Orchestra |

kubva kuGreek orxestra - yakatenderedza, yakazotevera semicircular chikuva cheiyo theatre yekare, uko, kuita rhythmic mafambiro, korasi yenhamo uye yekuseka vakaimba zvikamu zvavo, kubva kuorxeomai - ndinotamba.

Boka revaimbi vanoridza zviridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadzirirwa kuita pamwe chete mabasa emimhanzi.

Kusvika ser. Muzana remakore rechi18 shoko rokuti “Oh.” kunzwisiswa kare. pfungwa, inoenderana nenzvimbo yevaimbi (Walther, Lexikon, 1732). Mubasa raI. Mattheson “Rediscovered Orchestra” (“Das neu-eröffnete Orchestre”, 1713) shoko rokuti “O.” pamwe chete nechirevo chekare akawana chitsva. Yanhasi yakatanga kutsanangurwa naJJ Rousseau muDuramazwi reMimhanzi (Dictionnaire de la musique, 1767).

Kune akati wandei maO.'s classification misimboti: iyo huru ndeye O.'s division zvinoenderana ne instr. composition. Siyanisa pakati pezviridzwa zvakasanganiswa, kusanganisira zviridzwa zvemapoka akasiyana (symphonic O., estr. O.), uye zvakafanana (somuenzaniso, tambo orchestra, bhendi rendarira, O. zvinoridzwa). Maumbirwo ane homogeneous ane zvikamu zvawo: semuenzaniso, chiridzwa chetambo chinogona kunge chine zviridzwa zvakakotamiswa kana zvakadzurwa; Mumhepo O., kuumbwa kwehomogeneous kunosiyaniswa - kuumbwa kwemhangura ("gang") kana kusanganiswa, pamwe nekuwedzera kwehuni, dzimwe nguva kuputika. Dr. musimboti weO.'s classification inotangira pakugadzwa kwavo mumamisi. tsika. Kune, semuenzaniso, boka remauto, estr. O. Mhando yakakosha yeO. inomiririrwa nevakawanda. nat. ensembles uye O. Nar. zviridzwa, zvese zvine homogeneous mukuumbwa (domrovy O.), uye zvakasanganiswa (kunyanya, iyo Neapolitan orchestra, inosanganisira mandolins uye magitare, taraf). Vamwe vavo vakava nyanzvi (Great Russian Orchestra, yakagadzirwa naVV Andreev, O. Uzbek folk instruments, yakarongwa neAI Petrosyants, nevamwe). KwaO. nat. zviridzwa zveAfrica neIndonesia zvinoratidzwa nenziyo dzine mukurumbira wekuridza, semuenzaniso. gamelan, O. ngoma, O. maikorofoni. Munyika dzeEurope chimiro chepamusoro chejoint instr. kuita kwakava symphonic. O., zvinosanganisira zviridzwa zvakakotamiswa, mhepo uye zvinoridzwa. Zvose zvikamu zvetambo zvinoitwa mu symphony. O. neboka rose (vanenge vaimbi vaviri); iyi O. inosiyana ne instr. ensemble, apo muimbi wega wega anoridza otd. party.

Nhoroondo ye symphony. O. inodzokera kumashure kwezana remakore rechi16-17. Maturusi makuru akaunganidzwa aivepo kare - mukare, Middle Ages, muRenaissance. Muzana remakore rechi15-16. mumhemberero. nyaya dzakaunganidzwa adv. ensembles, to-rye yaisanganisira mhuri dzese dzezviridzwa: tambo dzakakotamiswa uye dzakadzurwa, mhepo dzehuni nendarira, keyboards. Zvisinei, kusvika muzana remakore rechi17. pakanga pasina ensembles aishanda nguva dzose; kuridzwa kwemimhanzi kwakarongwa kumitambo nezvimwe zviitiko. Kuonekwa kwaO. chirevo chezwi chinobatanidzwa nekubuda pakupera kwezana remakore rechi16-17. mhando itsva dzemimhanzi yehomophonic, senge opera, oratorio, solo wok. konzati, umo O. akatanga kuita basa rezviridzwa zvinoperekedzwa nemanzwi ezwi. Panguva imwecheteyo, mapoka akadai saO. aiwanzova nemamwe mazita. Hongu, Italian. vanyori con. 16 - kupemha. Muzana ramakore rechi 17 kazhinji kazhinji vairatidzirwa nemashoko okuti “konzati” (somuenzaniso, “Concerti di voci e di stromenti” naM. Galliano), “chapel”, “kwaya”, zvichingodaro.

Kukura kwaO. kwakatemwa nevakawanda. zvinhu uye art. zvinhu. Pakati pavo pane 3 inonyanya kukosha: kushanduka kwe orc. zviridzwa (kugadzirwa kwezvitsva, kuvandudzwa kwekare, kunyangarika kwezviridzwa zvakasakara kubva mumitambo yemimhanzi), kuvandudzwa kweorc. kuita (nzira itsva dzekuridza, nzvimbo yevaimbi pachikuva kana mu orc gomba, manejimendi eO.), iyo nhoroondo ye orcs pachayo yakabatana. mapoka, uye, pakupedzisira, shanduko mune orc. vanyori pfungwa. Nokudaro, munhoroondo yeO., zvinhu uye mimhanzi aesthetics yakanyatsopindirana. Zvikamu. Naizvozvo, kana tichifunga nezvekupedzisira kwaO., hatireve zvakanyanya nhoroondo yezviridzwa kana ork. masitayera, zvingani zvezvinhu zvemukati zveO. Nhoroondo yeO. maererano neizvi yakakamurwa kuita nguva nhatu: O. kubva munenge muna 1600 kusvika 1750; A. 2nd uriri. 18 - kupemha. zana remakore rechi20 (inenge isati yatanga Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga 1-1914); O. 18th century (pashure peHondo Yenyika I).

O. munguva ye17 - 1st floor. 18th century Kubva kuRenaissance, O. akagara nhaka yechiridzwa chakapfuma maererano nesarudzo yetimbre uye tessitura. Misimboti yakakosha yekusarudzika kweorc. zvishandiso pakutanga 17th century yaive: 1) kupatsanurwa kwemidziyo munyama. chimiro chemuviri unorira kuva tambo nemhepo, zvakakurudzirwa naA. Agazzari naM. Pretorius; vekupedzisira vakasarudzawo ngoma. Zvisinei, maererano naPretorius, kushamwaridzana kwe, semuenzaniso, tambo dzinosanganisira zvose zviridzwa "zvine tambo dzakatambanudzwa", zvisinei kuti zvakasiyana sei mumatambo uye kugadzirwa kwezwi - viols, violin, mbira, mitengeranwa, mbira, hwamanda, monochord, clavichord. , cembalo, nezvimwewo 2) Kuparadzaniswa kwezviridzwa mukati memhando imwechete maererano netessitura inotarirwa nehukuru hwayo. Aya ndiwo maitiro akasimuka mhuri dzezviridzwa zvine homogeneous, kazhinji kusanganisira 4, dzimwe nguva mamwe marudzi etessitura anoenderana nemanzwi evanhu (soprano, alto, tenor, bass). Zvinoratidzwa mumatafura ezviridzwa muchikamu chechipiri che "Code of Musical Science" ("Syntagma musicum", chikamu II, 2). Vanyori vekutanga kwezana remakore rechi1618-16. vaive, nekudaro, mhuri dzemapazi dzetambo, mhepo nekurovana. Pakati pemhuri dzetambo, viols (treble, alto, bass hombe, kaviri bass; akakosha marudzi - viol d'amour, baritone, viola-bastard), mbira (kusanganisira da braccio), violin (17-tambo treble , tenor, bass, 4-tambo yechiFrench - pochette, diki treble yakarongedzwa yechina kumusoro), lute (lute, theorbo, archilute, nezvimwewo). Zviridzwa zvenyere (mhuri yenyere dzenguva refu) zvakanga zvakajairika pakati pezviridzwa zvinofuridza; zviridzwa zvine tsanga mbiri: nyere (pakati pavo boka remabhomba kubva pabass pommer kusvika kune treble pipe), nyanga dzakakombama - krummhorns; embouchure zviridzwa: matanda uye bone zinc, trombones decomp. saizi, mapaipi; percussion (timpani, seti yemabhero, nezvimwewo). Wok-instr. kufunga kwevanyori muzana remakore rechi3 kwakavakirwa zvakasimba pamusimboti wetessitura. Ese manzwi uye zviridzwa zve treble testitura, pamwe nezviridzwa zve alto, tenor uye bass tessitura, zvakabatanidzwa pamwe chete (zvikamu zvavo zvakanyorwa pamutsetse mumwe).

Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chekubuda pamucheto we16-17 mazana emakore. homophonic style, uyewo homophonic-polyphonic. tsamba (JS Bach, GF Handel nevamwe vanyori), vakava basso enderera (ona General bass); munhau iyi, pamwe chete nenziyo. manzwi uye zviridzwa (violin, violas, zvakasiyana-siyana mhepo zviridzwa) zvakaonekwa izvo zvinonzi. continuo group. Chishandiso kuumbwa kwayo kwakachinja, asi basa rayo (kuita bass uye inoperekedza polygonal kuwirirana) yakaramba isina kuchinjika. Munguva yekutanga yekuvandudzwa kweopera (somuenzaniso, zvikoro zveItaly opera), boka recontinuo raisanganisira ogani, cembalo, lute, theorbo, uye rudimbwa; mu 2nd floor. 17th century nhamba yezvishandiso mairi inoderedzwa zvakanyanya. Mumazuva aBach, Handel, vanyori vechiFrench. Classicism inogumira kune chiridzwa chekiibhodhi (mumimhanzi yechechi - nhengo, kuchinjana necembalo, mumhando dzenyika - imwe kana maviri cembalos, dzimwe nguva theorbo muopera) uye mabhesi - cello, bass kaviri (Violono), kazhinji a bassoon.

YeO. 1st floor. Muzana remakore rechi17 rinoratidzwa nekusagadzikana kwezvinyorwa, zvinokonzerwa nezvikonzero zvakawanda. Chimwe chazvo ndechekudzokororwa kwetsika dzeRenaissance mukusarudzwa uye kuunganidzwa kwezviridzwa. Iyo instrumentation yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya. Vakasiya mimhanzi. miitiro ye lute, viol, kutamiswa nemaviolin - zviridzwa zve toni yakasimba. Mabhomba akazopa nzira kumabassoon akagadzirwa kubva kune bass pommer uye maoboe akavakwazve kubva kune treble pombi; zinc yaenda. Nyere dzeLongitudinal dzinodzingwa nenyere dzakachinjika dzinopfuura padziri nesimba rekunzwika. Huwandu hwemhando dzetessitura hwadzikira. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuguma kunyange muzana remakore rechi18; somuenzaniso, tambo dzakadai seviolino piccolo, violoncello piccolo, pamwe chete nelute, viola da gamba, viol d'amour, inowanzoonekwa muBach orchestra.

Dr. chikonzero chekusagadzikana kwezvinyorwa ndiko kusarudzwa kwematurusi mu adv. opera dzimba kana macathedrals. Sezvo mutemo, vanyori vakanyora mimhanzi kwete yezvinyorwa zvinogamuchirwa, zvakagadzikana, asi nokuda kwekuumbwa kweO. theatre kana priv. chapels. Pakutanga. Zana remakore rechi17 papeji yemusoro wezvibodzwa, mashoko acho aiwanzoitwa: “buone da cantare et suonare” (“kukodzera kuimba nokuridza”). Dzimwe nguva mune zvibodzwa kana pane peji remusoro kuumbwa kwaivepo mune iyi theatre kwakagadziriswa, sezvakaitika muchikamu cheMonteverdi's opera Orfeo (1607), iyo yaakanyorera dare. theatre muMantua.

Kushandura zvishandiso zvakabatana neaesthetics itsva. zvikumbiro, zvakabatsira pakuchinja kwemukati. masangano O. Zvishoma nezvishoma kugadzikana kweork. nziyo dzakanyanya kuenderana nekwakabva mazuva ano. isu pfungwa ye orc. boka rinobatanidza zviridzwa zvine chekuita netimbre uye zvine simba. properties. Musiyano wetimbre-homogeneous bowed tambo boka-maviolin ehukuru hwakasiyana-yakaitika zvakanyanya mukuita kwekuita (kekutanga muna 1610 muParisian yakakotama opera "24 Violins of the King"). Muna 1660-85, Royal Chapel yaCharles II yakarongwa muLondon maererano neParisian model - chiridzwa chine 24 violin.

Iko crystallization yeboka retambo pasina viols uye lutes (violin, violas, cellos, mabhesi maviri) ndiyo yakanyanya kukunda ye17th-century opera, iyo yairatidzwa kunyanya mukugadzirwa kwekushanda. Opera yaPurcell Dido naAeneas (1689) yakanyorerwa rudimbwa rwakakotamiswa runoti continuo; kuwedzera kwevatatu vezviridzwa zvemhepo - Cadmus naHermione naLully (1673). Mapoka ehuni nemhangura haasati atora chimiro mu baroque orthodoxy, kunyange zvazvo ese makuru makuru emhepo, kuwedzera kune clarinets (nyere, oboes, bassoons), ari kutounzwa muO. In the scores of JB Lully, wind trio. inowanzorongwa: 2 oboes (kana 2 nyere) nebassoon, uye mumitambo yaF. Rameau (“Castor and Pollux, 1737) iboka risina kukwana remhepo dzehuni: nyere, oboes, bassoons. MuBach's orchestra, kukwezva kwake kwekuzvarwa kune zviridzwa zvezana ramakore rechi 17. zvakakanganisawo kusarudzwa kwezviridzwa zvemhepo: mhando dzekare dzeoboe - oboe d`amore, oboe da caccia (iyo prototype yenyanga yeChirungu yemazuva ano) inoshandiswa pamwe chete nebhessoon kana ne 2 nyere uye bassoon. Musanganiswa wezviridzwa zvendarira zvinokurawo kubva muzvikamu zverudzi rweRenaissance (semuenzaniso, zinc uye 3 trombones muScheidt's Concertus Sacri) kuenda kumapoka emunharaunda endarira-percussion (3 mabhosvo uye timpani muBach's Magnificat, 3 mabhosvo ane timpani nenyanga mumagaba ake. Nhamba.205). Quantity. Maumbirwo aO. akanga asati aita chimiro panguva iyoyo. Strings. boka racho dzimwe nguva raive diki uye risina kukwana, nepo kusarudzwa kwezviridzwa zvemhepo kwaiwanzoitwa zvisina tsarukano (ona Tafura 1).

Kubva pa1st floor. Kuparadzaniswa kwezana remakore rechi18 kwakaitwa. nziyo dzine chekuita nebasa remumhanzi, nzvimbo yekutamba kwayo, vateereri. Kupatsanurwa kwenziyo muchechi, opera uye konzati kwaibatanidzwawo nemafungiro echechi, opera uye machamber masitayipi. Kusarudzwa uye nhamba yezviridzwa mune imwe neimwe yezvinyorwa zvichiri kuchinjika zvakanyanya; zvisinei, opera opera (Handel's oratorios yakaitwawo muimba yeopera) yaiwanzozara nezviridzwa zvinofuridza pane konzati. Maererano ne dif. muzviitiko zvekuronga, pamwe netambo, nyere uye oboes, hwamanda uye timpani, trombones yaiwanzovapo mairi (muChimiro cheGehena muMonteverdi's Orpheus, ensemble ye zinc uye trombones yakashandiswa). Dzimwe nguva nyere duku yakatangwa (“Rinaldo” neHandel); muchikamu chechitatu chokupedzisira chezana remakore rechi17. nyanga inobuda. Kuchechi. O. yaisanganisira nhengo (muboka recontinuo kana sechiridzwa chekonzati). Kuchechi. O. mune op. Bach, pamwe chete netambo, mhepo dzehuni (nyere, oboes), dzimwe nguva mapaipi ane timpani, nyanga, trombones, kaviri manzwi ekwaya (cantata No 21), inowanzoratidzwa. Sezvo muchechi, saka mune operatic O. zvisikwa. basa rakaitwa neanosungirwa (ona Obligate) zviridzwa zvinoperekedza kuimba wega: violin, cello, nyere, oboe, nezvimwe.

Magadzirirwo ekonzati yeO. aienderana zvachose nenzvimbo uye chimiro chekuridza mimhanzi. Zvemhemberero. adv. mhemberero dzebaroque (kugadzwa, muchato), mumacathedrals pamwe chete nedzidziso. music yakarira instr. makonzati uye mafambiro anoitwa nedare. vaimbi.

Zvenyika priv. makonzati akaitwa zvose muimba ye opera uye mumhepo yakazaruka - pamasquerades, midungwe, fireworks, "pamusoro pemvura", pamwe chete mudzimba dzemhuri dzemhuri kana madzimambo. Mhando dzese idzi dzemakonzati aidiwa Dec. nziyo O. uye nhamba yevatambi. Mu "Music for Fireworks" naHandel, wakaitirwa kuLondon's Green Park musi wa27 Kubvumbi 1749, mhepo nekurovana chete (zvishoma makumi mashanu nematanhatu zviridzwa); mune konzati shanduro, akaitwa mwedzi gare gare pa Foundling Hospital, munyori, kuwedzera 56 hwamanda, 9 nyanga, 9 oboes, 24 bassoons, percussion, akashandisawo tambo zviridzwa. Mukuvandudzwa kweiyo conc chaiyo. O. basa guru rakaitwa nemhando dzakadai dzeBaroque era se concerto grosso, solo concerto, orc. suite. Kutsamira kwemunyori pane zviripo - kazhinji diki - kuumbwa kunoonekwa pano futi. Zvakangodaro, kunyangwe mukati meiyi dhizaini, munyori anowanzo kuseta akakosha virtuoso uye timbre mabasa ane chekuita nechamber maitiro emakonzati ehomophonic-polyphonic. hwaro. Aya ndiwo matanhatu eBrandenburg Concertos yeBach (12), imwe neimwe ine yakasarudzika kuumbwa kwevanoimba-vaimbi, yakanyatso kunyorwa naBach. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, munyori akaratidza decomp. akasiyana ekuumbwa ad libitum (A. Vivaldi).

Zvisikwa. Chimiro cheiyo orchestra yenguva yeBaroque yakapesvedzerwa neiyo stereophonic (mupfungwa yemazuva ano) misimboti yemimhanzi yakawanda-kwaya. Pfungwa yespatial juxtaposition yemanzwi yakagamuchirwa muzana remakore rechi17. kubva kwaya. antiphonal polyphony yezana remakore rechi16. Nzvimbo yekwaya yakati wandei. uye instr. machapel mumakwaya emacathedrals makuru akagadzira mhedzisiro yekupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo kwemwanakomana. Muitiro uyu wakatanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya muCathedral of St. Mark muVenice, kwaishanda G. Gabrieli, aizivikanwawo naG. Schutz, akadzidza naye, pamwe chete naS. Scheidt nevamwe vanyori. Kuratidzira kwakanyanya kwetsika yemulti-choir wok.-instr. Tsamba yacho yakaitwa muna 1628 muSalzburg Cathedral naO. Benevoli, mutambo wemafaro, wakatora makwaya 8 (maererano nevemazuva ano, pakanga paine kunyange gumi nemaviri). Kukanganisa kweiyo yakawanda-kwaya pfungwa yakaratidzwa kwete chete muchitendero polyphonic. mimhanzi (Bach's Matthew Passion yakanyorerwa 12 choirs uye 2 operas), asiwo mumhando dzenyika. Nheyo yeconcerto grosso ndiyo kupatsanurwa kwehuwandu hwevatambi mumapoka maviri asina kuenzana anoita decomp. mabasa: concertino - boka revanoimba uye concerto grosso (big concerto) - boka rinoperekedza, rakashandiswawo muO. oratorio, opera (Handel).

Maitiro evaimbi veO. venguva 1600-1750 airatidza maitiro ese ataurwa pamusoro. Nezvemadhayagiramu akapiwa nenyanzvi dzedzidziso dzezana ramakore rechi 18 uye zvakanyorwa zvinotibvumira kutonga, nzvimbo yevaimbi veO. yakasiana zvikuru neiyo yakashandiswa gare gare. Kugara kwevaimbi muimba yeopera, conc. horo kana cathedral yaida mhinduro dzega. Pakati pe opera opera yaive chambalo yemukuru webhendi nemabhesi ane tambo aive pedyo nawo - cello nemabhesi maviri. Kurudyi kwemukuru wechikwata kwaiva netambo. zviridzwa, kuruboshwe - zviridzwa zvemhepo (woodwinds nenyanga), zvakaunganidzwa pedyo nechechipiri, zvichiperekedza cembalo. Tambo dzaivewo apa. mabhesi, theorbo, bassoons, izvo pamwe chete necembalo yechipiri zvinoumba boka rinoenderera.

Nzvimbo yevaimbi mune opera orchestra muzana remakore rechi18. (kubva mubhuku: Quantz J., Versuch einer Anweisung, die Flöte traversiere zu spielen, Berlin, p. 134).

Pakadzika (kurudyi) mapaipi uye timpani zvinogona kuiswa. Mukuumbwa kwekonzati, vaiimba vari voga vaive kumberi pedyo nemukuru webhendi, izvo zvakabatsira pakuenzanisa kwemwana. Kunyanya kurongeka kwekugara kwakadaro kwaive kusanganiswa kwezviridzwa zvinoumba akati wandei akapatsanurwa manzwi manzwi: 2 mapoka anoenderera mberi, boka rekontino mukonsati, dzimwe nguva muopera, 2 mapoka makuru akasiyana (tambo, matanda) akatenderedza 2 cembalos. . Chimiro chakadaro chaida manejimendi akawanda. Vamwe vevatambi vakatevera chambalo yaiperekedza, O. yose, vakatevera chambaro yemukuru webhendi. Nzira yekutonga kwehuviri yakashandiswawo zvakanyanya (ona Kuitisa).

A. 2nd uriri. 18 - kupemha. 20th century O. iyi nguva, ichifukidza kuora kwakadaro. stylistic phenomena yakadai seViennese classical chikoro, romanticism, kukunda rudo. maitiro, impressionism uye akawanda akasiyana kune mumwe nemumwe, aive neavo. kushanduka kwezvikoro zvenyika, zvisinei, kunoratidzirwa nemuitiro mumwe wakafanana. Uku ndiko kuvandudzwa kweorc. zvishandiso, zvisingagoneki zvakabatanidzwa nekupatsanurwa kwakajeka kwechimiro chakatwasuka pahwaro hwehomophonic harmonic. kufunga. Yakawana kutaura mune inoshanda chimiro che orc. jira (kusimbisa mabasa emutinhimira, bass, kugarisana kwakasimba, orc. pedal, counterpoint, figuration mairi). Nheyo dzechiitiko ichi dzakaiswa munguva yeViennese muses. classics. Pakupera kwayo, orc yakagadzirwa. zvishandiso (zvese zviri zviviri maererano nekuumbwa kwezviridzwa uye yemukati inoshanda sangano), iyo yakava, sekunge, nzvimbo yekutanga yekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwevanodanana uye vanyori muchiRussia. zvikoro.

Chiratidzo chinonyanya kukosha chekukura ndeye homophonic harmonic. maitiro mu orc. mimhanzi inofunga - inosvava muchikamu che3. 18th century basso continuo groups Basa rinoenderana necembalo uye nhengo yakapinda mukupokana nebasa rinokura reorc chaiyo. kuwirirana. Yakawanda uye yakawedzera Alien orc. vanhu vakararama panguva iyoyo vaifungidzirawo kuti mutinhimira we harpsichord kurira. Zvakadaro, murumwe rudzi rutsva - masimphoni - chiridzwa chekeyboard chinoita basso continuo (chembalo) basa chichiri chakajairika - mune mamwe masimphoni echikoro cheMannheim (J. Stamitz, A. Fils, K. Cannabih), mukutanga nziyo dzaJ. Haydn. Kuchechi. Mumimhanzi, basa rebasso continuo rakapona kusvika kuma90s. 18th century (Mozart's Requiem, Haydn's Masses).

Mune basa revanyori veViennese classic. Chikoro chiri kufunga patsva kupatsanurwa kuita chechi, theatre nechamber nziyo dzeO. Kubva pakutanga. Muzana remakore rechi19 shoko rokuti “chechi O.” chaizvoizvo yakawira mukusashandiswa. Izwi rekuti "kamuri" rakatanga kushandiswa kune ensembles, kupikisa orc. performance. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutsauko pakati pemitambo yeoperatic neyekonsati yeopera yakave yakakosha. Kana kuumbwa kwe opera O. yatova 18th century. inosiyaniswa nekukwana uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvishandiso, zvino iyo chaiyo conc. kuumbwa, pamwe chete nemhando dze symphony uye solo concerto pachavo, yakanga iri mucheche, ichiguma chete naL. Beethoven.

Kukwenenzverwa kwezvinyorwa zvaO. zvakaenderera mberi zvichifambirana nekuvandudzwa kwechiridzwa. Mu 2nd floor. 18th yezana nekuda kwekuchinja kweaesthetics. pfungwa kubva mumhanzi. maitiro akanyangarika. zviridzwa – theorbos, viols, oboes d'amore, longitudinal nyere. Zviridzwa zvitsva zvakagadzirwa zvakapfumisa chikero chetimbre uye tessitura cheO. Kuzivikanwa kwese muopera kuma80s. 18th century yakagamuchira clarinet yakagadzirwa (c. 1690) naI. Denner. Iko kuiswa kwe clarinet kune symphony. O. yakaguma nekutanga. Muzana remakore rechi19 kuumbwa kwemweya wehuni. mapoka. Runyanga rwebasset (corno di bassetto), rudzi rwakasiyana-siyana rweclarinet, rwakararama kwenguva pfupi yekubudirira. Mukutsvaga mweya wakaderera. vanyori vebass vakatendeukira kune contrabassoon (Haydn's oratorio).

Mu 2nd floor. Muzana remakore rechi18 munyori akanga achiri kutsamira zvakananga pakuumbwa kuripo kweO. Kazhinji kuumbwa kwepakutanga kwechinyakare. O. 1760-70s. yakaderedzwa kusvika 2 oboes, 2 nyanga uye tambo. Yakanga isina kubatana muEurope. O. uye nhamba yezviridzwa mukati metambo. mapoka. adv. O., muKrom maive netambo dzinopfuura gumi nembiri. zviridzwa, zvaionekwa sezvikuru. Zvakadaro, iri mu12nd floor. 2th century ine chekuita nedemocratization yemimhanzi. hupenyu, kudiwa kwezvinyorwa zvakatsiga zveO. zvakakura. Panguva ino, itsva inogara O., pl. ayo gare gare akasvika pakuzivikanwa zvakafara: O. “Makonzati Omudzimu” (makonzati omudzimu) muParis, O. Gewandhaus muLeipzig (18), O. Ob-va makonzati eimba yokuchengeta mitambo muParis (1781). (Ona tafura 1828)

MuRussia, matanho ekutanga pakusikwa kweO. akatorwa chete muhafu yepiri. 2th century Muna 17, maererano nekusikwa kweadv. t-ra kuMoscow vakakokwa kune dzimwe nyika. vaimbi. Pakutanga. 1672th century Peter I akaunza mimhanzi yerejimenti muRussia (ona Military Music). Mumakore makumi matatu. 18th century neRussia Iyo theatre uye hupenyu hwekonzati hunokura muchivanze. Muna 30, nyika dzedare rokutanga dzakatangwa muSt. O., inoumbwa nevatorwa. vaimbi (pamwe naye paiva nevadzidzi vokuRussia). Ochestra yaisanganisira tambo, nyere, bassoon, boka rendarira risina trombones, timpani, uye clavi-chambalos (kusvika ku18 vanhu pamwe chete). Muna 1731, mumwe muItaly akakokwa kuSt. boka re opera rinotungamirirwa naF. Araya, vokuRussia vairidza muO. adv. vaimbi. Mu 40nd floor. 1735th century adv. O. yakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri: “vaimbi vekamera veOkutanga.” (maererano nematunhu 2-18 vanhu, anoperekedza K. Canobbio) uye "wechipiri O. vaimbi ndivo chete ballroom" (2 vanhu, accompanist VA Pashkevich). Yekutanga O. inenge yakazara yakazara nevatorwa, yechipiri - kubva kuRussia. vaimbi. MaSerf aive akapararira; vamwe vavo vaiva nenyanzvi dzepamusoro. The orchestra NP Sheremetev (nzvimbo Ostankino uye Kuskovo, 1791 vaimbi) akawana mukurumbira mukuru.

Mune symph. basa raL. Beethoven rakazonyatsojekesa "classical", kana "Beethovenian", kuumbwa kwemasymphonies. A: tambo, paired kuumbwa kwehuni mhepo (2 nyere, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons), 2 (3 kana 4) nyanga, 2 hwamanda, 2 timpani (mu2nd hafu yezana remakore rechi19 yakarongedzerwa sediki. chiratidzo chechimiro O.). Ne 9th symphony (1824), Beethoven akaisa hwaro hwehombe (mune zvazvino zvinoreva) kuumbwa kwemasymphonies. A: tambo, mapuranga emapuranga ane zvimwe zviridzwa (2 nyere nenyere duku, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoon uye contrabassoon), 4 nyanga, 2 hwamanda, 3 trombones (kutanga kushandiswa mukupedzisira kwe 5th symphony), timpani. , katatu, makandira, bass drum. Kunenge panguva imwe chete. (1822) 3 trombones akashandiswawo muna F. Schubert's "Unfinished Symphony". Mune operas yezana ramakore rechi 18. maererano nemamiriro echikuva aisanganisira zviridzwa zvisina kubatanidzwa mumusangano. kuumbwa kwechiratidzo A: piccolo, contrabassoon. Muchikwata che percussion, kuwedzera kune timpani, kutakura rhythmic. kushanda, kushamwaridzana kunoramba kuripo kwakaonekwa, kunowanzo shandiswa muzvikamu zvekumabvazuva (inonzi Turkish kana "Janissary mimhanzi"): chigubhu chebhesi, makwakwakwa esimbi, katatu, dzimwe nguva chigubhu chemusungo ("Iphigenia muTauris" naGluck, "The Kubviswa kubva kuSeraglio "naMozart). Mudhipatimendi Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mabhero anooneka (Glcckenspiel, Mozart's Magic Flute), tam-toms (Gosseca's Funeral March for the Death of Mirabeau, 1791).

makumi emakore ekutanga ezana remakore rechi19. zvinoratidzirwa nekuvandudzwa kukuru kwomudzimu. zviridzwa zvakabvisa zvikanganiso zvakadai sekutaura kwenhema, kushaya chromatic. zvikero zvemidziyo yendarira. Nyere, uye gare gare mimwe mweya yemapuranga. zviridzwa zvakange zvakashongedzerwa nemagetsi evharuvhu (iyo kugadzirwa kweT. Boehm), nyanga dzechisikigo uye mapaipi aive akashongedzerwa nevhavha nzira, iyo yakaita kuti chiyero chavo chromatic. Mumakore makumi matatu. A. Sachs akavandudza bass clarinet uye akagadzira zviridzwa zvitsva (saxhorns, saxophones).

Kukurudzira kutsva kwekusimudzira O. kwakapihwa nerudo. Nekubudirira kwemumhanzi wechirongwa, mamiriro uye akanakisa. chinhu mu opera, kutsvaga kwe orc kwakauya pamberi. ruvara uye mutambo. timbre kuratidza. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanyori (KM Weber, P. Mendelssohn, P. Schubert) pakutanga vakaramba vari mukati megadziriro yezvinyorwa zviviri zve opera (mu opera nekubatanidzwa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana: nyere duku, nyanga yeChirungu, nezvimwewo). Iko kushandiswa kwehupfumi kweO.'s zviwanikwa kunowanikwa muMI Glinka. Coloristic hupfumi hweO yake hunowanikwa pahwaro hwetambo. mapoka emhepo uye mapeya (nezvimwe zviridzwa); anonamira trombones panyanga nenyere (3, kashoma 1). G. Berlioz akatora danho rakasimba pakushandisa mikana mitsva yaO.. Achipa yakawedzera zvaidiwa zvemutambo, chiyero chenzwi, Berlioz akawedzera zvakanyanya kuumbwa kweO. MuFantastic Symphony (1830), akawedzera tambo. boka, richiratidza chaizvo nhamba yevatambi muchibodzwa: angangoita gumi nemashanu ekutanga uye gumi nemashanu echipiri maviolin, gumi violas, 15 cellos, 15 mabhesi maviri. Mune op iyi. maererano nekusimbiswa kwake kweprogrammability, munyori akatama kubva pane waimbova musiyano wakasimba pakati peopera nekonzati. nziyo nekupinda muchiratidzo. O. saka hunhu muruvara. kuronga zvishandiso, seChirungu. nyanga, mbira duku, mbira (10), mabhero. Kukura kweboka remhangura kwakawedzera, kuwedzera kune 11 nyanga, 9 hwamanda uye 2 trombones, yaisanganisira 4 cornets-a-piston uye 2 ophicleides (gare gare yakatsiviwa ne tubas).

Basa raR. Wagner rakava nhambo munhau yaO. Koloristich. kutsvaga nekuvavarira kuwanda kwemavara atove muLohengrin kwakakonzera kuwedzera kweorc. kusvika pakuumbwa katatu (kazhinji nyere 3 kana 2 nyere nenyere duku, 3 oboes kana 2 oboes uye nyanga yechirungu, 3 clarinets kana 2 clarinets uye bass clarinet, 3 bassoons kana 2 bassoons uye contrabassoon, 4 nyanga, 3 mabhosvo, 3 trombone, bass tuba, ngoma, tambo). Muma1840s akapedza kuumbwa kwemazuva ano. boka remhangura, iro raisanganisira nyanga 4, 2-3 hwamanda, 3 trombones uye tuba (yekutanga yakaunzwa naWagner muFaust overture uye mune opera Tannhäuser). Mu "Ring of the Nibelung" O. akava nhengo inonyanya kukosha yemamuses. drama. Basa rinotungamira retimbre mune leitmotif maitiro uye kutsvaga kwemadhirama. kutaura uye simba. Simba reruzha rakakurudzira munyori kuti aunze chikero chetimbre chakapatsanurwa muO. (nekuwedzera tessitura mhando dzezviridzwa zvemapuranga nepombi). Kuumbwa kweO., nekudaro, kwakawedzera kuita quadruple. Wagner akasimbisa boka remhangura nequartet yeFrench horn (kana "Wagner") tubas yakagadzirirwa kurongeka kwake (ona Tuba). Izvo zvinodikanwa zvakaitwa nemunyori paiyo virtuoso orc tekinoroji zvakura zvakanyanya. vaimbi.

Nzira yakatsanangurwa naWagner (yakaenderera mberi naA. Bruckner mumhando yesymphony) yakanga isiri iyo yoga. Panguva imwe cheteyo mubasa raI. Brahms, J. Bizet, S. Frank, G. Verdi, pakati pevanyori vokuRussia. Chikoro ichi chaiwedzera kugadzira "yekirasi" mutsara wekuridza uye kufunga zvakare akati wandei erudo. maitiro. Mune orchestra yePI Tchaikovsky, kutsvaga kwepfungwa. kujeka kwetimbre kwakabatanidzwa nekushandiswa kwakanyanya kweork. mari. Kuramba kuwedzera orc. midziyo mune symphonies (mbiri kuumbwa, kazhinji kusanganisira 3 nyere), munyori chete muchirongwa anoshanda, mune akazotevera operas uye ballet akatendeukira kumubatsiri. orc mavara. mapalette (eg English horn, bass clarinet, harp, celesta muThe Nutcracker). Mubasa reNA Rimsky-Korsakov, mamwe mabasa akanaka. mavara, zviono zvakaita kuti munyori ashandise zvakanyanya (pasina kuenda mberi kwembiri-katatu uye katatu nziyo) ese ari maviri makuru uye hunhu matimbu eO. K wekuwedzera. iyo diki clarinet, alto mhando dzenyere nehwamanda dzakawedzerwa kune zviridzwa, nhamba yezviridzwa zvinoridzwa zvinotakura zvekushongedza uye zvekushongedza mabasa zvakawedzera, makiyibhodhi akaunzwa (maererano netsika yeGlinka - fp., Pamwe neorgan). Kududzirwa kweiyo orchestra naNA Rimsky-Korsakov, yakagamuchirwa neRussia. Vaimbi vezera diki (AK Glazunov, AK Lyadov, IF Stravinsky munguva yekutanga yekugadzira), aive nesimba muchikamu cheOrc. ruvara uye nezvebasa reWestern-European. vaimbi – O. Respighi, M. Ravel.

Basa guru mukuvandudzwa kwekufunga kwetimbre muzana remakore rechi20. orchestra yaC. Debussy yairidza. Kuwedzera kutarisisa kune ruvara kwakatungamira kune kutamiswa kwebasa redingindira kune rakaparadzana. vavariro kana maumbirwo-background uye coloristic. zvinhu zvemucheka, pamwe nekunzwisisa fonich. mativi O. sechimiro chechimiro. Aya maitiro akatemesa mutsauko wakajeka weiyo orc. invoices.

Kumwe kufambira mberi kwemaitiro eWagnerian kwakatungamira kumagumo ezana ramakore rechi 19-20. kusvika pakuumbwa mubasa revanyori vakati wandei (G. Mahler, R. Strauss; Rimsky-Korsakov muMlada, AN Scriabin, uyewo Stravinsky muThe Rite of Spring) yeinonzi super-orchestra - yakawedzerwa zvichienzaniswa kuumbwa kwe quadruple kwaO. Mahler naScriabin vakatendeukira kurwiyo rukuru rweokestra kuratidza maonero avo enyika. pfungwa. The apogee of this trend was the performer. kuumbwa kweMahler's 8th symphony (8 soloists, 2 yakasanganiswa choir, vakomana vevakomana, mashanu akaumbwa ehombe symphony O. ine tambo dzakasimbiswa, nhamba huru yezviridzwa uye zvinoshongedza zviridzwa, pamwe neogani).

Zviridzwa zvepercussion muzana remakore rechi19 hazvina kuumba sangano rakagadzikana. Kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 boka rekushongedza-percussion rakawedzera zvinooneka. Mukuwedzera kune timpani, yaisanganisira ngoma hombe uye inoteyiwa, ngoma, makandira, katatu, castanets, tom-toms, mabhero, glockenspiel, xylophone. Iyo rudimbwa (1 ne2), celesta, pianoforte, uye organ zvaiwanzobatanidzwa muO. huru, zvishoma kazhinji - "zviridzwa zvechiitiko": rattle, mhepo yemhepo, clapperboard, nezvimwewo Pakati. uye con. 19th century orcs nyowani inoramba ichiumbwa. ensembles: New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1842); Mutambo wevaimbi muParis (1873); Orchestra yeMutambo weWagner muBayreuth (1876); Boston Orchestra (1881); orchestra yeLamoureux muParis (1881); Court Orchestra (“Court Musical Choir”) muSt. Petersburg (1882; zvino Academic Symphony of O. Leningrad Philharmonic).

Muzana ramakore rechi 19 O., mukusiyana naO. wenguva yeBaroque, monochoirism inokurira. Nekudaro, mumhanzi weBerlioz, multi-kwaya zvakare yakawana application. MuTuba mirum kubva kuBerlioz's "Requiem", yakanyorerwa seti yakakura yemasimphoni makuru. O., vatambi vakakamurwa kuita mapoka mashanu: symphony. O. uye 5 mapoka ezviridzwa zvemhangura zviri pamakona etemberi. Mu opera (kutanga naMozart's Don Giovanni) maitiro akadaro akaonekwawo: O. "pachikuva", "kuseri kwechikuva", manzwi evaimbi uye instr. solo "kuseri kwechikuva" kana "kumusoro" (Wagner). Kusiyana kwenzvimbo. kuiswa kwevatambi kwakawana kusimukira muorchestra yaG. Mahler.

Mugadziriro yezvigaro zvevaimbi O. mu 2nd floor. Muzana remakore rechi18 uye kunyange muzana remakore rechi19. Zvikamu zvakachengetedzwa ndiko kupatsanurwa uye kupatsanurwa kwetimbre complexes, iyo inofananidzwa neBaroque O.. Zvisinei, kare muna 1775 KANA Reichardt akaisa mutemo mutsva wekugara, iyo yakakosha ndeyekusanganiswa uye kubatanidzwa kwematanda. Yekutanga neyechipiri violin yaive kurudyi uye kuruboshwe rwemutyairi mune imwe mutsara, iyo violas yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri uye yakagadzira mutsara unotevera, mweya. maturusi akaiswa shure kwavo zvakadzama. Pachikonzero ichi, nzvimbo yeorc yakazomuka. vaimbi, iyo yakapararira mu19th uye mu1st floor. 20th yezana uye yakazogamuchira zita rekuti "European" zvigaro zvekugara: yekutanga violin - kuruboshwe kwemutyairi, yechipiri - kurudyi, violas uye cellos - kumashure kwavo, mhepo dzehuni - kuruboshwe rwemutyairi, ndarira. - kurudyi (mu opera) kana mumitsara miviri: yekutanga yemapuranga, shure kwavo - mhangura (mumusangano), shure - madhiramu, mabhesi maviri (ona mufananidzo uri pamusoro).

O. muzana remakore rechi20. (mushure meHondo Yenyika Yokutanga 1-1914).

Zana remakore rechi20 rakaisa mberi maitiro matsva ekuita. dzidzira O. Pamwe chete netsika. Redhiyo neterevhizheni opera uye masitudiyo opera akaonekwa se opera nemakonzati emakonzati. Nekudaro, musiyano uripo pakati peredhiyo neopera opera uye symphony concerts, kuwedzera kune inoshanda, inongorara mukugara kwevaimbi. Symphonic nziyo. Maguta emaguta makuru enyika anenge anyatsobatana. Uye kunyangwe zvibodzwa zvichiramba zvichiratidza huwandu hushoma hwetambo kuitira Op. inogonawo kuitwa nediki O., huru symphony. O. 20th century inosanganisa timu ye80-100 (dzimwe nguva yakawanda) vaimbi.

Muzana remakore rechi20 nzira mbiri dzekushanduka kweO zvinyorwa zvinosanganiswa. Chimwe chazvo chinobatanidzwa nekuwedzera kukurudzirwa kwetsika. chiratidzo chikuru. A. Vanyori vanoenderera mberi kutendeukira kune maviri ekuumbwa (P. Hindemith, "Artist Mathis", 2; DD Shostakovich, Symphony No. 1938, 15). Nzvimbo hombe yaive yakagarwa neyakaumbwa katatu, yaiwanzo wedzerwa nekuda kwekuwedzera. zviridzwa (M. Ravel, opera "Child and Magic", 1972; SV Rachmaninov, "Symphonic Dances", 1925; SS Prokofiev, symphony No. 1940, 6; DD Shostakovich, symphony No. 1947, 10; V. symphonyslavsky, Nhamba 1953, 2). Kazhinji, vanyori vanotendeukira kune quadruple composition (A. Berg, opera Wozzeck, 1967; D. Ligeti, Lontano, 1925; BA Tchaikovsky, symphony No 1967, 2).

Panguva imwecheteyo, maererano nemafungiro matsva uye maitiro ekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 boka reimba yekamuri rakabuda. Mune zviratidzo zvakawanda. uye wok.-symp. nziyo dzinoshandisa chikamu chete chekuumbwa kwesymphony huru. O. - kunonzi. non-normative, or individualized, composition of O. Somuenzaniso, muStravinsky's "Symphony of Psalms" (1930) kubva kune tsika. clarinets, violin uye violas zvinotorwa muhuwandu hukuru.

Kwezana ramakore rechi20 kukurumidza kusimudzira kweboka rekuridza hunhu, to-rye vakazvizivisa seyo yakazara orc. kusangana. Mumakore 20-30. hit. zviridzwa zvakatanga kupihwa kwete chete nerhythmic, coloristic, asiwo thematic. mabasa; ivo vakava chinhu chakakosha chechimiro. Panyaya iyi, boka rengoma kekutanga rakawana kuzvimiririra. zvinoreva muchiratidzo. O., pekutanga muO. yezvisiri zvenormative uye chamber composition. Mienzaniso ndeyeStravinsky's The Story of a Soldier (1918), Bartók's Music for Strings, Percussion uye Celesta (1936). Pakaonekwa kuumbwa kwainyanya kuridza kana kungovaitira chete: semuenzaniso, Stravinsky's Les Noces (1923), iyo inosanganisira, kuwedzera kune vanoimba vari voga uye kwaya, 4 pianos uye 6 mapoka ekuridza; "Ionization" naVarèse (1931) yakanyorerwa zviridzwa chete (13 vanoita). Boka rekurira rinotungamirwa nezviridzwa zvisina kutsanangurwa. mbiru, pakati pavo zvakasiyana-siyana zviridzwa zvemhando imwechete (seti yezvigubhu zvakakura kana makwakwakwa, gongo, matanda ematanda, nezvimwewo) zvakapararira. Zvose R. uye kunyanya pasi 2nd. 20th century hit. boka rakatora nzvimbo yakaenzana netambo nemapoka emhepo zvese zviri munormative ("Turangalila" naMesiaen, 1946-48) uye mune zvisiri zvetsika zveO. ("Antigone" naOrff, 1949; "Colors of the Guta reDenga” naMesiaen wepiano solo, 3 clarinets, 3 xylophones uye simbi inoridza zviridzwa, 1963; Luke Passion naPenderecki, 1965). Mudhipatimendi The percussion group pachayo yakawedzerawo. Muna 1961, musangano unokosha wakarongwa muStrasbourg. percussion ensemble (140 zviridzwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinorira).

Chishuvo chekunamisa O.'s timbre scale yakatungamira kune episodic. kuiswa muchiratidzo. O. maturusi emagetsi. Aya ndiwo "Martenot waves" akavakwa muna 1928 (A. Honegger, "Joan weArc padanda", 1938; O. Messiaen, "Turangalila"), electronium (K. Stockhausen, "Prozession", 1967), ionics ( B. Tishchenko, 1st symphony, 1961). Kuedza kuri kuitwa kuisa jazz kuumbwa muO.. Mumakore 60-70. tepi yekurekodha yakatanga kuunzwa mumidziyo yeO. seimwe yezvikamu zveruzha (EV Denisov, Zuva reIncas, 1964). K. Stockhausen (Mixtur, 1964) akatsanangura kuwedzera kwakadaro kwechinyorwa chaO. Pamwe chete nechishuwo chekuvandudza timbre mu symphony. O. pane maitiro ekumutsidzira maturusi uye otd. nheyo dzeO. Baroque. Kubva ku1st quarter 20th century oboe d'amore (C. Debussy, “Spring Dances”; M. Ravel, “Bolero”), basset horn (R. Strauss, “Electra”), viol d'amour (G. Puccini, "Chio-Chio-san"; SS Prokofiev, "Romeo naJuliet"). Maererano nekudzorerwa muzana remakore rechi20. maturusi emimhanzi eRenaissance haana kuenda asingaoneki uye zvishandiso zvezana ramakore rechi 15-16. (M. Kagel, "Music for Renaissance Instruments", 1966; inosanganisira 23 vanoita, A. Pärt, "Tintinnabuli", 1976). Muna O. 20th century. yakawana fungidziro uye musimboti wekusiyana kwekuumbwa. Ch. Ives akashandisa shanduko muchikamu chezvinyorwa zveO. mumutambo Mubvunzo Wasiyiwa Usina Kupindurwa (1908). Sarudzo yakasununguka yekuumbwa mukati meO. mapoka anotarwa nechiyero anopiwa muL. Kupkovich's Ozveny. Pfungwa yestereophonic yeO yakawedzera kukudziridzwa. Kuedza kwekutanga muchikamu chepakati cheO. ndecheIves ("Mubvunzo Wakasara Usina Kupindurwa", 4th Symphony). Kuma70s. kuwanda kwemazwi anonzwika kunowanikwa nekusiyana. nzira. Kupatsanurwa kweiyo orc yese. ruzhinji pa“makwaya” akati wandei kana kuti “mapoka” (mune zvakasiyana nekare – kwete timbre, asi zvinoreva nzvimbo) rinoshandiswa naK. Stockhausen (“Mapoka” e3 O., 1957; “Kappe” ye4 O. , 1960). Kuumbwa kweO. "Boka" (109 vanhu) yakakamurwa kuita matatu akafanana macomplexes (imwe neimwe ine conductor yayo), yakarongedzwa muU-chimiro; zvigaro zvevateereri zviri munzvimbo yakaumbwa pakati pezviridzwa. 3. Mattus ari mu opera The Last Shot (1967, zvichibva munyaya yaBA Lavrenyov The Forty-First) akashandisa zvitatu zveO zviri mu orc. gomba, kuseri kwevateereri uye kumashure kwechikuva. J. Xenakis mu "Terretektor" (1966) akaisa vaimbi 88 veimba huru yesymphonic nenzira ye-ray-like maererano nemuitisi ari pakati; vateereri vanomira kwete chete kumativi O., asiwo pakati pezvinyararire, kusanganiswa nevaimbi. "Moving stereophony" (kufamba kwevaimbi vane zviridzwa panguva yekuita) inoshandiswa mu "Klangwehr" naM. Kagel (1970) uye yechipiri symphony naAG Schnittke (2).

Tafura 3.

Gadziriro dzezvigaro zvevaimbi veO. dzinoshandiswa pakushandisa. op. non-normative composition; muzviitiko izvi munyori anoita zviratidzo zvakakodzera muchibodzwa. Panguva yekushandiswa kwakajairika kweO. seimwe monochoric complex mu 1st floor. Muzana remakore rechi20 gadziriro yezvigaro zve“Europe” inorondedzerwa pamusoro apa yakanga iripo. Kubva 1945, iyo inonzi "inodanwa" system yakatangwa naL. Stokowski yakatanga kubudiswa zvakanyanya. Amer. zvigaro. Iyo 1st uye 2nd violin iri kuruboshwe rwe conductor, masero uye viola zviri kurudyi, mabhesi maviri ari kumashure kwavo, zviridzwa zvemhepo zviri pakati, kuseri kwetambo, ngoma, piano inoridza. kuruboshwe.

Kupa kusimba kwakakura kwekurira kwetambo mune yepamusoro rejista "Amer." gadziriro yezvigaro haisi kunze, mukuona kwevamwe kondakita, uye inorambwa. mativi (semuenzaniso, kunetesa kushanda kwesero uye mabhesi maviri ari kure kubva kune mumwe nemumwe). Panyaya iyi, pane maitiro ekudzorera "European" nzvimbo yevaimbi O. Basa re symphony. O. mu studio mamiriro (redhiyo, terevhizheni, kurekodha) inoisa pamberi akati wandei chaiwo. zvigaro zvekugara. Muzviitiko izvi, kuenzana kwezwi kunotungamirirwa kwete chete nemuitisi, asiwo ne tonemaster.

Kukurumbira chaiko kwechinjo dzakaitika naO. muzana ramakore rechi20 kunopupurira idi rokuti iye achiri mudziyo unorarama wokugadzira. kuda kwevanyori uye inoramba ichikura zvine muchero mune yayo inojairwa uye yakagadziridzwa (isina-normative) kuumbwa.

References: Albrecht E., Yakapfuura uye yazvino yeorchestra. (Essay pamusoro pechimiro chenzanga chevaimbi), St. Petersburg, 1886; Mimhanzi uye mimhanzi hupenyu hweRussia yekare. CO., L., 1927; Pindeizen Nick., Zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo yemimhanzi muRussia kubvira kare kusvika pakupera kwezana remakore rechipiri, (vol. 2), M.-L., 1928-29; Zvishandiso uye zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo yemimhanzi, vol. 2-XVIII zana, ed. MV Ivanov-Boretsky. Moscow, 1934. Shtelin Jakob von, Izvestiya o musik v Rossii, trans. kubva kuGerman, muSat: Musical heritage, kwete. 1, M., 1935; iye, Mimhanzi uye ballet muRussia muzana ramakore re1935, trans. kubva kuGermany., L., 1961; Rogal-Levitsky DR, Kukurukurirana nezve orchestra, M., 1969; Barsova IA, Bhuku pamusoro pevaimbi, M., 1969; Blagodatov GI, Nhoroondo ye symphony orchestra, L., 1971; Mimhanzi Aesthetics yeWestern Europe mu1973th-1973th Centuries, Sat, comp. VP Shestakov, (M., 3); Levin S. Ya., Zviridzwa zveMhepo munhoroondo yemimhanzi tsika, L., 1975; Fortunatov Yu. A., Nhoroondo yezvitaera zveorchestra. Chirongwa chemimhanzi uye vanyori mayunivhesiti emimhanzi, M., XNUMX; Zeyfas HM, Concerto grosso mumhanzi webaroque, mu: Problems of Musical Science, vol. XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

IA Barsova