Organic chinhu

Organic chinhu, pedal (chiGerman Orgelpunkt, French pedale inferieure, Italian pedale d'armonia, Chirungu pedal point), - ruzha rwakadzikama mubass, apo mamwe manzwi anofamba akasununguka, dzimwe nguva achipinda mukupokana kunoshanda nebass (kusvika pakubva. mumatoni ari kure); harmonic kubvumirana kweO. p. uye mamwe manzwi anodzorerwa panguva yekugumiswa kwayo kana kuti nguva pfupi izvi zvisati zvaitika. Kutaura kwaO. p. inosanganiswa ne harmonic. kukakavara, kunotariswa nemusiyano wekushanda pakati peinzwi rakasimba nemamwe manzwi. O. p. inowedzera ruzha rweharmonics. vertical, zvichiita kuti multifunctionality.

Iwo anonyanya kushandiswa OPs ari pane ruzha rwe tonic (I degree reiyo modhi) uye inotonga (V degree). O. p. ndiko kukwidziridzwa kweinoenderana modal basa, kuwedzera kwayo kwete kune imwe chord, asi kune yakakura harmonic. kuvaka. Nokudaro, ine chirevo chekubatanidza, ichibata pamwe chete zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuvandudzwa kwemazwi epamusoro. O. p. pane tonic inounza kumimhanzi pfungwa yekugadzikana, dzimwe nguva kunyange static; inowana kushandiswa kwayo kukuru mukupedzisira, pamwe chete nezvikamu zvekutanga zvemimhanzi. inoshanda (somuenzaniso, chikamu chekupedzisira muchiitiko chekufa kwaBoris kubva kune opera "Boris Godunov", kutanga kwekorasi yekutanga mu "Matthew Passion" naJS Bach). Iyo OP pane inotonga inosanganisa inoshanda isina kugadzikana bass rutsigiro nemakonzonenzi asina kugadzikana mumanzwi epamusoro, kure netonic, inozove iri pasi peiyo inotonga basa rebass. Inopa mimhanzi chimiro chekutarisira kwakanyanya. Kunyanya kushandiswa kwayo kusati kwadzokororwa (kunyanya mu sonata allegro - semuenzaniso, ini chikamu che1th sonata mu c-moll yepiyano naBeethoven), zvakare pamberi pekodha; inowanikwa munhanganyaya.

O. p. zvinogoneka kwete chete mumabhesi, asiwo mune mamwe manzwi (anowanzo kunzi inosimudzira inzwi) - kumusoro (French pédale supérieure, Italian pédale, English inverted pedal, semuenzaniso, III chikamu che3rd Tchaikovsky quartet) uye pakati (French. pédale intérieure or médiaire, Italian pédale, English internal pedal, semuenzaniso, mutambo we "The Gallows" kubva kumutambo wepiyano "Night Gaspard" naRavel). Samples of kaviri O. p. vanozivikanwa - panguva imwe chete. pane tonic uye manzwi makuru. Yakafanana O. yechinhu, muKrom tonic inotonga. mashandiro anoita mimhanzi. ngano dzevanhu vakasiyana ("bagpipe fives"), inoshandiswawo muprof. mimhanzi, kunyanya pakutevedzera nar. kuridza mimhanzi (somuenzaniso, chikamu chechishanu cheBeethoven's 6th symphony); double dominant O. p. - pamanzwi eanotonga (akaderera) uye tonic (mukuchinja kuenda kumagumo eBeethoven's 5th symphony). Pano neapo pane maOP pane mamwe matanho (semuenzaniso, padanho rechitatu remudiki - muvatatu kubva kuII chikamu cheTchaikovsky's 6th symphony; ruzha rwakasimba rwedanho rechina - mupiyano "Serenade" naRachmaninov). Mhedzisiro yeO. p. inochengetedzwawo mumamiriro ezvinhu apo ruzha runouumba harutambanudzi, asi runodzokororwa (somuenzaniso, chiitiko IV kubva mu opera Sadko naRimsky-Korsakov) kana apo mapfupi melodic anodzokororwa. nhamba (ona Ostinato).

Kufanana nemifananidzo. Chiitiko chaO. chechinhu chakadzika mu nar. mimhanzi (inoperekedzwa nokuimba nokuridza mabhegi nezvimwe zviridzwa zvakafanana. Mavambo eshoko rokuti “O. ​​p.” anobatanidzwa netsika yepolyphony yokutanga, organum. Guido d'Arezzo (muzana remakore rechi11) anotsanangurwa mu“Micrologus de disciplina artis. musicae” (1025-26) manzwi maviri “anoyangarara” organum ine manzwi asina kunanga (“Organum suspensum”):

Franco weCologne (muzana ramakore rechi 13), achitaura (muchikamu che "Ars cantus mensurabilis") nezve organum, anoshandisawo izwi rekuti "OP" - "organicus punctus". Ne "point" pano inoreva chikamu che organum, apo inzwi rinoramba riripo re cantus rinopikiswa ne melodic. kudhirowa kwezwi repamusoro ("point" inonziwo ruzha rwakadaro pacharwo). Gare gare, iyo OP yakatanga kunzwisiswa seyakareba pedal ruzha rwenhengo, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumhanzi weogani zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi. kugona kwechiridzwa (izwi rechiFrench rokuti point d'orgue muFrench musicological literature rinoreva cadenza yekuvandudza yemuimbi ari oga, kana, kazhinji, fermata). Mune polyphonic Mumhando dzeMiddle Ages uye Renaissance, zviitiko zveOP zvinowanzokonzerwa neiyo cantus firmus maitiro (naG. de Machaux, Josquin Despres, nevamwe), manzwi ayo akapihwa nguva refu.

Mumakore 17-19. O. p. kuwana (kunyanya mumhando dzechinyakare. musical forms) zvine simba. zvivakwa zvave zvitsigiro zvine simba zvebudiriro. Muzana remakore rechi19 O. p. yakatanga kushandiswa seruvara, rudzi-unhu. zvinoreva (somuenzaniso, Chopin's "Lullaby", "The Old Castle" kubva "Mifananidzo paChiratidzo" naMussorgsky, II chiito kubva mu opera "Prince Igor", "Rwiyo rweIndia Guest" kubva ku opera "Sadko"). Muzana ramakore rechi20 dzimwe nzira dzekushandisa O. p. (uye ostinato) akaonekwa. Kukosha kweO. p. inogona kuva nechord (somuenzaniso, coda II ye8th symphony yaShostakovich) kana kuti consonance yakaoma. O. p. inogona kutora hunhu hwemashure (semuenzaniso, sumo yeThe Rite of Spring) uye asina kujairika manyorerwo mafomu (semuenzaniso, nhanho yekudzokororwa muchikamu chechina chechipiri piano Prokofiev's sonata - 2 inonzwika zvine mutsindo eis as inotungamira-toni inotungamira kune reprise mukiyi ye d-moll).

References: ona paArt. Harmony.

Yu. N. Kholopov