Harmonium: chii, nhoroondo, mhando, zvinonakidza zvinhu

Pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, mudzimba dzemaguta eEurope munhu aiwanzoona chiridzwa chinoshamisa chemimhanzi, harmonium. Kunze, inofanana nepiyano, asi ine kuzara kwemukati kwakasiyana zvachose. Ndeyekirasi yeaerophones kana harmonics. Ruzha runogadzirwa nekuita kwemhepo patsanga. Ichi chishandiso hunhu hwakakosha hwemakereke eKatorike.

Chii chinonzi harmonium

Nekugadzirwa, chiridzwa chemhepo chekhibhodi chakafanana nepiyano kana nhengo. Iyo harmonium inewo makiyi, asi ndipo panoperera kufanana. Pakuridza piyano, sando dzinorova tambo dzine basa rekuburitsa ruzha. Kurira kwenhengo kunoitika nekuda kwekufamba kwemhepo dzemhepo kuburikidza nemapombi. Harmonium iri pedyo nenhengo. Mhepo dzemhepo dzinopombwa nemvuto, dzinopfuura nemachubhu ehurefu hwakasiyana, dzichiita ndimi dzesimbi.

Chiridzwa chinoiswa pasi kana patafura. Chikamu chepakati chinogarwa nekhibhodi. Inogona kuva imwe-mutsara kana kurongwa mumitsara miviri. Pasi payo pane magonhi nemapedhi. Kuita pamapedals, muimbi anogadzirisa mhepo yemhepo kune furs, zviputi zvinotungamirirwa nemabvi. Ndivo vane basa remasimba emhando yezwi. Mhando yemimhanzi inoridzwa ndeye mashanu octaves. Izvo zvinokwanisa zvechiridzwa zvakakura, zvinogona kushandiswa kuita mabasa epurogiramu, kuronga kuvandudzwa.

Muviri weharmonium wakagadzirwa nematanda. Mukati mune ma voice bars ane ndimi dzinotsvedza. Iyo keyboard yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvekurudyi nekuruboshwe, izvo zvinodzorwa nemalevers ari pamusoro pekhibhodi. Chiridzwa chekirasi chine zviyero zvinokatyamadza - mita imwe nehafu yakakwirira uye 130 centimita yakafara.

Nhoroondo yechishandiso

Nzira yekubudisa manzwi, iyo harmonium yakavakirwa, yakaonekwa kare kare kusati kwagadzirwa kwe "organ" iyi. Pamberi pevaEurope, maChina akadzidza kushandisa ndimi dzesimbi. Pane iyi nheyo, iyo accordion uye harmonica yakagadzirwa. Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, tenzi weCzech F. Kirschnik akawana mhedzisiro ye "espressivo" payakagadzirwa michina mitsva. Zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kukwidziridza kana kuderedza ruzha zvichienderana nekudzika kwekiyi.

Chiridzwa ichi chakagadziridzwa nemudzidzi wenyanzvi yeCzech, achishandisa tsanga dzinotsvedza. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi1818, G. Grenier, I. Bushman vakaita chinjo dzavo, zita rokuti “harmonium” rakataurwa natenzi weViennese A. Heckel muna 1840. Zita racho rakavakirwa pamashoko echiGiriki, anoshandurwa kuti “ fur” uye “kuwirirana”. Patent yechigadzirwa chitsva yakagamuchirwa chete muXNUMX naA. Deben. Panguva ino, chiridzwa chakanga chatove chichishandiswa nevatambi mumasaroni emimhanzi yeimba.

Mhando

Iyo harmonium yakaita shanduko yezvimiro uye yakagadziridzwa mukati mezana ramakore rechiXNUMX-XNUMX. Masters kubva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana vakaita zvigadziriso zvichibva patsika dzenyika dzekugadzira mimhanzi. Nhasi, mutsika dzakasiyana, kune akasiyana marudzi echiridzwa:

• accordionflute - iri raiva zita rekutanga harmonium, yakagadzirwa maererano neimwe shanduro naA. Heckel, uye maererano neimwe - naM. Busson. Yakaiswa pachigadziko, uye makushe aifambiswa nemapedali. Ruzha rwekurira rwakanga rusina kuwanda - chete 3-4 octaves.
• Indian harmonium - maHindu, maPakistani, maNepalese anotamba pairi, akagara pasi. Tsoka hadzina kubatanidzwa mukudhonza zvine ruzha. Muiti werumwe ruoko anomutsa makushe, rimwe rinodzvanya makiyi.
• enharmonic harmonium - achiyedza chiridzwa chekhibhodi, purofesa weOxford Robert Bosanquet akakamura maoctaves ekhibhodi yakajairika kuita nhanho makumi mashanu nenhatu akaenzana, achiwana ruzha chairwo. Kugadzirwa kwake kwagara kuchishandiswa muGerman musical art.

Gare gare, makopi akaiswa magetsi akaoneka. Organola uye multimonica vakava madzitateguru emazuva ano synthesizer.

Kushandiswa kweharmonium

Kutenda kunzwi rakapfava, rinoratidza, chiridzwa chakawana mukurumbira. Kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, yaitambwa mumatendere ane mbiri, mudzimba dzevarume vakazvarwa zvakanaka. Mabasa mazhinji akanyorerwa harmonium. Zvidimbu zvinosiyaniswa nekunaka, mutinhimira, kudzikama. Kazhinji kazhinji, vaimbi vairidza zvinyorwa zvezwi, clavier mabasa.

Chiridzwa ichi chakauya kuRussia pamwe chete nevatorwa kubva kuGermany kuenda kuWestern uye Eastern Ukraine. Ipapo yaigona kuonekwa munenge mudzimba dzose. Hondo isati yatanga, kufarirwa kweharmonium kwakatanga kuderera zvakanyanya. Nhasi, vateveri vechokwadi chete vanoiridza, uye inoshandiswawo kudzidza mabasa emimhanzi akanyorerwa nhengo.

Mashoko Anofadza

1. Harmonium yakakomborerwa naPope Pius wechi10 kuita manamatiro, mukufunga kwake, ichi chiridzwa “chaiva nomweya.” Yakatanga kuiswa mumakereke ese akange asina mukana wekutenga organ.
2. MuRussia, mumwe wevakakurumbira ve harmonium aive VF Odoevsky muzivi ane mukurumbira uye muvambi weRussia musicology.
3. Iyo Astrakhan Museum-Reserve inopa kuratidzwa kwakatsaurirwa kune chiridzwa uye mupiro weYu.G. Zimmerman mukuvandudza tsika dzemimhanzi. Muviri weharmonium wakashongedzwa nechishongo chemaruva uye ndiro yechiratidzo inoratidza kubatanidzwa kwemugadziri.

Nhasi, ma aerophones haasati awanikwa pakutengeswa. Chokwadi connoisseurs anoodha kugadzirwa kwayo pachako kumafekitori emimhanzi.