Dzidzo yemimhanzi |

Zvine chinangwa uye zvakarongeka. music development. tsika, mimhanzi mano emunhu, dzidzo maari yekuteerera manzwiro kumimhanzi, kunzwisisa uye ruzivo rwakadzama rwezviri mukati. M. v. pane nzira yekuparadzira yemagariro-nhoroondo. ruzivo rwemimhanzi. mabasa echizvarwa chitsva, zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvemimhanzi. kudzidzisa uye dzidzo yemimhanzi. Mazizi. dzidziso yemimhanzi.-aesthetic. kurerwa kunosiyaniswa nekutenda mukukwanisa kuumbwa kwemuses. kugona muvanhu vakasiyana-siyana. M. zana remakore, rinoitwa mune dzidzo yeruzhinji. chikoro, kindergarten nemamwe masangano kunze kwechikoro kuburikidza nekwaya. kuimba, kuridza zviridzwa, kuteerera mumhanzi nomumhanzi. kuverenga, kunobatsira pakuumbwa kwemaonero enyika, hunyanzvi. maonero uye kuravira, dzidzo yemanzwiro uye tsika dzevechidiki veSoviet. Owl research. nyanzvi dzepfungwa (AN Leontiev, BM Teplov, GS Kostyuk, VN Myasishchev) vakaratidza kuti kuumbwa kwekufarira mumhanzi kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda. zvinhu zvinodyidzana. Pakati pavo: zera maitiro, munhu typological. data, chiitiko chiripo chekuona mimhanzi. mhosva; socio-demographic maficha ane hukama neakananga emunhu anogara mune imwe nzvimbo yenzvimbo, basa rake, nevamwe. M. v. yakanyatsobatana nemaitiro ari kuitika muunyanzvi, kuita zvemimhanzi. Kujairira mimwe mimhanzi. izwi rinoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva. Nokudaro, chimiro cheM. remakore. zvinoenderana ne“mimhanzi. mhepo” yakapoteredza muteereri.

Kubva kare, mimhanzi yakashandiswa kudzidzisa vechidiki. Kukosha kwayo kwakatemwa nemabasa ese edzidzo, ayo akaiswa mberi nenguva imwe neimwe maererano nevana vedzimwe nzanga. makirasi, minda kana mapoka. MuIndia, ngano inozivikanwa, iyo gamba rinotsvaga kuwana kubwinya uye tsitsi dzevamwari, kudzidza hunyanzvi hwekuimba kubva kune shiri yakangwara - "Shamwari yeRwiyo", sezvo kugona hunyanzvi hwekuimba kunoreva kubvisa. zvemanzwiro akaipa uye zvishuwo. MuIndia yekare, kwaiva nemaonero, maererano neCrimea mimhanzi uye M. remakore. batsira pakubudirira kwehumwari, hupfumi, kupa mafaro. Zvinodiwa zvakagadziridzwa panziyo dzakagadzirirwa kupesvedzera vanhu vezera rakati. Saka, kuvana, mumhanzi unofadza uchimhanya waionekwa seunobatsira, kune vechidiki - paavhareji, kune vanhu vezera rakakura - mukunonoka, kudzikama uye kwakadzikama. Mumitambo yemimhanzi yenyika dzeAncient East, zvakataurwa kuti M. c. Inodanwa kuenzanisa hunhu, kukudziridza hunhu, kururamisira, kungwara uye kutendeseka muvanhu. Mibvunzo yaM. muChina yekare yaive pasi pehutongi hwehurumende. Means. nzvimbo yavaiva nayo mutsika. dzidziso dzemamwe mawhale. muzivi Confucius (551-479 BC). Akaisa mimhanzi kumutemo wakasimba, uchienda kuM. v. mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, akarambidza kuita kwemimhanzi kutevera chinangwa kunze kwedzidzo yetsika. Iyi pfungwa yakagadzirwa muzvinyorwa zvevateveri vaConfucius - Mencius naXunzi. Muna 4th c. BC e. Dzidziso yeConfucian pamusoro pemimhanzi yakashoropodzwa nemuzivi weutopian Mo-tzu, uyo akapokana nemashandisirwo emumhanzi nemimhanzi.

Muchinyakare aesthetics chimwe chezvinhu zvedemokrasi. Hurongwa hwedzidzo hwaive mimhanzi, yaishandiswa senzira yekuwirirana. kuvandudzwa kwehunhu. Mibvunzo M. zana remakore. muGreece yakapiwa kusabatanidzwa. chiziviso: muArcadia, vagari vese vari pasi pemakore makumi matatu vaifanira kudzidza kuimba uye mimhanzi yezviridzwa; muSparta, Thebes neAtene - dzidza kuridza aulos, kutora chikamu mukwaya (izvi zvaionekwa sebasa rinoera). M. v. muSparta yaive neyakadudzwa hunhu hwechiuto. “Pakanga paine chimwe chinhu chaipisa ushingi munziyo dzeSpartan pachadzo, zvaimutsa shungu uye kudaidzira mabasa…” (Plutarch, Comparative Biographies, St. Petersburg, 30, Lycurgus, p. 1892).

MuGreece M. v. vaitarisira mimhanzi yega yega uye gymnastics. zvikoro. Dzidzo yemimhanzi yaisanganisira vana vane makore 7 kusvika ku16; zvaisanganisira kudzidza mabhuku, unyanzvi, uye sainzi. Nheyo yeM. yezana remakore. vaiva kwaya. vachiimba, vachiridza nyere, nemitengeramwa nembira. Kuimba kwainyatsoenderana nekugadzira mimhanzi uye kwaive nerimwe remabasa ekugadzirira kwaya dzevana nevechidiki kuti vatore chikamu mumakwikwi (agoni) ane chekuita nezororo repamutemo. VaGiriki vakagadzira dzidziso ye "ethos", umo basa rehutsika uye rekudzidzisa remuses rakasimbiswa. mhosva. Muna Dr. Rome munhoroondo. masangano, kuimba uye kuridza zviridzwa hazvina kudzidziswa. Iyoyi yairangarirwa senhau yapachivande uye pane dzimwe nguva yakasangana nechishoro chezviremera, izvo pane dzimwe nguva zvaimanikidza vaRoma kudzidzisa vana nziyo muchivande.

Muses. pedagogy yevanhu vePedyo neMiddle East, pamwe chete nemamusi. art, yakagadziridzwa mukurwisa kupindira kwevafundisi vechiMuslim, avo vakaedza pasina kudzikamisa zviitiko zvevanhu munzvimbo ino yehunyanzvi hwekugadzira uye dzidzo.

Wed-century. mhosva, pamwe chete neWed-century yose. tsika, dzakaumbwa pasi pesimba raKristu. machechi. Zvikoro zvakagadzirwa kumamongi, uko mumhanzi waive nenzvimbo yakatanhamara. Pano vadzidzi vakagamuchira gadziriro yedzidziso uye inoshanda. MaChurchmen (Clement weAlexandria, Basil Mukuru, Cyprian, Tertullian) aidavira kuti mimhanzi, senge art yese, inoiswa pasi pekuita didactic. mabasa. Chinangwa chayo ndechokushanda sechirango chinoita kuti shoko reRugwaro rikwezve uye riwanike. Uku ndiko divi rimwe chete remabasa eChechi. MV, uyo asina kutora nar. mumhanzi, waisimbisa ukuru hwemashoko pamusoro pekuimba. Kubva kuM. kusvika. iyo aesthetic element yakanga yava kuda kubviswa; mufaro wenyama wenziyo wairangarirwa soruremekedzo kuutera hwohunhu hwomunhu.

Kubva muzana remakore rechi15 mimhanzi yakaumbwa. Renaissance Pedagogy. Munguva ino, kufarira mumhanzi. art-woo akamira pakati pezvimwe zvikumbiro zvekukurumidzira zvemunhu mutsva. Makirasi mumimhanzi uye nhetembo, mimhanzi uye yekare. lit-roy, mimhanzi uye pendi zvakabatanidza vanhu decomp. madenderedzwa anosanganisirwa munziyo uye nhetembo. commonwealth - academy. Mutsamba yakakurumbira yakanyorerwa Zenflu (1530), M. Luther akarumbidza nziyo pamusoro pesayenzi nohumwe unyanzvi ndokuiisa munzvimbo yokutanga pashure pedzidziso youmwari; mimhanzi tsika yenguva ino yasvika pakureva. kubudirira muzvikoro. Kudzidza kuimba kwaikosha zvikuru. Gare gare, JJ Rousseau, achienderera mberi kubva kudzidziso pamusoro penjodzi dzebudiriro, akatenda kuimba sechiratidzo chakazara kwazvo chemuses. manzwiro anoita kunyange munhu ane utsinye. Mune pedagogical bhuku "Emil" Rousseau akati dzidzo, kusanganisira. uye zvemimhanzi, zvinobva mukusika. Pakutanga, akakumbira kubva kune gamba kuti iye pachake akanyora nziyo. Nokuda kwekunzwa, akarayira kutaura zvakajeka mazwi. Mudzidzisi aifanira kuedza kuita kuti inzwi remwana rive rakafanana, rinoshanduka uye rinonzwika, kuti adzidzise nzeve kune mutinhimira wemimhanzi uye kuwirirana. Kuti mutauro wemumhanzi usvike kuvanhu vazhinji, Rousseau akagadzira pfungwa yedhijitari notation. Iyi pfungwa yaive nevateveri munyika dzakasiyana (semuenzaniso, P. Galen, E. Sheve, N. Pari - muFrance; LN Tolstoy naSI Miropolsky - muRussia; I. Schultz naB. Natorp - muGermany). Mazano ePedagogical Rousseau akatorwa nevadzidzisi vephilanthropist muGermany. Vakapinza kudzidza kwemabunks muchikoro. nziyo, uye kwete chechi chete. kuimba, kudzidziswa kuridza mimhanzi. zviridzwa, zvakateerera kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi. kuravira, etc.

MuRussia muzana remakore rechi18-19. M.'s system yezana ramakore. yakavakirwa pakirasi uye kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo, muhurongwa hwayo zvinoreva. nzvimbo iyi yaive yemunhu ari oga. Nyika yakaramba iri pamutemo kubva kuhutungamiriri hwemamuseum. dzidzo nekurerwa. Pasi pekutonga kwemasangano ehurumende, kunyanya Min-va dzidzo, pakanga pane nzvimbo imwe chete M. yezana remakore. uye dzidzo - kuimba mune dzidzo yose. zvikoro. Muchikoro chepuraimari, kunyanya vanhu, mabasa echidzidzo chacho akanga ane mwero uye akabatanidzwa nechitendero. dzidzo yevadzidzi, uye mudzidzisi wekuimba kazhinji ndiye regent. Chinangwa chaM. mu. chakaderedzwa kusvika pakuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi hwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuimba kuchikoro uye kuchechi. chorus. Naizvozvo, chainyanya kutariswa pakudzidziswa kwekwaya. kuimba. Zvidzidzo zvekuimba zvaisamanikidzwa muzvikoro zvesekondari. purogiramu, uye yakagadzwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekufarira mairi yehutungamiri hwechikoro.

In noble yakavharwa uch. masangano, kunyanya evakadzi, Mv yakanga ine chirongwa chakakura, kunze kwekwaya (yechechi neyenyika) nekuimba vari voga, apa vaidzidzisa kuridza piyano. Zvisinei, izvi zvakaitirwa muripo uye hazvina kuitwa kwose kwose.

About M. v. seimwe yenzira dzekunakisa. dzidzo muchiyero chehurumende, mubvunzo hauna kumutswa, kunyange zvazvo kudiwa kweizvi kwakazivikanwa nenhamba dzinotungamirira dzemumusi. tsika. Vadzidzisi vekuimba muzvikoro vakatsvaga kuwedzera chiyero nekuvandudza nzira dzekudzidzisa nedzidzo kuburikidza nemimhanzi. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nevakawanda vakadhindwa panguva iyoyo methodical. zvinobatsira.

Kuvapo uye kukura kweRussia. dzidziso yeM. zana. inoreva ku60s. 19th century Sosaiti. kufamba kwenguva iyi kwakakonzera kusimuka kweRussia. pedagogical science. Panguva imwe chete kubva Petersburg. mimhanzi yemahara yakatanga kushanda panzvimbo yekuchengetedza. chikoro (1862) pasi pekutungamirirwa kwe. MA Balakireva nekwaya. conductor G. Ya. Lomakin. Mumakore 60-80. akaonekwa dzidziso. mabasa akateya nheyo. matambudziko emimhanzi. pedagogy. Mubhuku. "Pamusoro peDzidzo Yemimhanzi yeVanhu muRussia neWestern Europe" (2nd ed., 1882) SI Miropolsky akaratidza kukosha uye mukana weunyanzvi hwemimhanzi hwepasi rose. Mibvunzo M. zana remakore. neimwe nzira kana imwe, inoshanda naAN Karasev, PP Mironositsky, AI Puzyrevsky. Mubhuku. "Methodology yekuimba kuimba kwekwaya yechikoro maererano nekosi inoshanda, gore 1" (1907) DI Zarin akacherekedza kuti kuimba kune dzidziso kune vadzidzi, pakuziva kwavo, ndangariro, fungidziro, pakuda kwavo, pfungwa yekunaka uye kukura kwemuviri. Zvakatevera kubva pane izvi kuti mimhanzi (kunyanya kuimba) inogona kushanda senzira ine mativi mazhinji edzidzo, uye pesvedzero yayo inobata mativi akadzika emukati. nyika yevanhu. Kunyanya kufunga nezvemimhanzi. VF Odoevsky akateerera kujekeswa kwevanhu. Akanga ari mumwe wekutanga muRussia kuratidza kuti M. v. inofanira kuva yakavakirwa munzira dzose pamimhanzi. kuita, kukura kwekunzwa kwemukati, kurongeka kwekunzwa nekuimba. Zvakawanda zvakabatsira kuM. zana remakore. mabasa eVV Stasov uye AN Serov. DI Pisarev naLN Tolstoy vakatsoropodza dzidziso nezvidzidzo zvakadzora muzana ramakore reM. “Kuitira kuti dzidziso yemimhanzi isiye makwara uye igamuchirwe nechido,” Tolstoy akadaro, “zvakafanira kudzidzisa unyanzvi kubva pakutanga, uye kwete kugona kuimba nekuridza…” (Sobr. soch., vol. 8, 1936, peji 121).

Chiitiko chinonakidza mukuita kweM. century. Muna 1905-17, basa raVN Shatskaya rakaonekwa munharaunda yevana yebasa "Cheerful Life" uye mukireshi ye "Children's Labor and Rest" Society. Vana vekoroni ye "Cheerful Life" vakabatsirwa kuunganidza mimhanzi. maonerwo, akaiswa uye akabatanidza kukosha kwekutaurirana nechikumbiro, kunzwisisa kukosha kwayo.

Kuchinja kwakakosha muM. century. zvakaitika mushure meOct. chimurenga cha1917. Pamberi peSoviet. Chikoro chakamisa basa - kwete chete kupa ruzivo nekudzidzisa, asiwo kudzidzisa zvakakwana uye kukudziridza maitiro ekugadzira. Educational mabasa M. remakore. zvakapindirana nenziyo uye dzidzo, izvo zvaive zvakasikwa, kubva mumakore ekutanga mushure mekuchinja-chinja mumakore ekutenderera kweM. century. yaisanganisira mhomho yevashandi.

Zvakava zvinogoneka kushandisa chinzvimbo chinozivikanwa chaK. Marx pakudiwa kwehunyanzvi. kuongorora nyika. "Chinhu cheunyanzvi…," Marx akanyora, "inogadzira vateereri vanonzwisisa hunyanzvi uye vanokwanisa kunakidzwa nerunako" (K. Marx naF. Engels, On Art, vol. 1, 1967, p. 129). Marx akatsanangura mufungo wake pamuenzaniso wenziyo: “Nziyo bedzi dzinonyandura kunzwa kwomunhu; kune nzeve dzisiri dzemimhanzi, mumhanzi wakanaka kwazvo hauna zvazvinoreva, hachisi chinhu kwaari…” (ibid., p. 127). VI Lenin akaramba achisimbisa kupfuurira kwezizi idzva. tsika dzakapfuma nhaka yekare.

Kubva pamakore ekutanga esimba reSoviet M. rakagadziridzwa pahwaro hwepfungwa dzaLenin dzehukuru hwehunyanzvi. dzidzo yevanhu. VI Lenin, mukurukurirano naK. Zetkin, akaronga zvakajeka mabasa eunyanzvi, uye nokudaro, eunyanzvi hwounyanzvi: “Unyanzvi ndehwevanhu. Inofanira kuva nemidzi yaro yakadzama mukati mehupamhi hwekushanda kwakawanda. Inofanira kunzwisiswa nemhomho iyi uye inodiwa navo. Inofanira kubatanidza manzwiro, pfungwa uye kuda kwevazhinji ava, kuvasimudza. Zvinofanira kumutsa maartist mavari uye kuvasimudzira "(K. Zetkin, kubva mubhuku:" Memories of Lenin ", muunganidzwa: Lenin VI, On Literature uye Art, 1967, p. 583).

Muna 1918, chikoro chemimhanzi chakarongwa. dhipatimendi rePeople's Commissariat for Education (MUZO). Basa rayo guru nderokuziva vanhu vanoshanda nehupfumi hwemamusi. tsika. Kwenguva yekutanga munhoroondo yemimhanzi yechikoro cheRussia yakabatanidzwa munhoroondo. ronga “sechinhu chinodiwa chedzidzo huru yevana, pamwero wakaenzana nezvimwe zvidzidzo zvose” ( Resolution of the Collegium of the People’s Commissariat of Education yaJuly 25, 1918). Nhoroondo itsva yakazvarwa. chirango uye, panguva imwe cheteyo, gadziriro itsva yezana ramakore reM. Chikoro chakatanga kuita vanhu, chimurenga. nziyo, zvigadzirwa zvekare. Kukosha kukuru muhukuru M.'s system yezana ramakore. yakanga yakabatanidzwa nechinetso chokunzwisisa mimhanzi, kukwanisa kuinzwisisa. Nzira itsva yedzidzo yemimhanzi uye kubudirira yakawanikwa, iyo nzira yeM. yezana remakore. yaisanganisira kuumbwa kwemaitiro anoyevedza kumimhanzi. Mukuzadzisa chinangwa ichi, kutarisisa kwakanyanya kwakabhadharwa kudzidzo yevamuse. kunzwa, kukwanisa kusiyanisa nzira dzemimhanzi. kutaura. Rimwe remabasa makuru eM. century. yaiva musimboti wakadaro. kugadzirira, izvo zvaizobvumira maonero ekuongorora mimhanzi. Yakaunzwa nemazvo M. century. akabvuma izvi, neKrom muses. dzidzo uye kudzidziswa zvakajairika zvakabatana zvisingaite. Rudo uye kufarira mimhanzi yakaumbwa panguva imwechete yakakwezva muteereri kwairi, uye ruzivo rwakawanikwa uye unyanzvi zvakabatsira kunzwisisa zvakadzama uye kuona zviri mukati maro. Muchigadzirwa chitsva chechikoro M. century. yakawana kuratidzwa kwedemocracy yechokwadi uye yakakwirira yehunhu. misimboti yemazizi. zvikoro, umo kukura kwakakwana kweunhu hwemwana mumwe nomumwe ndeimwe yezvinangwa zvikuru. mitemo.

Pakati pezviverengero mumunda weM. century. – BL Yavorsky, N. Ya. Bryusova, VN Shatskaya, NL Grodzenskaya, MA Rumer. Pakave nekuenderera mberi kwenhaka yekare, hwaro hwayo hwaive hwemethodical. nheyo dzeVF Odoevsky, DI Zarin, SI Miropolsky, AA Maslov, AN Karasyov.

Mumwe wekutanga theorists weM. century. Yavorsky ndiye musiki wehurongwa hwakavakirwa pakukura-kwese kweiyo nheyo yekusika. Nzira yakagadziridzwa naYavorsky yaisanganisira kushandiswa kwekuona, kugadzira mimhanzi (kuimba kwekwaya, kuridza mumhanzi yekutamba), kufamba kumimhanzi, mimhanzi yevana. kusikwa. “Mukati mekukura kwemwana … kusikwa kwemimhanzi kunodhura zvakanyanya. Nokuti kukosha kwayo hakusi mu "chigadzirwa" pachacho, asi mukugadzirisa kwekutaura kwemimhanzi" (Yavorsky B., Memoirs, zvinyorwa, tsamba, 1964, p. 287). BV Asafiev akasimbisa mibvunzo inonyanya kukosha yemaitiro uye kurongeka kwemimhanzi yemimhanzi; aidavira kuti mimhanzi inofanira kunzwisiswa nekushingaira, nekuziva. Asafiev akaona kiyi yekubudirira mukugadzirisa dambudziko iri mukuwirirana kukuru kwevaimbi vehunyanzvi "nevazhinji, vane nyota yemimhanzi" (Izbr. chinyorwa nezvedzidzo yemimhanzi uye dzidzo, 1965, p. 18). Pfungwa yekumisikidza kunzwa kwemuteereri kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana dzekuita (kuburikidza nekutora chikamu kwemunhu mairi) inomhanya seshinda tsvuku kuburikidza neakawanda emabasa eAsafiev. Vanotaurawo pamusoro pekudiwa kwekuburitsa mabhuku akakurumbira pamusoro pemimhanzi, nezvemazuva ose ekugadzira mimhanzi. Asafiev akafunga kuti zvakakosha kukudziridza pakati pevana vechikoro, kutanga kwezvose, kunaka kwakafara. maonero emimhanzi, iyo, maererano naye, "... chimwe chiitiko munyika, chakasikwa nemunhu, uye kwete chirango chesayenzi chinodzidzwa" (ibid., p. 52). Mabasa aAsafiev nezve M. v. akatamba zvakanaka. basa mu20s Pfungwa dzake pamusoro pekudiwa kwekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi yekugadzira inonakidza. maitiro evana, nezve hunhu hunofanirwa kuve nemudzidzisi wemimhanzi kuchikoro, nezve nzvimbo yebunk. nziyo muna M. v. vana. Mupiro mukuru kubhizinesi reM. zizi. vana vakaunzwa naNK Krupskaya. Tichifunga nezveM. zana. yezvizvarwa zviri kusimukira seimwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekusimudzirwa kwetsika munyika, senzira yekusimudzira mativi ese, akataura nezvenyaya yekuti imwe neimwe yehunyanzvi ine mutauro wayo, iyo inofanirwa kudzidziswa vana vari pakati uye vakuru makirasi dzidzo general. zvikoro. "… Mimhanzi," akadaro NK Krupskaya, "inobatsira kuronga, kuita pamwe chete ... ine kukosha kukuru kwekuronga, uye inofanira kubva kumapoka madiki kuchikoro" ( Pedagogich. soch., vol. 3, 1959, p. 525- 26). Krupskaya akawedzera zvakanyanya dambudziko reCommunist. kutungamirwa kwehunyanzvi uye, kunyanya, mimhanzi. dzidzo. AV Lunacharsky akaisa kukosha kukuru kudambudziko rimwechete. Maererano naye, Art. kurerwa ndicho chinhu chikuru mukukura kweunhu, chikamu chakakosha chekurerwa kuzere kwemunhu mutsva.

Panguva imwe chete nekuvandudzwa kwemibvunzo M. yezana remakore. muchikoro chedzidzo yeruzhinji kutariswa kwakawanda kwakabhadharwa kumumhanzi wakajairika. dzidzo. Basa rekupambira mimhanzi. tsika pakati peruzhinji yakasarudza chimiro chekugadziridzwa kweM. century. muzvikoro zvemimhanzi, uye zvakare yakaratidza gwara uye zvirimo zvezviitwa zvemisi ichangobva kugadzirwa. masangano. Saka, mumakore ekutanga mushure meOct. marevolutions akasikwa nevanhu. zvikoro zvemimhanzi zvakanga zvisina prof., asi anovhenekera. hunhu. Mu 2nd floor. 1918 muPetrograd yakavhurwa imba yekutanga. chikoro chemimhanzi. dzidzo, umo vana nevakuru vakagamuchirwa. Nokukurumidza zvikoro zvorudzi urwu zvakavhurwa muMoscow nemamwe maguta. Kwakadaro “nar. zvikoro zvemimhanzi", "zvikoro zvemimhanzi. dzidzo”, “nar. Conservatory ”, nezvimwewo yakanangana nekupa vateereri mimhanzi yakafanana. budiriro nekuverenga. Zvisikwa. chikamu cheM. zana remakore. zvikoro izvi zvakatanga kudzidzisa mimhanzi. maonero mukuita zvidzidzo zvezvinonzi. kuteerera mimhanzi. Zvidzidzo zvacho zvaisanganisira kujairana nezvimwe zvigadzirwa. uye kukura kwekugona kuona mimhanzi. Attention yakabhadharwa kune inoshingaira kugadzira mimhanzi sehwaro hweM. century. (kazhinji kuita kwakanaka kwenziyo dzechiRussia). Kuumbwa kwemazwi ari pasi, nziyo dzakapfava, dzakakurudzirwa. Nzvimbo uye zvinoreva mimhanzi notation yakatsanangurwa zvakajeka, vadzidzi vakagona zvinhu zvekuongorora mimhanzi.

Maererano nemabasa, zvinodiwa kuvadzidzisi, avo vakadanwa kuti vaite M. yeunyanzvi, vakachinja. Vaifanira kuva panguva imwe chete. vaimbi vemakwaya, nyanzvi dzedzidziso, varatidziri, varongi nevadzidzisi. Mune ramangwana, madhipatimendi emimhanzi uye pedagogical akagadzirwa. ma-iwe, inoenderana f-iwe uye madhipatimendi mune muses. uch-shchah uye conservatories. Nhanganyaya kumumhanzi nevakuru kunze kwechimiro chaProf. kudzidza kwakaramba kuchiwedzera uye kubereka zvibereko. Hurukuro dzemahara nemakonzati zvakarongerwa vateereri vasina kugadzirira, denderedzwa reunyanzvi rakashanda. mitambo yemasaiti, masitudiyo emimhanzi, makosi.

Mukufamba kweM. century. kufarira kwakapihwa kukuzivana nezvigadzirwa zvinomutsa manzwiro akadzama uye akasimba, pfungwa uye zviitiko. Nokudaro, shanduko yehutano inosarudza nzira yeM. yezana remakore. munyika, yakanga yatogadzirwa mumakore gumi ekutanga eSov. zviremera. Kubudirira kwezvinetso zveM. yezana remakore. yakaenderera mberi mumakore akatevera. Panguva imwe cheteyo, simbiso huru yakanga iri pakuumbwa kwetsika dzomunhu, runako rwake. manzwiro, art. zvinodiwa. zizi rine mukurumbira. mudzidzisi VA Sukhomlinsky aidavira kuti "tsika yedzidzo muchikoro inotariswa zvakanyanya nekuti hupenyu hwechikoro hwakazadzwa nemweya wemimhanzi. Sezvo gymnastics inoruramisa muviri, saka mimhanzi inotwasanudza mweya wemunhu" ( Etudes on Communist Education, magazini "People's Education", 1967, No. 6, p. 41). Akadana kutanga M. zana. zvichida kare - uduku, mumaonero ake, ndiyo zera rakanaka. Kufarira mumhanzi kunofanira kuva hunhu, hunhu hwevanhu. Rimwe remabasa akakosha eM. century. - kudzidzisa kunzwa kubatanidzwa kwemimhanzi nemasikirwo: kurira kwemasango emuouki, kurira kwenyuchi, rwiyo rwe lark.

Yese R. 70s iyo M. yezana system yakagadzirwa naDB Kabalevsky yakawana kugoverwa. Tichifunga nezvemimhanzi sechikamu chehupenyu pachayo, Kabalevsky anovimba neakanyanya kupararira uye akawanda muses. mhando - rwiyo, kufora, kutamba, iyo inopa kubatana pakati pezvidzidzo zvemimhanzi uye hupenyu. Kuvimba ne "mawhale matatu" (rwiyo, kufora, kutamba) kunobatsira, maererano naKabalevsky, kwete chete mukuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi hwemimhanzi, asiwo pakuumbwa kwemuses. kufunga. Panguva imwecheteyo, miganhu pakati pezvikamu zvinoumba chidzidzo zvinodzimwa: kuteerera mimhanzi, kuimba uye mimhanzi. diploma. Zvinova zvakazara, zvichibatanidza misiyano. program elements.

Kune maspecials mumaredhiyo neterevhizheni studio. kutenderera kwemimhanzi-dzidzo. zvirongwa zvevana nevakuru: "Patambo nemakiyi", "Zvevana nezvemimhanzi", "Radio University of Culture". Chimiro chekukurukurirana kwevanyori vakakurumbira kwakapararira: DB Kabalevsky, pamwe neAI Khachaturian, KA Karaev, RK Shchedrin, nevamwe. vechidiki - nhepfenyuro yehurukuro dzeterevhizheni-makonti "Musical manheru evezera", chinangwa chekuziva nemabasa makuru. mimhanzi inoridzwa nevaimbi vepamusoro. Misa M. in. yakaitwa kuburikidza nemimhanzi yekunze-yechikoro. mapoka: kwaya, nziyo uye kutamba ensembles, makirabhu evanoda mimhanzi (kwaya yevana yeInstitute of Art. Dzidzo yeAcademy yePedagogical Sciences yeUSSR, mutungamiri Prof. VG Sokolov; boka rekwaya rePioneer Studio, mutungamiri G. A. (Struve, Zheleznodorozhny, Moscow Region; Ellerhain Choir, conductor X. Kalyuste, Estonian SSR; Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments, conductor NA Kapishnikov, Mundybash musha, Kemerovo Region, etc.) . Pakati pevanozivikanwa zvikuru mumunda wezizi . Mibvunzo yaM. muU.SR murabhoritari yemimhanzi uye kutamba yeN.-i. Institute of Arts dzidzo yeAcademy of Pedagogics. sainzi yeUSSR, zvikamu zveN.-uye.. Institute of Pedagogy muMubatanidzwa Republics, Laboratory of Aesthetic.Dzidzo Institute of preschool dzidzo yeChikamu y yePedagogical. Sayenzi yeUSSR, makomisheni emimhanzi uye aesthetics. dzidzo yevana uye vechidiki yeCK yeUSSR uye marepublic emubatanidzwa. Matambudziko aM. akatariswa neInternational ob-vom pamimhanzi. dzidzo (ISME). Musangano we9 wesangano iri, wakaitirwa muMoscow (sachigaro wechikamu cheSoviet DB Kabalevsky), yaive danho rakakosha mukuvandudzika kwemazano pamusoro pebasa remimhanzi muhupenyu hwevechidiki.

M. v. mune mamwe masocialist. nyika dziri pedyo neSoviet. MuCzechoslovakia, zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi kuchikoro zvinodzidziswa mumagiredhi 1-9. Dzidzo yakasiyana-siyana yemimhanzi. basa rinoitwa kunze kwemaawa echikoro: vose vana vechikoro vanopinda makonti 2-3 kanomwe pagore. Sangano reMusical Vechidiki (rakavambwa muna 1952) rinoronga makonti uye kugovera kunyoreswa nemutengo unokwanisika. Inoshandisa chinoitika chaPurofesa L. Daniel mukudzidzisa kurava nziyo kupfurikidza nokuimba “nziyo dzokutsigira” dzinotanga nemwero wakati wechikero. Kune nziyo nomwe dzakadaro zvichienderana nehuwandu hwematanho. Iyo sisitimu inoita kuti zvikwanise kudzidzisa vana kuimba nziyo kubva papepa. Chorus nzira. kudzidzisa naProfessor F. Lisek igadziriro yemaitiro ane chinangwa chekusimudzira mimhanzi yemwana. Hwaro hwehunyanzvi ndiko kuumbwa kwemuses. kunzwa, kana, mushoko raLisek, “manzwire aakaita” emwana.

MuGDR, vadzidzi muzvidzidzo zvemimhanzi vanodzidza maererano nechirongwa chimwe chete, vari kuita kwaya. kuimba. Kunyanya kukosha iporigoni. kuita nziyo dzechivanhu pasina kuperekedzwa. Kuzivana nemakirasi uye emazuva ano. mimhanzi inoitika mukuwirirana. Edition yakakosha inotsikiswa kuvadzidzisi. magazini inonzi “Musik in der Schule” (“Mimhanzi Muchikoro”).

MuNRB, mabasa aM. c. zvinosanganisira kuwedzera tsika dzemimhanzi, kusimukira kwemimhanzi uye kunaka. kuravira, dzidzo yemunhu akakura zvakanaka. Zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi pachikoro zvinoitwa kubva ku1st kusvika ku10th mamakisi. Mimhanzi yekunze-yechikoro yakakosha zvikuru muBulgaria. dzidzo (kwaya yevana "Bodra Smyana", mutungamiriri B. Bochev; folklore ensemble yeSofia Palace of Pioneers, mutungamiriri M. Bukureshtliev).

MuPoland, nzira huru dzeM. remakore. sanganisira kwaya. kuimba, kutamba mimhanzi yevana. zviridzwa (ngoma, rekodha, mandolins), mimhanzi. kukura kwevana maererano nehurongwa hweE. Jacques-Dalcroze naK. Orff. Muses. kusika kunoitwa muchimiro chemahara kunatsiridza uri wega. zvinyorwa zvenhetembo, kune mutinhimira wakapihwa, kugadzira nziyo dzenhetembo uye ngano. Seti yevanoverenga phono yakagadzirwa kuzvikoro.

MuVNR M. zana remakore. inonyanya kubatanidzwa nemazita aB. Bartok naZ. Kodaly, avo vaifunga nezvekorona yemamozi. mhosva nar. music. Yakanga iri kudzidza kwayo kwakava zvese nzira uye chinangwa chepakutanga M. zana. Muzvikamu zvedzidzo zvenziyo naKodai, musimboti weM. v. unoitwa nguva dzose. zvichienderana netsika dzenyika - vanhu uye nyanzvi. Kuimba kwaya kwakakosha. Kodai yakagadzira nzira yesolfeggio yakagamuchirwa muzvikoro zvese munyika.

M. v. munyika dzemacapitalist ine siyana zvikuru. Individual M. vanofarira. uye dzidzo kunze kwenyika inogadzira masisitimu ekutanga ayo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Inozivikanwa rhythmic system. gymnastics, kana rhythmics, Swiss inoshamisa. mudzidzisi-muimbi E. Jacques-Dalcroze. Akacherekedza kuti, kuenda kumimhanzi, vana nevakuru vanoibata sei nemusoro. Izvi zvakaita kuti atsvage nzira dzepedyo pakati pekufamba kwevanhu uye mutinhimira nemimhanzi. Muhurongwa hwemaekisesaizi akagadzirwa naye, mafambiro akajairwa - kufamba, kumhanya, kusvetuka - kwaienderana nekurira kwemimhanzi, tempo yayo, rhythm, zvirevo, simba. PaInstitute of Music and Rhythm, yakavakirwa iye muHellerau (pedyo neDresden), vadzidzi vakadzidza rwiyo uye solfeggio. Zvinhu zviviri izvi - kukura kwekufamba nekunzwa - zvakapihwa kukosha kukuru. Kuwedzera kune rhythm uye solfeggio, iyo M. v. Jacques-Dalcroze yaisanganisira hunyanzvi hwekuita. gymnastics (plasticity), kutamba, choir. kuimba uye kuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi pafp.

Nzira yevana M. yezana remakore yakawana mukurumbira mukuru. K. Orff. MuSalzburg kune Institute of Orff, uko basa rinoitwa nevana. Kuitwa pahwaro hwebhuku re5-vhoriyamu paM. century. "Schulwerk" (vols. 1-5, 2nd ed., 1950-54), yakanyorwa naOrff pamwe chete. naG. Ketman, iyo system inosanganisira kukurudzira kwemuses. kusika kwevana, kunobatsira mukugadzira mimhanzi yevana. Orff inovimba nemimhanzi-rhythm. kufamba, kuridza zviridzwa zvekutanga, kuimba nemimhanzi. kudzokorora. Maererano naye, zvisikwa zvevana, kunyange zvepakutanga, zvinowanikwa nevana, kunyange zvakanyanya, zvakazvimiririra. pfungwa yehucheche, kunyangwe iyo isina hunyanzvi, ndiyo inogadzira mamiriro emufaro uye inosimudzira kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira. Muna 1961, iyo yepasirese nezve-mu "Schulverk".

MV chirongwa chiri kukura, chine simba. Nheyo dzakakosha dzezizi. M.'s masisitimu ezana ramakore. organically batanidza communist. ideology, nyika, yechokwadi. dzidziso uye democracy.

References: Mibvunzo yemimhanzi kuchikoro. Sat. zvinyorwa, ed. I. Glebova (Asafyeva), L., 1926; Apraksina OA, Dzidzo yemimhanzi muchikoro chesekondari cheRussia, M.-L., 1948; Grodzenskaya NL, Basa rekudzidzisa muzvidzidzo zvekuimba, M., 1953; her, Vana vechikoro vanoteerera nziyo, M., 1969; Lokshin DL, Kuimba Kwaya muchikoro cheRussia chisati chachinja uye cheSoviet, M., 1957; Mibvunzo yehurongwa hwekudzidzisa kuimba mugiredhi I-VI. (Sb. Zvinyorwa), ed. MA Rumer, M., 1960 (Zvakarongwa zveAcademy yePedagogical Sciences yeRSFSR, chinyorwa 110); Dzidzo yemimhanzi kuchikoro. Sat. zvinyorwa, ed. O. Apraksina, kwete. 1-10, M., 1961-1975; Blinova M., Mimwe mibvunzo yedzidzo yemimhanzi yevana vechikoro …, M.-L., 1964; Nzira dzedzidzo yemimhanzi yevana vechikoro ve-I-IV grade, M.-L., 1965; Asafiev B., Fav. nyaya pamusoro pechiedza chemimhanzi nedzidzo, M.-L., 1965; Babadzhan TS, Dzidzo yemimhanzi yevana vaduku, M., 1967; Vetlugina HA, Kukura kwemimhanzi yemwana, M., 1968; Kubva pane ruzivo rwebasa rekudzidzisa muchikoro chemimhanzi chevana, M., 1969; Gembitskaya E. Ya., Mimhanzi uye aesthetic dzidzo yevadzidzi mugiredhi V-VIII yechikoro chakazara, M., 1970; Nzira yedzidzo yemimhanzi yevana naK. Orff, (kuunganidza zvinyorwa, zvakashandurwa kubva kuGermany), ed. LA Barenboim, L., 1970; Kabalevsky Dm., Inenge mawhale matatu uye nezvimwe zvakawanda. Bhuku pamusoro pemimhanzi, M., 1972; yake, Yakanaka inomutsa vakanaka, M., 1973; Dzidzo yemimhanzi munyika yanhasi. Zvishandiso zveIX Musangano weInternational Society for Musical Education (ISME), M., 1973; (Rumer MA), Nheyo dzedzidzo yemimhanzi uye dzidzo kuchikoro, mubhuku: Aesthetic dzidzo yevana vechikoro, M., 1974, p. 171-221; Mimhanzi, manotsi, vadzidzi. Sat. Zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi uye zvekudzidzisa, Sofia, 1967; Lesek F., Cantus choralis infantium, Brno, No 68; Bucureshliev M., Shanda nePioneer Folk Choir, Sofia, 1971; Sohor A., ​​Basa rekudzidzisa remimhanzi, L., 1975; Beloborodova VK, Rigina GS, Aliyev Yu.B., Dzidzo yemimhanzi kuchikoro, M., 1975. (Onawo mabhuku pasi pechinyorwa Dzidzo yemimhanzi).

Yu. V. Aliev