Inzwi nezvinhu zvayo

Inzwi chinhu chemuviri chinangwa chiitiko. Kunobva kune chero muviri elastic unokwanisa kugadzira Mechanical kudedera. Somugumisiro, masaisai enzwi anoumbwa anosvika kunzeve yomunhu nomumhepo. Inoona masaisai uye yoashandura kuita tsinga dzinopfuudzwa kuuropi uye dzinogadziriswa nehemispheres dzayo. Izvi zvinoita kuti munhu azive imwe ruzha.

Kune zvikamu zvitatu zvemanzwi:

1. Musical - kuve nehumwe hurefu, vhoriyamu, bhero repasuo uye mamwe maitiro; dzinoonekwa sedzakanyanya kurongeka, dzinosiyaniswa nehupfumi hwesimba uye bhero repasuo dzimba.
2. ruzha - manzwi ane ruzha rusingagumi. Izvi zvinosanganisira ruzha rwegungwa, muridzo wemhepo, creaking, kudzvanya uye zvimwe zvakawanda.
3. Inonzwika pasina chirevo chakanangana .

Kugadzira zvinyorwa, kurira kwemimhanzi chete kunoshandiswa, dzimwe nguva - ruzha.

mafungu eruzha

Uku ndiko kushomeka uye kudzoreredzwa kweruzha mune elastic, kana inoitisa ruzha, yepakati. Apo a Mechanical kuzunguzika kwemuviri kwaitika, masaisai anosiyana-siyana nepakati-inoitisa ruzha: mweya, mvura, gasi, uye zvinwiwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Kupararira kunoitika pachiyero chakasiyana, icho chinoenderana nepakati uye elasticity yayo. Mumhepo, ichi chiratidzo cheizwi wave 330-340 m / s, mumvura - 1450 m / s.

Izwi rinonzwika harioneki, asi rinonzwika kumunhu, nokuti rinokanganisa nzeve dzake. Inoda svikiro kuti ipararire. Masayendisiti akaratidza kuti muvacuum, kureva, nzvimbo isina mhepo, inzwi rinogona kuumba, asi kwete kupararira.

Zvinonzwika zvinogamuchira

Iri izita rezvishandiso zvinoona simba rekurira, kuyera hunhu hweizwi wave (kumanikidza, kusimba, kumhanya, nezvimwewo) uye kuchishandura kuita rimwe simba. Kugamuchira ruzha munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, zvinotevera zvinoshandiswa:

• Microphone - kune airspace ;
• geophones - yekuona manzwi epasi;
• mahydrophone – kugamuchira ruzha mumvura.

Kune zvakasikwa zvinogamuchira zvinonzwika - zvinobatsira kunzwa zvevanhu nemhuka - uye zvehunyanzvi. Kana muviri warastiki uchizununguka, masaisai anozobuda anosvika kunhengo dzekunzwa mushure menguva yakati. Rwendo rwenzeve rwunodedera paruzevha rwunoenderana nerunobva ruzha. Kudengenyeka uku kunopfuudzwa kutsinga yekunzwa, uye inotumira mafungiro kuuropi kuti iwedzere kugadziriswa. Nokudaro, mamwe manzwire ekurira anoonekwa muvanhu nemhuka.

Tekinoroji inonzwika inogamuchira inoshandura acoustic chiratidzo kuita yemagetsi. Nekuda kweizvi, ruzha rwunofambiswa kure kure, runogona kurekodhwa, kukwidziridzwa, kuongororwa, nezvimwe.

Zvinhu uye maitiro ezwi

urefu

Uyu ndiwo hunhu hweruzha, zvichienderana ne frequency iyo muviri wenyama unodedera. Chikamu chayo chekuyera chinonzi hertz ( Hz ): nhamba ye periodic sound vibrations in 1 second. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemavibrations, manzwi anosiyaniswa:

• yakaderera-frequency - nenhamba diki yeoscillations (kwete yakakwirira kupfuura 300 Hz );
• pakati -frequency - inonzwika inotenderera ine frequency ye300-3,000 Hz ;
• yakakwirira-frequency - nehuwandu hwemaoscillations anopfuura 3,000 Hz .

chinguva

Kuti uone hunhu uhu hweruzha, zvinodikanwa kuyera nguva yekudengenyeka kwemuviri unoburitsa ruzha. Ruzha rwemumhanzi runobva ku0.015-0.02 s. kusvika kumaminetsi akati wandei. Ruzha rwakarebesa rwunobudiswa neorgan pedal.

vhorumu

Mune imwe nzira, chimiro ichi chinonzi simba rezwi, iro rinotaridzirwa neamplitude ye oscillations: iyo yakakura, iyo inonzwika inzwi uye zvakasiyana. Ruzha runopimwa nema decibel (dB). Mumhanzi dzidziso, gradation inoshandiswa kuratidza simba renzwi raunofanirwa kuburitsa chinyorwa:

• strong;
• piano;
• mezzo forte;
• mezzo piano;
• fortissimo;
• pianissimo;
• forte-fortissimo;
• piano-pianissimo, nezvimwewo.

Humwe hunhu hwakabatana zvakanyanya neruzha rweruzha mukuita kwemimhanzi - dynamics. Kutenda kune ane simba mimvuri, iwe unogona kupa iyo kuumbwa imwe chimiro.

Izvo zvinowanikwa neunyanzvi hwemuiti, iyo acoustic properties yekamuri uye zviridzwa zvemimhanzi.

Humwe hunhu

Amplitude

Uyu ndiwo hunhu hunokanganisa uwandu hwezwi. Iyo amplitude ihafu yemusiyano pakati pehukuru uye hudiki density values.

Spectral composition

The spectrum ndiko kugoverwa kweizwi wave mukati maitikiro m mune harmonic vibrations. Nzeve yemunhu inonzwa ruzha zvichienderana nemasaisai anoita ruzha. Ivo vanosarudza kukwirira: ma frequency akakwira anopa toni dzakakwirira uye zvinopesana. Ruzha rwemumhanzi rune toni dzakawanda:

1. Chinokosha - inzwi rinoenderana nehuwandu hwehuwandu kubva pahuwandu hwehuwandu hwakagadzirirwa kune imwe ruzha.
2. An overtone inzwi rinoenderana nemamwe ose frequency . Kune harmonic overtones pamwe frequency izvo zviwande zvehuwandu hwakakosha.

Mimhanzi ine ruzha rwakafanana rwekutanga inosiyaniswa neyavo bhero repasuo . Inotaridzirwa ne amplitudes uye frequency ye overtones, pamwe chete nekuwedzera kweamplitude pakutanga uye pakuguma kwezwi.

Intensity

Iri izita rinopihwa simba rinofambiswa nemasaisai eruzha mukati menguva yenguva kuburikidza nechero nzvimbo. Chimwe chimiro chakananga chinoenderana nekusimba - ruzha. Inotemerwa neamplitude ye oscillation mune ruzha wave. Nezvekuonekwa nenhengo dzemunhu dzekunzwa, chikumbaridzo chekunzwa chinosiyaniswa - huwandu hushoma huripo hwekuona kwevanhu. Muganho unopfuura uyo nzeve isingagoni kuona kusimba kweizwi guru pasina marwadzo inonzi marwadzo.

Izvo zvakare zvinoenderana neiyo odhiyo frequency.

Timbre

Zvikasadaro inodaidzwa kuti sound coloring. The bhero repasuo inopesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvakati wandei: mudziyo weizwi sosi, zvinhu, saizi uye chimiro. The timbre shanduko nekuda kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemimhanzi. Mukuita zvemimhanzi, iyi pfuma inokanganisa kujekesa kwebasa. The timbre inopa mutinhimira ruzha rwakasiyana.

Nezve manzwi asinganzwike

Nezvekuonekwa nenzeve yemunhu, ultrasounds (ine frequency pamusoro pe20,000 Hz ) uye infrasounds (pasi pe16 kHz) inosiyaniswa. Vanonzi havanzwiki, nekuti nhengo dzekunzwa dzevanhu havazvione. Ultrasound uye infrasounds zvinonzwika kune dzimwe mhuka; anonyorwa nezviridzwa.

Chimiro cheinfrasonic wave kugona kupfuura nepakati peimwe nzira, sezvo mhepo, mvura kana goko repasi rinoitora zvisina kunaka. Nokudaro, inopararira pamadaro marefu. Kunobva masaisai muzvisikwa kudengenyeka kwenyika, mhepo ine simba, kuputika kwemakomo. Nekuda kwemidziyo yakakosha inobata masaisai akadaro, zvinokwanisika kufanotaura kutaridzika kwetsunami uye kuona epicenter yekudengenyeka kwenyika. Kune zvakare masosi akagadzirwa nevanhu e infrasound: turbines, injini, pasi pevhu uye pasi kuputika, pfuti pfuti.

Ultrasonic masaisai ane chivakwa chakasiyana: anoumba matanda anonangwa sechiedza. Izvo zvinofambiswa zvakanaka nezvinwiwa uye zvinyoro, zvisina kunaka nemagasi. Iyo yakakwirira frequency ye ultrasound, iyo yakanyanya kupararira. Muzvisikwa, zvinoonekwa panguva yekutinhira, muruzha rwemvura, mvura, mhepo.

Dzimwe mhuka dzinoibereka dzoga - zviremwaremwa, whale, ma dolphin nemakonzo.

Mazwi muhupenyu hwevanhu

Nzeve yemunhu inonyatsonzwa nekuda kwekureruka kwegumbo renzeve. Nhamba yepamusoro yekuongorora kwevanhu inowira mumakore echidiki, apo iyi hunhu hwenhengo yekuongorora husati hwarasika uye munhu anonzwa manzwi ane frequency ye20 kHz. Pazera remakore, vanhu, pasinei nevakadzi, vanoona mafungu ekurira zvakanyanya: vanonzwa chete frequency isingasviki 12-14 kHz.

Mashoko Anofadza

1. Kana chikumbaridzo chepamusoro chemafrequencies anonzwisiswa nenzeve yemunhu chiri 20,000 Hz , kozoti wepasi ndi16 Hz . Infrasounds, umo iyo frequency is zvisingasviki 16 Hz , pamwe chete neultrasounds (pamusoro pe20,000 Hz ), nhengo dzekunzwa dzevanhu hadzione.
2. WHO yakasimbisa kuti munhu anogona kuteerera zvakachengeteka chero ruzha pavhoriyamu isingadariki 85 dB kwemaawa masere.
3. Nekunzwisisa kwenzwi nenzeve yemunhu, zvinodikanwa kuti itore kanenge 0.015 masekondi.
4. Ultrasound haigoni kunzwika, asi inogona kunzwika. Kana iwe ukaisa ruoko rwako mumvura inoitisa ultrasound, ipapo pachava nekurwadziwa kwakanyanya. Mukuwedzera, ultrasound inokwanisa kuparadza simbi, kuchenesa mhepo, uye kuparadza masero mapenyu.

Panzvimbo yekubuda

Ruzha ndiyo hwaro hwechero chidimbu chemimhanzi. Zvimiro zvezwi, maitiro ayo anoita kuti zvikwanise kugadzira zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Zvichienderana nenzwi, nguva, vhoriyamu, amplitude kana bhero repasuo , kune kurira kwakasiyana-siyana. Kugadzira mabasa, kunyanya mimhanzi inonzwika inoshandiswa, iyo iyo pitch inotemerwa.