Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky |

Modest Mussorgsky

Upenyu, chero kwahunotapura; chokwadi, zvisinei kuti zvine munyu, ushingi, kutaura kwechokwadi kuvanhu ... - iyi ndiyo mbiriso yangu, izvi ndizvo zvandinoda uye izvi ndizvo zvandingatya kupotsa. Kubva mutsamba kubva kuna M. Mussorgsky kuenda kuna V. Stasov yomusi waAugust 7, 1875.

Inyika yakakura sei, yakapfuma yeunyanzvi, kana munhu akatorwa senharidzano! Kubva mutsamba kubva kuna M. Mussorgsky kuenda kuna A. Golenishchev-Kutuzov yomusi wa17 Nyamavhuvhu 1875.

Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky ndomumwe wevanonyanya kushinga vekutanga vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, muimbi akangwara aive pamberi penguva yake uye ane simba rakakura mukuvandudza kweRussia neEuropean art art. Akararama munguva yekusimudzirwa kwepamusoro-soro kwemweya, shanduko huru dzemagariro; yakanga iri nguva apo hupenyu hweveruzhinji hweRussia hwakabatsira zvakanyanya mukumutsa kuzvidzora kwenyika pakati pevanyori, apo mabasa akaonekwa rimwe pashure peimwe, kubva kubva. akafema kutsva, hutsva uye, zvinonyanya kukosha, zvinoshamisa chokwadi chaicho uye nhetembo dzehupenyu chaihwo hweRussia (I. Repin).

Pakati pevakararama panguva yake, Mussorgsky ndiye aive akatendeka zvakanyanya kune zvido zvegutsaruzhinji, asingachinji mukushumira chokwadi chehupenyu, zvisinei kuti munyu wakadii, uye akabatikana nepfungwa dzakashinga zvokuti kunyange shamwari dzine pfungwa dzakafanana dzaiwanzoshamiswa nechimiro chikuru chetsvakiridzo yake younyanzvi uye dzaisagara dzichizvibvumira. Mussorgsky akapedza makore ake ehudiki ari munzvimbo yemuridzi wenzvimbo mumamiriro ehupenyu hwevarombo uye akazonyora mu. Autobiographical note, chii chaizvo Kuzivana nemweya wehupenyu hwechiRussia ndicho chaive kukurudzira kukuru kwekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi… Uye kwete chete improvisations. Hama Filaret vakazoyeuka kuti: Mukuyaruka uye pwere uye atova munhu mukuru (Mussorgsky. – OA) aigara achibata zvese vanhu nevarimi nerudo rwakakosha, achifunga kuti murimi weRussia munhu chaiye.

Tanda remumhanzi romukomana wacho rakaonekwa kare kare. Mugore rechinomwe, achidzidza achitungamirirwa naamai vake, akanga atoridza nziyo dziri nyore dzaF. Liszt papiyano. Zvisinei, hapana mumhuri akafunga zvakakomba nezveramangwana rake remimhanzi. Maererano netsika dzemhuri, muna 1849 akaendeswa kuSt. Izvi zvaiva umbozha casemate, kwavakadzidza bhora rehondo, uye kutevera denderedzwa rakashata unofanira kuteerera, uye ramba uchifunga iwe pachako, akarohwa munzira dzose upenzi kubva mumusorozvinokurudzira kuseri kwezviitiko zvekutamba zvisina basa. Kukura kwemweya kwaMussorgsky mumamiriro ezvinhu aya kwaipesana zvikuru. Akakunda mune zvechiuto sainzi, izvo airemekedzwa nekutarisirwa zvakanyanya ... namambo; aive mutambi anogamuchirwa mumapati aaitamba polkas nemaquadrilles husiku hwese. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, chido chemukati chekukura kwakakomba kwakamuita kuti adzidze mitauro yekunze, nhoroondo, mabhuku, unyanzvi, kutora zvidzidzo zvepiyano kubva kumudzidzisi ane mukurumbira A. Gerke, kuenda kumitambo yeopera, pasinei nekusafarira kwevakuru vemauto.

Muna 1856, apedza kudzidza paChikoro, Mussorgsky akanyoreswa semukuru muPreobrazhensky Guards Regiment. Pamberi pake akazarura tarisiro yebasa rehondo rinobwinya. Zvisinei, kuzivana munguva yechando ye1856/57 naA. Dargomyzhsky, Ts. Cui, M. Balakirev akazarura dzimwe nzira, uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja kwemweya kwakasvika. Munyori pachake akanyora nezvazvo: Kufambidzana ... neine tarenda revaimbi, kutaurirana nguva dzose uye hukama hwakasimba nedenderedzwa rakakura revasayendisiti veRussia nevanyori, chii Vlad. Lamansky, Turgenev, Kostomarov, Grigorovich, Kavelin, Pisemsky, Shevchenko nevamwe, vakanyanya kufara basa rehuropi hwemunyori wechidiki uye vakapa iyo yakakomba yakanyatso kutungamira kwesainzi..

Musi waMay 1, 1858, Mussorgsky akaisa tsamba yake yekusiya basa. Pasinei nokunyengetedzwa neshamwari nemhuri, akarega basa rechiuto kuitira kuti pasava nechaizomukanganisa pakuimba. Mussorgsky akaremerwa chishuvo chinotyisa, chisingadzivisiki chokuziva zvose. Anodzidza nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi hwemimhanzi, anodzokorora mabasa akawanda naL. Beethoven, R. Schumann, F. Schubert, F. Liszt, G. Berlioz mumaoko e4 naBalakirev, anoverenga zvakawanda, anofunga. Zvese izvi zvaiperekedzwa nekuputsika, matambudziko ekutya, asi mukukunda kunorwadza kwekusava nechokwadi, masimba ekugadzira akasimbiswa, hunyanzvi hwepakutanga hwakagadzirwa, uye nzvimbo yekuona nyika yakaumbwa. Mussorgsky ari kuwedzera kukwezvwa nehupenyu hwevanhuwo zvavo. Ingani mativi matsva, asina kubatwa neunyanzvi, akazara muchimiro cheRussia, o, vangani! anonyora mune imwe yetsamba dzake.

Basa rekugadzira raMussorgsky rakatanga dutu. Basa rakaenderera mberi kukurirwa, basa rimwe nerimwe rakazarura maonero matsva, kunyange kana risina kusvitswa kumagumo. Saka maopera acho akaramba asina kupera Oedipus rex и salambo, apo kwenguva yekutanga munyori akaedza kuisa iyo yakanyanya kuoma interweaving yezvakatemerwa vanhu uye yakasimba imperious hunhu. Opera isati yapera yakaita basa rakakosha zvakanyanya pabasa raMussorgsky. muchato (Chiito 1, 1868), umo, pasi pesimba reDargomyzhsky opera dombo muenzi akashandisa zvinyorwa zvinenge zvisina kuchinjwa zvemutambo waN. Gogol, achizvigadzirira basa rekubudiswa kwemimhanzi. kutaura kwevanhu mumakona ayo ese akajeka. Achifadzwa nepfungwa yesoftware, Mussorgsky anogadzira, sehama dzake mukati tsama ine simba, akati wandei ezvinyorwa zvesymphonic, pakati pavo - Husiku paGomo reMhanza (1867). Asi zvakanyanya kushamisa zviwanikwa zveunyanzvi zvakaitwa muma60s. mumhanzi wezwi. Nziyo dzakaonekwa, apo kekutanga mumhanzi galari yemhando dzevanhu, vanhu kunyadziswa nekutukwa: Kalistrat, Gopak, Svetik Savishna, Lullaby kuna Eremushka, Nherera, Kunonga howa. Kugona kwaMussorgsky kuita nemazvo uye nemazvo kusikazve zvisikwa zvipenyu mumimhanzi kunoshamisa (Ndichacherechedza vamwe vanhu, uyezve, dzimwe nguva, ndinozonyora), kuburitsazve kutaura kwechimiro chakajeka, kuita kuti chiitiko chionekwe pachikuva. Uye zvinonyanya kukosha, nziyo dzakazadzwa nesimba rakadaro retsitsi kune murombo zvekuti mune imwe neimwe yadzo chokwadi chakajairika chinokwira kusvika padanho rekusuwisa, kune nzira yekupomerana munharaunda. Hazvina tsanga kuti rwiyo Seminarian yakaongororwa!

Iyo yepamusoro yebasa raMussorgsky muma60s. yakava opera Boris Godunov (pachirongwa chemutambo naA. Pushkin). Mussorgsky akatanga kuinyora muna 1868 uye muzhizha ra1870 akapa gwaro rekutanga (pasina chiito chePolish) kune director of the Imperial theatre, iro rakaramba opera, zvichinzi nekuda kwekushaikwa kwechikamu chechikadzi uye kuoma kwezvinodzokorora. . Mushure mekudzokorora (imwe yemigumisiro iyo yaiva nzvimbo yakakurumbira pedyo neKromy), muna 1873, nerubatsiro rwemuimbi Yu. Platonova, zvikamu zvitatu kubva kuopera zvakarongwa, uye muna Kukadzi 3, 8, iyo opera yese (kunyangwe nekucheka kukuru). Veruzhinji vane pfungwa dzegutsaruzhinji vakakwazisa basa idzva raMussorgsky nechido chechokwadi. Zvisinei, mamwe magumo eOpera akanga akaoma, nokuti basa iri rakaparadza zvakanyanya pfungwa dzakajairika pamusoro pekuita kweopera. Zvese apa zvaive zvitsva: iyo yakanyatso magariro pfungwa yekusawirirana kwezvido zvevanhu uye simba rehumambo, nekudzika kwekuburitswa kwezvishuwo uye mavara, uye kuoma kwepfungwa kwemufananidzo wamambo anouraya mwana. Mutauro wemimhanzi wakava usina kujairika, uyo Mussorgsky akanyora pachake: Nekushanda pamutauro wevanhu, ndakasvika murwiyo wakagadzirwa nemutauro uyu, ndikasvika pakufananidzirwa kwekudzokorora murwiyo..

Opera Boris Godunov - muenzaniso wekutanga wemutambo wemimhanzi wevanhu, apo vanhu veRussia vakaonekwa sesimba rinonyatsogadzirisa mararamiro ezvakaitika kare. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanhu vanoratidzwa nenzira dzakawanda: kuwanda, kufemerwa nepfungwa imwe chete, uye dura remavara emavara echivanhu anoshamisa muhupenyu hwavo huchokwadi. Nhoroondo yezvakaitika zvakapa Mussorgsky mukana wekutevera kuvandudzwa kwehupenyu hwepamweya hwevanhu, nzwisisa yapfuura munguva ino, kuunza matambudziko akawanda - etsika, yepfungwa, yemagariro. Munyori anoratidza kuparara kunotyisa kwemafambiro akakurumbira uye kukosha kwawo kwenhoroondo. Akauya nepfungwa huru ye opera trilogy yakatsaurirwa kune ramangwana revanhu veRussia panguva yakaoma, inoshandura nzvimbo munhoroondo. Ndichiri kushanda Boris Godunov anoruka zano Khovanshchina uye nokukurumidza akatanga kuunganidza zvokushandisa Pugachev. Zvose izvi zvakaitwa nekushingaira kubatanidzwa kwaV. Stasov, uyo ari mu70s. akave pedyo naMussorgsky uye aive mumwe wevashoma vainyatsonzwisisa kukomba kwevavariro dzekugadzira dzemunyori. Ini ndinotsaurira kwauri nguva yese yehupenyu hwangu apo Khovanshchina ichagadzirwa ... iwe wakazvipa kutanga, - Mussorgsky akanyorera Stasov musi waChikunguru 15, 1872.

Shanda pane Khovanshchina zvakaenderera mberi zvakaoma - Mussorgsky akatendeukira kune zvinhu zvakapfuura chiyero chekuita kweopera. Zvisinei, akanyora zvakasimba (Basa riri kufamba!), kunyangwe nekuvhiringwa kwenguva refu nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Panguva iyi, Mussorgsky akanga ane nguva yakaoma nekuputsika Balakirev denderedzwa, kutonhora kwehukama naCui naRimsky-Korsakov, kubva kwaBalakirev kubva mumitambo yemimhanzi uye yemagariro. Basa rehurumende (kubvira 1868, Mussorgsky akanga ari mukuru muDhipatimendi reSango reHurumende yeHurumende) akasiya maawa emanheru neusiku chete kuti agadzire mimhanzi, uye izvi zvakakonzera kushanda kwakanyanyisa uye kuora mwoyo kwakanyanya kwenguva refu. Zvisinei, pasinei nezvose, simba rekugadzira remunyori panguva ino rinoshamisa musimba rayo uye hupfumi hwepfungwa dzeunyanzvi. Pamwe chete nenhamo Khovanshchina kubvira 1875 Mussorgsky anga achishanda pane comic opera Sorochinsky Fair (maererano naGogol). Izvi zvakanaka sekuchengetedza masimba ekugadziraMussorgsky akanyora. - Mapudovik maviri: "Boris" uye "Khovanshchina" ari pedyo anogona kupwanya… Muzhizha ra1874, akagadzira rimwe remabasa akatanhamara emabhuku epiyano - kutenderera. Mifananidzo kubva pachiratidziroyakatsaurirwa kuna Stasov, uyo Mussorgsky akatenda zvikuru nekuita kwake uye kutsigira: Hapana aipisa kupfuura iwe akandidziya mune zvese ... hapana akandiratidza nzira zvakajeka...

Pfungwa ndeyekunyora kutenderera Mifananidzo kubva pachiratidziro yakasimuka pasi pechiono chokuratidzwa kwemabasa pashure porufu nomunyori wemifananidzo V. Hartmann muna February 1874. Akanga ari shamwari yepedyo yaMussorgsky, uye rufu rwake rwakamwe kamwe rwakakatyamadza zvikuru munyori wacho. Basa rakaenderera mberi nekukurumidza, zvakanyanya: Ruzha nepfungwa dzakarembera mumhepo, ndinomedza nekudyisa, ndichitadza kukwenya pabepa.. Uye zvakafanana, 3 kutenderera kwezwi kunoonekwa imwe mushure meimwe: chokoti (1872, panhetembo dzake), Pasina zuva (1874) uye Nziyo nekutamba kwerufu (1875-77 - zvose paA. Golenishchev-Kutuzov chiteshi). Vanova mugumisiro wekamuri yose-izwi rekugadzira yemunyori.

Kurwara zvakanyanya, kutambura zvakanyanya nekushaya, kusurukirwa, uye kusazivikanwa, Mussorgsky anoomesa musoro achiomerera kuti. acharwa kusvikira padonhwe rokupedzisira reropa. Nguva pfupi asati afa, muzhizha ra1879, pamwe chete nemuimbi D. Leonova, akaita rwendo rukuru rwekonzati kumaodzanyemba kweRussia neUkraine, akaita mimhanzi yeGlinka. kuchkists, Schubert, Chopin, Liszt, Schumann, zvinyorwa kubva muopera yake Sorochinsky Fair uye anonyora mazwi akakosha: Hupenyu huri kudaidzira basa idzva remimhanzi, basa remumhanzi rakakura… kumahombekombe matsva nepo isina muganhu art!

Fate yakaronga neimwe nzira. Utano hwaMussorgsky hwakadzikira zvakanyanya. Muna February 1881 pakanga pane sitiroko. Mussorgsky akaiswa muchipatara chemauto eNikolaevsky, kwaakafira asina nguva yekupedzisa Khovanshchina и Sorochyn fair.

Iyo yose archive yemunyori mushure mekufa kwake yakasvika kuRimsky-Korsakov. Akapedza Khovanshchina, yakaita chinyorwa chitsva Boris Godunov uye vakawana kugadzirwa kwavo paimperial opera nhanho. Zvinoita kwandiri kuti zita rangu kunyange Modest Petrovich, uye kwete Nikolai AndreevichRimsky-Korsakov akanyorera shamwari yake. Sorochyn fair rakapedzwa naA. Lyadov.

Mhedzisiro yemunyori inoshamisa, kuguma kwenhaka yake yekusika yakaoma, asi kubwinya kwaMussorgsky hakufi, nokuti. mimhanzi yaive kwaari zvese manzwiro uye kufunga nezvevanodikamwa vanhu vekuRussia - rwiyo pamusoro pake… (B. Asafiev).

O. Averyanova

Mwana waLandlord. Sezvo atanga basa rehondo, anoenderera mberi achidzidza mimhanzi muSt. Kukurukurirana Dargomyzhsky uye Balakirev; akaenda pamudyandigere muna 1858; kusunungurwa kwevarimi muna 1861 kunoratidzwa muhutano hwake hwemari. Muna 1863, paaishanda muBato reMasango, akava nhengo yeMighty Handful. Muna 1868, akapinda mubasa reMinistry of the Interior, mushure mokunge apedza makore matatu pamunda wehanzvadzi yake muMinkino nekuda kwekuvandudza hutano hwake. Pakati pe1869 na1874 akashanda pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvinyorwa zveBoris Godunov. Sezvo akanganisa utano hwake husina kunaka hwagara huripo nekuda kwekupindwa muropa kunorwadza, anonyora nguva nenguva. Anogara neshamwari dzakasiyana-siyana, muna 1874 - na Count Golenishchev-Kutuzov (munyori wenhetembo dzakagadzirirwa naMussorgsky kumimhanzi, semuenzaniso, mumutambo "Nziyo uye Madhanzi eRufu"). Muna 1879 akaita rwendo rwakabudirira zvikuru pamwe chete nemuimbi Daria Leonova.

Makore apo pfungwa ye "Boris Godunov" yakaonekwa uye apo iyi opera yakasikwa yakakosha kune tsika dzeRussia. Panguva ino, vanyori vakadai saDostoevsky naTolstoy vakashanda, uye vadiki, saChekhov, vaWanderers vakasimbisa kukosha kwezviri mukati pamusoro pechimiro muunyanzvi hwavo hwechokwadi, hwaisanganisira hurombo hwevanhu, kudhakwa kwevapristi, uye hutsinye hwevafundisi. mapurisa. Vereshchagin akasika mifananidzo yechokwadi yakatsaurirwa kuHondo yeRusso-Japanese, uye muApotheosis yeHondo akazvitsaurira piramidhi yedehenya kune vose vakakunda vekare, ikozvino uye ramangwana; muvezi mukuru wemifananidzo Repin zvakare akatendeukira kune mamiriro uye nhoroondo yekupenda. Kana zviri zvemimhanzi, chiitiko chakanyanya hunhu panguva ino chaive "Mighty Handful", iyo yaive nechinangwa chekuwedzera kukosha kwechikoro chenyika, vachishandisa ngano dzechivanhu kugadzira mufananidzo werudo wekare. Mupfungwa dzaMussorgsky, chikoro chenyika chakaonekwa sechinhu chekare, chekare, chisingatauriki, kusanganisira tsika dzekusingaperi dzevanhu, zvinenge zvinhu zvitsvene zvinogona kuwanikwa muchitendero cheOrthodox, mukuimba kwekwaya, uye pakupedzisira, mumutauro unoramba uchichengetedza simba. sonority kubva kure kure. Heano mamwe emafungiro ake, akataurwa pakati pe1872 na1880 mutsamba kuna Stasov: "Hakasi kekutanga kunhonga ivhu dema, asi iwe unoda kutanha kwete kuti utore fetiraiza, asi yezvigadzirwa, kwete kuzivana nevanhu; asi nyota yekudyidzana ... Simba reChernozem richazviratidza riini kusvika iwe uchanhonga pasi… “; “Kudhirowa kwounyanzvi hworunako rumwe, murevo yarwo yokunyama, uduku hwakashata izera rouduku rokudhirowa. Zvinhu zvakanakisisa zvezvisikwa munhu uye vanhu vazhinji, kutsamwisa kunhonga munyika idzi dzisinganyanyi kuzivikanwa uye kuvakunda - iyi ndiyo chaiyo danidzo yemuimbi. Kudanwa kwemunyori nguva dzose kwaikurudzira mweya wake wakatsamwa, wakapanduka kuti uvavarire kutsva, kune zvakawanikwa, izvo zvakakonzera kuenderera mberi kwekuchinjana kwekusika kukwirisa nekudzika, uko kwaibatanidza nekukanganisa mukuita kana kupararira kwayo munzira dzakawanda. “Kusvika pamwero wakadaro ndinova anoomesera pachangu,” anonyora kudaro Mussorgsky kuna Stasov, “nokufungidzira, uye pandinowedzera kuomesa zvinhu, ndinowedzera kutsvinya. <...> Hapana mafungiro ezvinhu zviduku; zvisinei, kuumbwa kwemitambo miduku ndeyekuzorora kana uchifunga nezvezvisikwa zvikuru. Uye kwandiri, kufunga pamusoro pezvisikwa zvikuru kunova zororo ... saka zvese zvinopinda mune imwe nguva kwandiri - hupombwe.

Pamusoro pemaopera maviri makuru, Mussorgsky akatanga uye akapedza mamwe mabasa emitambo yemitambo, tisingarevi mamhanzi anoshamisa enziyo (chimiro chakanaka chekutaura kwekutaura) uye yakakurumbira mitsva yemifananidzo paChiratidziro, inopupurirawo tarenda rake guru se pianist. Akashinga kwazvo kuwirirana, munyori wekuteedzera kwakanaka kwenziyo dzechivanhu, ese ari ega nekwaya, ane chipo chinoshamisa chemumhanzi wedariro, achigara achiunza iyo pfungwa yetiyeta iri kure nezvirongwa zvevaraidzo zvakajairwa, kubva kumapoka anodiwa kuEurope. melodrama (kunyanya rudo), munyori akapa rudzi rwenhoroondo, simba, kujekesa kwechivezwa, kupisa kunopisa uye kudzika kwakadaro uye kujekesa kwechiratidzo zvekuti chero kapi kepi kekutaura kanonyangarika zvachose uye chete mifananidzo yekukosha kwepasi rose inosara. Hapana, saiye, akarima epic yenyika, yeRussia munhandare yemimhanzi kusvika pakuramba kutevedzera kwakavhurika kweMadokero. Asi mukudzika kwemutauro wepan-Slavic, akakwanisa kuwana kuwirirana nekutambura uye mufaro wemunhu wese, waakaratidza nenzira yakakwana uye yemazuva ano.

G. Marchesi (yakashandurwa naE. Greceanii)