimbi wacho akanyora kaviri Tosca pane zvinyorwa, naMario Del Monaco - Othello. Akatora chikamu mune akawanda eTV uye mafirimu operas, firimu rakagadziridzwa zvehupenyu hwevanyori vakatanhamara. Zvakarekodhwa zvaTito Gobbi, pamwe nemafirimu nekutora kwake chikamu, kubudirira kukuru pakati pevanoda hunyanzvi hwekutaura. Pazvinyorwa, muimbi anowanikwawo mubasa rekonti, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kutonga hupamhi hwezvido zvake zvemimhanzi. Mukamuri repertoire yeGobbi, nzvimbo huru yakapihwa mimhanzi yevatenzi vekare vezana ramakore rechiXNUMX-XNUMX J. Carissimi, J. Caccini, A. Stradella, J. Pergolesi. Iye nokuzvidira uye zvakawanda anonyora pasi Neapolitan nziyo.

Mukutanga 60s, Gobbi akatendeukira kukutungamira. Panguva imwe cheteyo, anoenderera mberi nebasa rekonzati. Muna 1970, Gobbi, pamwe naKallas, vakauya kuSoviet Union semuenzi weIV International Competition yakatumidzwa zita raPI Tchaikovsky.

Kwemakore akawanda, achitamba nevaimbi vane mukurumbira, achisangana nevane mukurumbira mumhanzi, Gobbi akaunganidza zvinonakidza zvinyorwa. Hazvishamisi kuti mabhuku emuimbi "Upenyu Hwangu" uye "Nyika yeItaly Opera" anonakidzwa nekubudirira kukuru, umo akatsanangura zvakajeka uye zvakajeka zvakavanzika zveimba yeOpera. Tito Gobbi akafa musi waKurume 5, 1984.