Johann Strauss (mwanakomana) |

Johann Strauss (mwanakomana)

Munyori weAustria I. Strauss anonzi "mambo wewaltz". Basa rake rakanyatsozadzwa nemweya weVienna netsika yayo yenguva refu yekuda kutamba. Kufemerwa kusingapedzi kwakabatanidzwa nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro kwakaita kuti Strauss ave yechokwadi classic yemimhanzi yekutamba. Kutenda kwaari, iyo Viennese waltz yakapfuura zana ramakore rechiXNUMX. uye yakava chikamu chehupenyu hwanhasi hwekuimba.

Strauss akaberekerwa mumhuri yakapfuma mumitambo yemimhanzi. Baba vake, zvakare Johann Strauss, vakaronga orchestra yavo mugore rekuzvarwa kwemwanakomana wavo uye vakahwina mukurumbira muEurope yese nemawaltzes, polkas, march.

Baba vaida kuita mwanakomana wavo muzvinabhizimisi uye vakaramba zvachose dzidzo yake yemimhanzi. Chinonyanya kushamisa tarenda rakakura raJohann mudiki uye chishuwo chake chemimhanzi. Pachivande kubva kuna baba vake, anotora zvidzidzo zve violin kubva kuna F. Amon (anoperekedza orchestra yeStrauss) uye pazera remakore matanhatu anonyora waltz yake yekutanga. Izvi zvakateverwa nekuongorora kwakakomba kwekuumbwa pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaI. Drexler.

Muna 1844, Strauss ane makore gumi nemapfumbamwe anounganidza orchestra kubva kune vaimbi vezera rimwe chete uye anoronga manheru ake ekutanga ekutamba. Mutambi wechidiki uyu akazova mukwikwidzi ane ngozi kuna baba vake (avo panguva iyoyo vaive kondakita wedare rebhora re orchestra). Hupenyu hwakadzama hwekugadzira hwaStrauss Jr. hunotanga, zvishoma nezvishoma kukunda pamusoro petsitsi dzevaViennese.

Muimbi wacho akaoneka pamberi pevaimbi aine violin. Akaitisa uye kutamba panguva imwe chete (semazuva aI. Haydn naWA Mozart), uye akakurudzira vateereri nekuita kwake.

Strauss akashandisa chimiro cheViennese waltz icho I. Lanner nababa vake vakagadzira: “korona” yezviverengero zvakawanda, kazhinji zvishanu, zvinonzwika zvine sumo nemhedziso. Asi runako nekutsva kwenziyo, kutsvedzerera kwadzo uye nziyo, ruzha rweMozartian, ruzha rwakajeka rweorchestra ine maviolin ekuimba pamweya, mufaro wakafashukira wehupenyu - zvese izvi zvinoshandura waltzes aStrauss kuita nhetembo dzerudo. Mukati megadziriro yekushandiswa, yakanangana nemimhanzi yekutamba, hunyanzvi hunogadzirwa hunounza kunakidzwa kwechokwadi. Mazita echirongwa aStrauss waltzes airatidza zvakasiyana siyana zvekuona uye zviitiko. Munguva yekuchinja kwe1848, "Nziyo dzeRusununguko", "Nziyo dzeBarricades" dzakagadzirwa, muna 1849 - "Waltz-obituary" pakufa kwababa vake. Manzwiro ehutsinye kuna baba vake (akatanga imwe mhuri kare kare) haana kukanganisa kuyemura mimhanzi yake (gare gare Strauss akagadzirisa muunganidzwa wakazara wemabasa ake).

Mukurumbira wemunyori ari kukura zvishoma nezvishoma uye anodarika miganhu yeAustria. Muna 1847 anoshanyira Serbia neRomania, muna 1851 - muGermany, Czech Republic nePoland, uye ipapo, kwemakore akawanda, anogara achienda kuRussia.

Muna 1856-65. Strauss anobatanidzwa mumwaka wezhizha muPavlovsk (pedyo neSt. Petersburg), kwaanopa makonti muchivako chechiteshi uye, pamwe chete nemimhanzi yake yekutamba, anoita mabasa nevanyori veRussia: M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, A. Serov. Iyo waltz "Farewell kuSt. Petersburg", iyo polka "Musango rePavlovsk", piyano fantasy "Mumusha weRussia" (yakaitwa naA. Rubinshtein) nevamwe vanobatanidzwa nemafungiro kubva kuRussia.

Muna 1863-70. Strauss ndiye kondakita wemabhora edare muVienna. Mumakore aya, mawaltzes ake akanakisa akasikwa: "Pamusoro peBlue Danube Yakanaka", "Upenyu hweMuenzi", "Tales of the Vienna Woods", "Fara Upenyu", etc. Chipo chisina kujairika chenziyo (munyori akati: "Mitsindo inoyerera ichibva kwandiri semvura inobva ku crane"), uyewo kukwanisa kushoma kushanda kwakabvumira Strauss kunyora 168 waltzes, 117 polkas, 73 quadrilles, anopfuura makumi matatu mazurkas uye gallops, 30 march, uye 43 operettas muupenyu hwake.

70s - kutanga kwechikamu chitsva muhupenyu hwekusika hwaStrauss, uyo, pazano raJ. Offenbach, akatendeukira kumhando ye operetta. Pamwe chete naF. Suppe naK. Millöcker, akava musiki weViennese classical operetta.

Strauss haana kukwezvwa neatarical orientation yeOffenbach's theatre; sekutonga, anonyora anofara emimhanzi komedhi, iyo huru (uye kazhinji iyo chete) inokwezva iyo mimhanzi.

Waltzes kubva kuOperettas Die Fledermaus (1874), Cagliostro muVienna (1875), The Queen's Lace Handkerchief (1880), Husiku muVenice (1883), Viennese Ropa (1899) nevamwe.

Pakati peStrauss's operettas, The Gypsy Baron (1885) inomira pachena nehurongwa hwakakomba, hwakanambwa pakutanga se opera uye inotora zvimwe zvezvinhu zvayo (kunyanya, lyric-yerudo kujekeswa kwechokwadi, manzwiro akadzama: rusununguko, rudo, munhu. chiremerera).

Mimhanzi yeoperetta inoshandisa zvakanyanya Hungarian-Gypsy motifs nemhando, dzakadai seČardas. Pakupera kwehupenyu hwake, munyori anonyora yake chete comic opera The Knight Pasman (1892) uye anoshanda paballet Cinderella (isina kupera). Sepakutanga, kunyange munhamba diki, mawaltze akaparadzana anooneka, akazara, semumakore madiki, ekunakidzwa kwechokwadi uye kupenya kwemufaro: "Spring Voices" (1882). "Imperial Waltz" (1890). Kushanya nzendo zvakare hakumire: kuenda kuUSA (1872), pamwe nekuRussia (1869, 1872, 1886).

Mimhanzi yaStrauss yaiyemurwa naR. Schumann naG. Berlioz, F. Liszt naR. Wagner. G. Bulow naI. Brahms (yaichimbova shamwari yomunyori). Kwemakore anopfuura zana, akakunda mwoyo yevanhu uye haarasikirwi nerunako rwake.

K. Zenkin

Johann Strauss akapinda munhoroondo yemimhanzi yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX senyanzvi huru yekutamba uye mimhanzi yemazuva ese. Akaunza mairi maficha eunyanzvi hwechokwadi, kudzika nekuvandudza maitiro akajairika eAustrian folk dance practice. Mabasa akanakisa eStrauss anoratidzirwa nekunyorova uye nyore kwemifananidzo, hupfumi husingaperi hwemimhanzi, kutendeseka uye hunhu hwemutauro wemimhanzi. Zvose izvi zvakakonzera mukurumbira wavo mukuru pakati pemhomho yevateereri.

Strauss akanyora mazana mana nemakumi manomwe nenomwe waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, march uye mamwe mabasa ekonzati uye chirongwa chemhuri (kusanganisira zvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zveoperettas). Kuvimba nemitambo uye dzimwe nzira dzekutaura kwekutamba kwevanhu kunopa mabasa aya chirevo chenyika. Vakararama panguva iyoyo vainzi Strauss waltzes nziyo dzokuda nyika pasina mashoko. Mumifananidzo yemimhanzi, airatidza zvinhu zvakatendeseka uye zvinokwezva zveunhu hwevanhu veAustria, kunaka kwenzvimbo yake yekuzvarwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, basa raStrauss rakatora maitiro edzimwe tsika dzenyika, kunyanya mimhanzi yeHungary neSlavic. Izvi zvinoshanda muzvinhu zvakawanda kumabasa akagadzirwa naStrauss emitambo yemitambo, kusanganisira gumi neshanu operettas, imwe comic opera uye imwe ballet.

Vaimbi vakuru nevaimbi - Vakararama panguva yaStrauss vakatenda zvikuru tarenda rake guru uye hunyanzvi hwekutanga semunyori uye kondakita. “N’anga inoshamisa! Mabasa ake (iye pachake akaatungamirira) akandipa mufaro wemumhanzi wandakanga ndisati ndambowana kwenguva yakareba,” Hans Bülow akanyora nezveStrauss. Uye akabva awedzera kuti: "Iyi inyanzvi yekuitisa hunyanzvi mumamiriro emhando yayo diki. Pane chimwe chinhu chinodzidzwa kubva kuna Strauss pakuita kweNinth Symphony kana Beethoven's Pathétique Sonata. Mashoko aSchumann anokoshawo: “Zvinhu zviviri pasi pano zvakaoma zvikuru,” akadaro, “chokutanga, kuwana mukurumbira, uye chechipiri, kuuchengeta. Vatenzi vechokwadi chete ndivo vanobudirira: kubva kuBeethoven kuenda kuStrauss - mumwe nemumwe nenzira yake. Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, Brahms vakataura nechido nezvaStrauss. Nekunzwa kwetsitsi dzakadzama Serov, Rimsky-Korsakov naTchaikovsky vakataura nezvake semuiti wemimhanzi yeRussian symphonic. Uye muna 1884, apo Vienna yakapemberera zvakakomba kusvitsa makore makumi mana kwaStrauss, A. Rubinstein, achimiririra vanyori vemifananidzo vekuSt.

Kuzivikanwa kwakafanana kwehunyanzvi hwaStrauss hwehunyanzvi nevamiriri vakasiyana-siyana vehunyanzvi hwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX kunosimbisa mukurumbira wakatanhamara wemuimbi uyu ane mukurumbira, ane mabasa epamusoro achiri kupa mafaro epamusoro.

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Strauss yakabatana zvisingaite nehupenyu hwemumhanzi weViennese, nekusimuka uye kuvandudzwa kwetsika dzedemocracy yeAustria mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, iyo yakazviratidza pachena mumunda wekutamba kwemazuva ese.

Kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakore, madiki ezviridzwa ensembles, ayo anonzi "chapels", ave akakurumbira munharaunda yeViennese, achiita varimi varimi, Tyrolean kana Styrian kutamba mumatavern. Vatungamiri vemakereke vaizviona sebasa rerukudzo kugadzira mimhanzi mitsva yezvavakagadzira. Apo iyi mimhanzi yemisha yeViennese yakapinda muhoro huru dzeguta, mazita evasiki varo akazozivikanwa.

Saka vavambi ve“dzinza rewaltz” vakasvika pakubwinya Joseph Lanner (1801-1843) uye Johann Strauss Mukuru (1804-1849). Wokutanga akanga ari mwanakomana womugadziri wenguo, wechipiri akanga ari mwanakomana womuchengeti wemba yavaeni; kubva pauduku hwavo vairidza kwaya dzezviridzwa, uye kubvira muna 1825 vakanga vatova neokestra yavo yetambo duku. Nenguva isipi, zvakadaro, Liner naStrauss vanosiyana - shamwari dzinova vakwikwidzi. Wese munhu anokunda mukugadzira repertoire nyowani yeorchestra yake.

Gore negore, nhamba yevakwikwidzi inowedzera kuwedzera. Uye zvakadaro munhu wese akafukidzwa naStrauss, anoita nzendo dzeGermany, France, neEngland nerwiyo rwake. Vari kumhanya nekubudirira kukuru. Asi, pakupedzisira, anewo muvengi, kunyange ane tarenda uye akasimba. Uyu ndiye mwanakomana wake, Johann Strauss Jr., akaberekwa Gumiguru 25, 1825.

Muna 1844, ane makore gumi nemapfumbamwe I. Strauss, atora vaimbi gumi neshanu, akaronga manheru ake ekutanga ekutamba. Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, kurwisana kwehukuru muVienna kunotanga pakati pababa nemwanakomana, Strauss Jr. zvishoma nezvishoma akakunda nzvimbo dzose iyo orchestra yababa vake yakanga yambotonga. Iyo "duel" yakagara nguva nenguva kweanenge makore mashanu uye yakapfupikiswa nerufu rwemakore makumi mana nemashanu ekuzvarwa Strauss Sr. (Pasinei neukama hwakasimba, Strauss Jr. aidada netarenda rababa vake. Muna 1889, akabudisa matambiro ake mumavhoriyamu manomwe (mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu waltzes, gallops and quadrilles), umo munhanganyaya, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akanyora. : “Kunyange zvazvo kwandiri, somwanakomana, hazvina kufanira kushambadza baba, asi ndinofanira kutaura kuti kwaiva kuonga kwavari kuti nziyo dzokudhanza dzeViennese dzakapararira munyika yose.”)

Panguva ino, ndiko kuti, pakutanga kwe50s, mukurumbira weEurope wemwanakomana wake wakanga wabatanidzwa.

Chinokosha munhau iyi kukokwa kwaStrauss kumwaka wechirimo kuPavlovsk, iri munzvimbo yakaisvonaka pedyo neSt. Kwemwaka gumi nembiri, kubva 1855 kusvika 1865, uye zvakare muna 1869 uye 1872, akatenderera Russia nemukoma wake Joseph, munyori ane tarenda uye kondakita. (Joseph Strauss (1827-1870) vaiwanzonyora pamwe chete naJohann; nokudaro, kunyorwa kwePolka Pizzicato ine mukurumbira ndekwevose vari vaviri. Paivawo nemukoma wechitatu - Edward, uyo akashandawo semunyori wedhanzi uye kondakita. Muna 1900, akaparadza chapel, iyo, inogara ichivandudza kuumbwa kwayo, yakanga iripo pasi pekutungamirirwa kweStrauss kwemakore anopfuura makumi manomwe.)

Makonzati, ayo akapiwa kubva muna May kusvika munaSeptember, akapindwa nezviuru zvevateereri uye aiperekedzwa nekubudirira kusingachinji. Johann Strauss akateerera zvikuru mabasa evanyori veRussia, akaita mamwe acho kwekutanga (zvinyorwa kubva kuSerov's Judith muna 1862, kubva kuVoyevoda yaTchaikovsky muna 1865); kutanga muna 1856, aiwanzoita nziyo dzaGlinka, uye muna 1864 akatsaurira purogiramu inokosha kwaari. Uye mubasa rake, Strauss airatidza dingindira reRussia: nziyo dzevanhu dzakashandiswa muwaltz "Farewell to Petersburg" (op. 210), "Russian Fantasy March" (op. 353), piano fantasy "Mumusha weRussia" (op. 355, aiwanzoitwa naA. Rubinstein) nevamwe. Johann Strauss aigara achiyeuka nemufaro makore ekugara kwake muRussia (Nguva yokupedzisira Strauss akashanyira Russia yaiva muna 1886 uye akapa makonzati gumi muPetersburg.).

Chiitiko chinotevera cherwendo rwekukunda uye panguva imwe chete kuchinja kwehupenyu hwake kwaiva rwendo rwekuAmerica muna 1872; Strauss akapa makonzati gumi nemana muBoston muchivakwa chakanyatsovakwa chakagadzirirwa zana rezviuru zvevateereri. Mutambo uyu wakapindwa nezviuru makumi maviri zvevaimbi - vaimbi nevatambi veorchestra uye zana makondukita - vabatsiri vaStrauss. Makontikiti akadaro e "monster", akaberekwa neasina tsika bourgeois entrepreneurship, haana kupa munyori nekugutsikana kweunyanzvi. Mune ramangwana, akaramba nzendo dzakadaro, kunyange zvazvo dzaigona kuunza mari yakawanda.

Kazhinji, kubva panguva iyoyo, nzendo dzekonzati dzaStrauss dzakaderedzwa zvakanyanya. Nhamba yekutamba uye march zvidimbu zvaakasika zviri kudonha zvakare. (Mumakore 1844-1870, mazana matatu nemakumi mana nemaviri ekutamba nekufora zvakanyorwa; mumakore 1870-1899, mitambo zana nemakumi maviri yerudzi urwu, tisingaverenge kuchinjika, fungidziro, uye medleys pamadingindira eOperettas ake. .)

Yechipiri nguva yekusika inotanga, kunyanya yakabatana neoperetta genre. Strauss akanyora basa rake rekutanga remimhanzi uye yemitambo muna 1870. Nesimba risinganeti, asi nekubudirira kwakasiyana, akaramba achishanda mumhando iyi kusvika pamazuva ake ekupedzisira. Strauss akafa musi waChikumi 3, 1899 aine makore makumi manomwe nemana.

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Johann Strauss akazvipira makore makumi mashanu nemashanu pakugadzira. Akanga ane kubishaira kusingawanzoitiki, achinyora asingaregi, mumamiriro ezvinhu api naapi. “Mitinhimira inoyerera ichibva kwandiri semvura inobva papombi,” akadaro achiseka. Mune nhaka yakakura yeStrauss, zvisinei, hazvisi zvese zvakaenzana. Zvimwe zvezvinyorwa zvake zvine zviratidzo zvebasa rokukurumidzira, rokusangwarira. Dzimwe nguva munyori wacho aitungamirirwa nekudzokera shure kwevateereri vake. Asi kazhinji, akakwanisa kugadzirisa imwe yematambudziko akaoma zvikuru enguva yedu.

Mumakore apo mabhuku emumhanzi epasi-giredhi emu salon, akaparadzirwa zvakanyanya nevemabhizimisi vakangwara, aive nemhedzisiro inokuvadza padzidzo yeaesthetic yevanhu, Strauss akagadzira mabasa ehunyanzvi echokwadi, anowanikwa uye anonzwisisika kune ruzhinji. Nechiyereso chehunyanzvi chinowanikwa muhunyanzvi "hwakakomba", akaenda kumimhanzi "yakajeka" uye nekudaro akakwanisa kudzima mutsara wakaparadzanisa "yepamusoro" genre (konsati, yemitambo) kubva kune inonzi "yakaderera" (yemumba, inovaraidza). Vamwe vanyori vakuru vekare vakaita zvimwe chetezvo, semuenzaniso, Mozart, uyo akanga asina misiyano inokosha pakati pe“pamusoro” ne“pasi” muunyanzvi. Asi zvino pakanga paine dzimwe nguva - kurwiswa kwehunyambiri hwebourgeois uye philistinism yaifanira kuverengerwa nemhando yakagadziridzwa, yakareruka, inovaraidza.

Izvi ndizvo zvakaitwa naStrauss.

M. Druskin

Rondedzero pfupi yemabasa:

Mabasa ekonzati-yemumba chirongwa waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, march uye vamwe (zvimedu zvese 477) Anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeaya: "Perpetuum mobile" ("Perpetual motion") op. 257 (1867) "Morning Leaf", waltz op. 279 (1864) Bhora reMagweta, polka op. 280 (1864) "Persian Kurume" op. 289 (1864) "Blue Danube", waltz op. 314 (1867) "Hupenyu hweMuenzi", waltz op. 316 (1867) "Tales of the Vienna Woods", waltz op. 325 (1868) "Fara muhupenyu", waltz op. 340 (1870) "1001 Nights", waltz (kubva kune operetta "Indigo uye 40 Mbavha") op. 346 (1871) "Viennese Ropa", waltz op. 354 (1872) "Tick-tock", polka (kubva kune operetta "Die Fledermaus") op. 365 (1874) "Iwe naIwe", waltz (kubva kuoperetta "The Bat") op. 367 (1874) "Beautiful May", waltz (kubva kune operetta "Methuselah") op. 375 (1877) "Roses kubva kuMaodzanyemba", waltz (kubva kuoperetta "The Queen's Lace Handkerchief") op. 388 (1880) "The Kissing Waltz" (kubva kuoperetta "Merry War") op. 400 (1881) "Spring Voices", waltz op. 410 (1882) "Favorite Waltz" (yakavakirwa pa "The Gypsy Baron") op. 418 (1885) "Imperial Waltz" op. 437 "Pizzicato Polka" (pamwe chete naJosef Strauss) Operettas (zvese gumi neshanu) Anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeaya: The Bat, libretto by Meilhac and Halévy (1874) Night in Venice, libretto by Zell and Genet (1883) The Gypsy Baron, libretto by Schnitzer (1885) komiki opera "Knight Pasman", yakasununguka naDochi (1892) Ballet Cinderella (yakabudiswa mushure mekufa)