Organum |
Late Lat. Organum, kubva muchiGiriki. organon - chiridzwa
The general name of many. mhando dzekutanga dzeEurope. polyphony (pakupera kwe9 - pakati pezana remakore rechi13). Pakutanga, izwi rinoperekedza chete ndiro rainzi O., gare gare izwi rakazova zita remhando yepolyphony. Mupfungwa yakafara, O. inosanganisira zvese kubva mukutanga Middle Ages. polyphony; mune yakamanikana, mafomu ayo ekutanga, akasimba (kufamba kwakafanana muchikamu chechina uye chechishanu, pamwe nekuwedzera kwekuwedzera kweoctave yavo), kusiyana neiyo yakagadzirwa mukati megadziriro yeO. uye yakagamuchira yavo. mazita emhando nemhando dzepolygols. tsamba.
O. inosanganisira akati wandei. zvikoro zvepolygonal. tsamba, uyezve, kwete nguva dzose genetically chokuita mumwe nomumwe. Mhando huru dzeO. (pamwe chete nematanho makuru ekukura kwayo kwenhoroondo): kufanana (9th-10th century); vakasununguka (11 - pakati pezana remakore rechi12); melismatic (zana remakore rechi12); metrized (kunopera 12th - 1st hafu ye13th century).
Nhoroondo O., sezviri pachena, akatangira izvo zvinonzi. paraphony mumhanzi wekupedzisira weRoma (maererano neruzivo rwunobva kuOrdo romanum, 7-8 centuries; vamwe vevaimbi vepapa Schola Cantorum vanodaidzwa kuti paraphonists; zvinofungidzirwa kuti vaiimba mumativi mana neshanu). Izwi rekuti “organicum melos”, riri pedyo nekureva kuti “O.”, rinotanga kusangana naJohn Scotus Eriugena (“De divisione naturae”, 866). Ekutanga maO. samples auya kwatiri anowanikwa mune asingazivikanwe theoretical. zvinyorwa "Musica enchiriadis" uye "Scholia enchiriadis" (muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe). O. yakavakirwa pano pamutinhimira wekwaya, uyo wakadhindwa nemakonzonenzi akakwana. Inzwi rinotungamirira rwiyo rwekwaya, naz. principalis (vox principalis - izwi guru), uyewo (gare gare) tenor (tenor - kubata); kudzokorora izwi - organalis (vox organalis - organ, kana organum, izwi). Rhythm haina kunyatsotsanangurwa, manzwi ari monorhythmic (principle punctus contra punctum kana nota contra notam). Pamusoro pekuenderana kunotungamira kune quart kana yechishanu, kune octave kupetwa kwemanzwi (aequisonae - manzwi akaenzana):
Samples of a parallel organum kubva muzvinyorwa Musica enchiriadis (kumusoro) uye Scholia enchiriadis (pasi).
Gare gare Chirungu. O.'s zvakasiyana-siyana - gimel (cantus gemellus; gemellus - kaviri, mapatya) inobvumira kufamba muzvikamu zvitatu (muenzaniso unozivikanwa wegimel irwiyo kuna St. Magnus Nobilis, humilis).
Munguva yaGuido d'Arezzo, rumwe rudzi rweO. rwakagadzirwa - mahara O., kana diaphonia (pakutanga, izwi rekuti "diaphonia" raive resainzi uye dzidziso, uye "O." - dhizaini yemazuva ese yechiitiko chimwe chete; pakutanga Muzana ramakore rechi 12, mazwi okuti "diaphonia" uye "o." akave tsananguro dzemhando dzakasiyana dzekuumba). Iri zvakare monorhythmic, asi manzwi ari mairi ndeemahara; kufamba kusina kunanga, kupikisa, pamwe nekuyambuka kwemanzwi kunoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Tsanangudzo yemisimboti nemienzaniso yemahara O. – muGuido d'Arezzo muMicrolog (c. 1025-26), muMilanese chibvumirano cheAd Organum faciendum (c. 1150), muna John Cotton mubasa rake rinonzi De musica ( vanenge 1100); mamwe manyuko iWinchester Troparion (1st hafu yezana ramakore rechi 11), zvinyorwa zvemamongi eSaint-Martial (Limoges, munenge muna 1150) uye Santiago de Compostela (c. 1140). Free O. (pamwe chete neparallel) inowanzotaurwa kaviri.
Sample organum kubva kuchinyorwa "Ad Organum faciendum".
O. parallel uye O. yakasununguka, maererano nemhando yekunyora, inofanira kunzi zvakanyanya kune homophony (semhando yeimba yekuchengetera kana semanzwi ayo akanyanyisa) pane polyphony nenzira yakajairika.
Mumhanzi mutsva wakazvarwa muO. warehouse - polyphony yakavakirwa pakuwirirana kwe vertical harmonies. Iyi inhoroondo huru kukosha kweO., iyo yakaratidza mutsara wakapinza pakati peiyo monodic. kufunga mumimhanzi tsika yevose Dr. nyika (kusanganisira Imwe Mabvazuva), nepo monodic mafomu ekutanga aKristu. kuimba (1st millennium AD), kune rumwe rutivi, uye zvichibva pane iyi itsva (nemhando - polyphonic) kuwirirana, tsika yeNew Western, kune imwe. Nokudaro, kutanga kwezana remakore rechi9-10 ndeimwe yezvinonyanya kukosha mumimhanzi. nyaya. Mumazuva akatevera (kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi20), mimhanzi yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya, asi yakaramba iine polyphonic. Kunyangwe mukati mehurongwa hwemahara O., pane dzimwe nguva paive nekupokana kune imwechete ruzha rweprincipalis yevanoverengeka mu organalis. Iyi nzira yekunyora yakava iyo huru mune melismatic. A. Ruzha rwakatambanudzwa rwetenor (punctus organicus, punctus organalis) rwakaita zvakawanda. inorira kune rwiyo rurefu:
Organum kubva muzvinyorwa zveimba yemamongi yeSaint-Martial.
Melismatic O. (diaphonie basilica) yatova nepolyphonic yakataurwa. hunhu. Melismatic samples. O. - mumakodhi eSantiago de Compostela, Saint-Martial, uye kunyanya chikoro cheParis cheNotre Dame (muLeonin's "Magnus liber organis", iyo yainzi optimus organista - shasha yeoganist, mupfungwa ye "muimbi akanakisa. ”). In con. Muzana remakore rechi12, kuwedzera kune tsika. maviri-izwi (dupla) O., yekutanga samples yevatatu-voiced (tripla) uye kunyange mana-inzwi (quadrupla) inooneka. Pamanzwi akawanda eOrganalis ane mazita: duplum (duplum - yechipiri), triplum (triplum - yechitatu) uye quadruplum (quadruplum - yechina). Liturgich. tenora ichiri nechirevo chech. vhoti. Kutenda kune melismatic. kushongedza kwe toni imwe neimwe inotsigirwa yetenor, chiyero chese chechimiro chinowedzera kusvika kagumi pakureba.
Kupararira kwemamodal rhythms uye kuomesesa metrization kwechechi (kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 12) kunopupurira pesvedzero yezvinhu zviri kure nemaitiro ayo ekutanga edzidziso. nheyo, uye batanidza O. pamwe enyika uye Nar. art. Uku ndiko kudzikira kwesutu yaO. MuLeonin's organum, melismatic. zvikamu zvezvakagadzirwa zvinochinjana nemametrised. Sezviri pachena, metrization yakatemerwawo nekuwedzera kwenhamba yemanzwi: kurongeka kwemanzwi anopfuura maviri kwakaita kuti rhythmic yavo inyatsojeka. coordination. Vershina O. - maviri-, matatu- uye kunyange mana-chikamu Op. Perotin (Chikoro cheNotre Dame), chinonzi optimus dis-cantor (the best discantist):
Perotin. Zvishoma nezvishoma “Sederunt principes” (c. 1199); organum quadruplum.
Mukati mechimiro cheO., modal rhythm nekutevedzera zvakaonekwa (Saint-Martial, Notre-Dame), uye kuchinjana kwemanzwi (Notre-Dame).
Muzana remakore rechi12-13. O. anopinda muunyanzvi hwemotet, mienzaniso yekutanga iri padyo neiyo metrized O.
Munhoroondo yayo yose, O. - kuimba ndeyega uye pamwe chete, uye kwete choral, iyo yakaramba iine monophonic (maererano naG. Khusman). Iyo mbiri- uye polyphony O. yaive chishongo chekereke. nziyo, nziyo dzakadai pakutanga dzaiimbwa pamhemberero/nguva chete (semuminamato yeKisimusi). Maererano nemamwe mashoko, kutanga O. yakaitwa nekubatanidzwa kwezviridzwa.
References: Gruber RI, Nhoroondo yemimhanzi tsika, vol. 1, chikamu 1-2, M.-L., 1941; Riemann H., Geschichte der Musiktheorie im IX.-XIX. Jahrhundert, Lpz., 1898; Handschin J., Zur Geschichte der Lehre vom Organum, “ZfMw”, 1926, Jg. 8, Heft 6; Chevallier L., Les theories harmoniques, mubhuku: Encyclopédie de la musique …, (n. 1), P., 1925 (shanduro yechiRussian - Chevalier L., Nhoroondo yedzidziso yekuwirirana, ed. uye pamwe nekuwedzera M V. Ivanov-Boretsky, Moscow, 1932); Wagner R., La paraphonie "Revue de Musicologie", 1928, No 25; Perotinus: Organum quadruplum "Sederunt principes", hrsg. v. R. Ficker, W.-Lpz., 1930; Besseler H., Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, Potsdam, (1937); Georgiades Thr., Musik und Sprache, B.-Gott.-Hdlb., (1954); Jammers E., Anfänge der abendländischen Musik, Stras.-Kehl, 1955; Waeltner E., Das Organum bis zur Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts, Hdlb., 1955 (Diss.); Chominski JM, Historia harmonii uye kontrapunktu, t. 1, (Kr., 1958) (Shanduro yechiUkrainian: Khominsky Y., History of harmony and counterpoint, vol. 1, Kiev, 1975); Dahlhaus G., Zur Theorie des frehen Organum, “Kirchenmusikalisches Jahrbuch”, 1958, (Bd 42); yake pachake, Zur Theorie des Organum im XII. Jahrhundert, ibid., 1964, (Bd 48); Machabey A., Remarques sur le Winchester Troper, mu: Festschrift H. Besseler, Lpz., 1961; Eggebrecht H., Zaminer F., Ad Organum faciendum, Mainz, 1970; Gerold Th., Histoire de la musique…, NY, 1971; Besseler H., Güke P., Schriftkuva der mehrstimmigen Musik, Lpz., (1); Reskow F., Organum-Begriff und frühe Mehrstimmigkeit, mu: Forum musicologicum. 1. Basler Studien zur Musikgeschichte, Bd 1973, Bern, 1.
Yu. H. Kholopov
