George Gershwin |

George Gershwin

Mumhanzi wake unoti kudii? Pamusoro pevanhuwo zvavo, nezvemufaro wavo nekusuwa, nezverudo rwavo, nezvehupenyu hwavo. Ndosaka mimhanzi yake iri yenyika zvechokwadi… D. Shostakovich

Chimwe chezvitsauko zvinonakidza zvikuru munhoroondo yemimhanzi inosanganiswa nezita remunyori weAmerica uye pianist J. Gershwin. Kuumbwa uye kubudirira kwebasa rake kwakabatana ne "Jazz Age" - sezvaakadana nguva ye20-30s. XNUMXth century muUSA, munyori mukuru wekuAmerica S. Fitzgerald. Unyanzvi uhwu hwakave nepesvedzero yakakosha pamunyori, uyo aitsvaga kuratidza mumimhanzi mweya wenguva yake, hunhu hwehupenyu hwevanhu veAmerica. Gershwin aiona jazz semimhanzi yevanhu. "Ini ndinonzwa mariri mumhanzi wekareidoscope wekuAmerica - gaba redu hombe rinotubwida, ... hupenyu hwenyika yedu, nziyo dzedu ..." akanyora kudaro munyori.

Mwanakomana wemutorwa kubva kuRussia, Gershwin akaberekerwa muNew York. Huduku hwake hwakapedzerwa mune imwe yematunhu eguta - East Side, apo baba vake vaiva muridzi weresitorendi duku. Ane misikanzwa uye ane ruzha, achitamba pranks aine vamwe vezera rake, George haana kupa vabereki vake chikonzero chekuzviona semwana ane chipo chemimhanzi. Zvinhu zvose zvakachinja pandakatengera mukoma wangu piyano. Zvidzidzo zvemumhanzi zvisingawanzo kubva kuvadzidzisi vakasiyana-siyana uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, kuzvimiririra kwemaawa mazhinji ekuvandudza kwakasarudza sarudzo yekupedzisira yaGershwin. Basa rake rakatanga muchitoro chemimhanzi chekambani inotsikisa mimhanzi Remmik and Company. Pano, zvinopesana nezvido zvevabereki vake, pazera remakore gumi nematanhatu akatanga kushanda semutengesi-mushambadziri wemimhanzi. “Mazuva ose nenguva dzepfumbamwe ndakanga ndatogara papiyano muchitoro, ndichiridza nziyo dzakakurumbira kumunhu wose aiuya …” Gershwin anoyeuka kudaro. Achiridza nziyo dzakakurumbira dzaE. Berlin, J. Kern nevamwe vari mubasa racho, Gershwin pachake aida chaizvo kuita basa rokusika. Kutanga kwenziyo dzemuimbi ane makore gumi nemasere padanho reBroadway kwakaratidza kutanga kwekukunda kwemunyori wake. Kwemakore 8 akatevera ega, akagadzira mimhanzi yemitambo inopfuura makumi mana, gumi nematanhatu ayo aive echokwadi emimhanzi. Kare mukutanga 40s. Gershwin mumwe wevanyori vane mukurumbira muAmerica uyezve muEurope. Nekudaro, hunhu hwake hwekusika hwakazove hudiki mukati memumhanzi wepop uye operetta. Gershwin akarota kuva, mumashoko ake pachake, "munyori chaiye" uyo akakwanisa marudzi ose, kuzara kwemaitiro ekugadzira mabasa makuru.

Gershwin haana kuwana dzidzo yemimhanzi yakarongeka, uye aive nechikwereti chake chese mundima yekugadzira kuzvidzidzisa uye kuzvida, pamwe nekufarira kusingadzoreki mumitambo mikuru yemimhanzi yenguva yake. Sezvo atova muimbi ane mukurumbira pasi rose, haana kuzeza kubvunza M. Ravel, I. Stravinsky, A. Schoenberg kuti adzidze kuumbwa uye zviridzwa. Muimbi wepiyano wegiyo rekutanga, Gershwin akaramba achitora zvidzidzo zvepiyano kubva kumudzidzisi ane mukurumbira wekuAmerica E. Hutcheson kwenguva yakareba.

Muna 1924, rimwe remabasa akanakisisa emunyori, Rhapsody muBlues Style, rakaitirwa piyano uye symphony orchestra. Chikamu chepiyano chakaridzwa nemunyori. Basa idzva rakamutsa kufarira kukuru munharaunda yemimhanzi yeAmerica. Iyo yekutanga ye "Rhapsody", iyo yakanga iri kubudirira kukuru, yakapindwa naS. Rachmaninov, F. Kreisler, J. Heifetz, L. Stokowski nevamwe.

Kutevera iyo "Rhapsody" inooneka: Piano Concerto (1925), basa rechirongwa cheochestra "An American muParis" (1928), Second Rhapsody yepiyano uye orchestra (1931), "Cuban Overture" (1932). Munziyo idzi, musanganiswa wetsika dzeNegro jazz, African-American folklore, Broadway pop mimhanzi ine mafomu nemhando dzeEuropean musical classics yakawana yakazara-ropa uye organic embodiment, ichitsanangura chikuru chimiro chemumhanzi waGershwin.

Chimwe chezviitiko zvinokosha zvemunyori kwaiva kushanya kuEurope (1928) uye misangano naM. Ravel, D. Milhaud, J. Auric, F. Poulenc, S. Prokofiev muFrance, E. Kshenec, A. Berg, F .Lehar, naKalman muVienna.

Pamwe chete nemimhanzi yesymphonic, Gershwin anoshanda nechido mubhaisikopo. Mumakore makumi matatu. nguva nenguva anogara kwenguva refu muCalifornia, kwaanonyora mimhanzi yemafirimu akati wandei. Panguva imwecheteyo, munyori zvakare anotendeukira kumitambo yemitambo. Pakati pemabasa akagadzirwa panguva ino imhanzi yemutambo wesatirical I Sing About You (30) uye Gershwin's Swan Song - opera Porgy naBess (1931). Mimhanzi ye opera yakazadzwa nekutaura, kunaka kwemaimbiro enziyo dzeNegro, kuseka kwakapinza, uye dzimwe nguva kunotyisa, uye kuzere nechinhu chekutanga chejazz.

Basa raGershwin rakafarirwa zvikuru nevatsoropodzi vemimhanzi vemazuva ano. Mumwe wevamiriri varo vakurusa, V. Damrosh, akanyora kuti: “Vanyori vazhinji vakafamba-famba jazz sekatsi vachitenderedza ndiro ine muto unopisa, vachimirira kuti itonhore zvishoma … George Gershwin … akakwanisa kuita chishamiso. Ndiye muchinda uyo, achitora Cinderella noruoko, akamuzivisa pachena kunyika yose semuchinda, zvakanyanya kuhasha dzehanzvadzi dzake dzine shanje.

I. Vetlitsyna