Dzidzo yemimhanzi |

Maitiro ekugona ruzivo, hunyanzvi uye kugona kunodiwa pakuita zvemimhanzi, pamwe nekuzara kwezivo uye hunyanzvi hunyanzvi uye kugona kunowanikwa nekuda kwekudzidziswa. Pasi peM. o. kazhinji vanonzwisisa hurongwa hwesangano remuses. kudzidza. Nzira huru yekuwana M. o. - kugadzirira pasi pekutungamirirwa kwemudzidzisi, kazhinji munhoroondo. institution. Basa rakakosha rinogona kuitwa nekuzvidzidzisa, pamwe nekufananidzwa kwezivo uye hunyanzvi mukuita kwaProf. kudzidzira mimhanzi kana kutora chikamu muzviitwa zveamateur. kuita mimhanzi. Kusiyanisa M. pamusoro. zvakazara, izvo zvinopa ruzivo, hunyanzvi uye kugona kusvika pamwero unodiwa pazviitwa zveamateur kana chete pakuona kwemimhanzi, uye M. o. special, kugadzirira Prof. basa (kuumba, kuita, sainzi, kudzidzisa). M. o. inogona kuva yekutanga (yakaderera), yepakati nepamusoro, kucheka munenge nyika dzese kwakakosha. hunhu. General didactic. musimboti wekurera dzidzo ine chekuitawo zvakananga neM. o. uye inoratidzwa muzvinyorwa zvayo, nzira uye maitiro ehurongwa. General uye yakakosha M. o. inokurudzira kubatana kwehupenyu hwedzidzo yemimhanzi nemimhanzi. dzidzo: kwete chete mudzidzisi wemimhanzi ndiyo dzidzo yepamusoro. zvikoro, kudzidzisa vana uye kuvapa dzidzo yemimhanzi yose, inovadzidzisa kuburikidza nemimhanzi uye inotungamirira kunzwisisa kwayo, asi mudzidzisi Prof. zvikoro zvemimhanzi zvechero nhanho, zvichiunza ramangwana remimhanzi. chimiro kune ruzivo rwakakosha uye hunyanzvi, panguva imwechete inoumba hunhu hwake - maonero epasirese, aesthetics uye maitiro ehunhu, kuda uye hunhu.

M. o. - chikamu chenhoroondo, uye munharaunda yekirasi - yekirasi-yenhoroondo. Zvinangwa, zvemukati, nhanho, nzira uye sangano. Mafomu aM. zvakatemerwa nekuchinja munhoroondo yese yemamuses. tsika, hukama hwevanhu, nat. chaiyo, basa remimhanzi. art-va muhupenyu hwenzanga iyi, muz.-aesthetic. maonero, maitiro emimhanzi. kusika, mafomu aripo emimhanzi. mabasa, mabasa anoitwa nevaimbi, dominant general pedagogical. pfungwa uye nhanho yekuvandudzwa kwemuses. pedagogy. Unhu hwaM. nezve. zvakare nekuda kwezera remudzidzi, kugona kwake, rudzi rwemimhanzi. mabasa avari kumugadzirira, nevamwe vakawanda. mimwe mimhanzi. Dzidziso yemwana inovakwa zvakasiyana neyemunhu mukuru, uye kutamba, toti, violin kwakasiyana nekuridza piyano. Panguva imwecheteyo, inowanzozivikanwa mumimhanzi yemazuva ano inotungamira. Pedagogy (kune misiyano yose isingaverengeki mumhando dzayo uye nzira) misimboti miviri: general M. o. haigone uye haifanirwe kutsiviwa neimwe yakakosha (umo kusimbiswa kunowanzoiswa pakudzidzisa hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi, kugona ruzivo rwemimhanzi-yedzidziso, nezvimwewo); general music. kurerwa nekudzidziswa ndiyo hwaro hunosungirwa pahuri panofanira kuvakirwa yakakosha. M. o.

Mumatanho ekutanga ebudiriro yenzanga yevanhu, pakange pasina basa rinokosha remuimbi uye nhengo dzese dzeboka remadzinza dzakagadzira kugadzirwa kwechinyakare-magic. zviito zvechando uye vakazviita ivo pachavo, muses. unyanzvi, sezviri pachena, hauna kudzidziswa zvakananga, uye hwakatorwa nevaduku kubva kuvakuru. Mune ramangwana, mimhanzi nemashiripiti. mabasa akatorwa nevashaman nevatungamiriri vedzinza, nokudaro vachiisa hwaro hwekuparadzana munguva dzakatevera dze syncretic. arts. basa, umo muimbi aiva panguva imwe chete. mutambi uye munyori wenziyo. Kana art. tsika, kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu e-pre-class society, yasvika padanho repamusoro-soro, pakanga pachidiwa zvakakosha. kudzidza. Izvi, kunyanya, zvinoratidzwa nechokwadi chine chekuita nenzanga. hupenyu hwevaIndia vekuNorth. America isati yaitwa koloni nevaEurope: pakati pevagari vekuNorth. America, paiva nemari yekudzidzisa nziyo itsva (kubva muzwi); vagari vekare veMexico vaiva nedzidzo yemimhanzi. masangano ekudzidzisa nziyo nekutamba, uye vekare vePeruvia vakadzidzisa kudzokorora kunonzwika kweiyo epich. legends. Inenge nenguva apo mubudiriro yenyika yekare tsika-tsika, muzinda, mauto akatanga kupatsanurwa zvakajeka. uye mumhanzi wemapomegraneti uye pawakaumbwa Dec. marudzi evaimbi vakamira pamatanho akasiyana-siyana (vaimbi vetemberi vanotungamirirwa nemupristi-muimbi; vaimbi vepamuzinda vachirumbidza mwari-mambo; mauto. vaimbi vemhepo nevanorovanisa, dzimwe nguva vezvikwata zvemauto zvakakwirira; pakupedzisira, vaimbi, kazhinji vachidzungaira, vaiimba uye vairidza panguva bunks. mhemberero nemhemberero dzemhuri), sanganisira ruzivo rwekutanga rwakapararira nezve M. pamusoro. Vakuru vavo ndeveEgypt, uko pakupera kwenguva yeHumambo hwekare (c. 2500 BC. e.) adv. vaimbi vakapasa kudzidziswa kwakakosha, uye gare gare, munguva yeXII dzinza reMiddle Kingdom (2000-1785), vapristi, vachitonga nemifananidzo yakasara, vaiita sevadzidzisi vaidzidzisa kuimba vachiperekedza zither, kuombera uye kutsika. . Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Memphis yaive kwenguva yakareba iyo yaitariswa nezvikoro umo mimhanzi yechitendero neyenyika yakadzidzwa. MuChina yekare muzana remakore rechi11-3. BC. e. munguva yeZhou. about., to-roe sent special. dhipatimendi remuzinda pasi pekutariswa kwamambo, rakaita basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwevanhu uye raisanganisira ch. arr. kuti vakomana vaidzidziswa kuimba, kuridza zviridzwa uye kutamba. Greece yaive imwe yenyika dzekutanga kwavakaisa kukosha kwakakura kumagariro nezvematongerwo enyika. rutivi rwemumhanzi, "ethos" dzayo uye uko muse. kudzidziswa kwakatevera pachena zvezvematongerwo enyika. dzidzisa. zvinangwa. Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti mavambo echiGiriki M. pamusoro. yakatangwa pachitsuwa cheKrete, uko vakomana vemakirasi emahara vakadzidzira kuimba, instr. mimhanzi uye gymnastics, izvo zvaionekwa semhando yekubatana. Ku7 in. BC. e. chimwe chitsuwa cheGreece, Lesvos, chaive “nzvimbo inoramba ichichengeterwa zvinhu. Pano, inotungamirirwa naTerpander, uyo akagadzirisa kithara, chikoro chekitfareds chakaumbwa uye nheyo dzeunyanzvi hweprof. kyfaristics, kureva kugona kutaura nekudzokorora chinyorwa, kuimba uye kuperekedza. Inyanzvi yeaeds (vaimbi-vanyori), avo vaiva chikamu chemusangano wemhizha muGreece yekare uye vaiva vachengeti vedzimwe tsika dzepamuromo, dzakapfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa. M. pamusoro. Aeda yaibatanidza idi rokuti mudzidzisi (kazhinji baba) aidzidzisa mukomana kuridza cithara, kuyera kududzwa kwomutinhimira, uye mitemo yenhetembo. verification ndokupfuudzira kwaari nhamba yakati yenziyo dzakagadzirwa nomudzidzisi pachake kana kuti dzakanga dzauya kwaari negamuchidzanwa. MuSparta, ine mararamiro ehupenyu uye nyika. kutungamira kufambira mberi kwedzidzo, kwaya. kuimba kwaionekwa sechikamu chinodiwa chedzidzo yevarume vaduku, avo nguva nenguva vaifanira kuimba munzanga nemitambo. MuAtene, mukuita kwezvinonzi. dzidzo yemimhanzi, vakomana vakadzidza pakati pevamwe. zvidzidzo nenziyo, uye kudzidzisa kwakanga kwakabatana zvikuru nokutorwa kwemienzaniso yakanakisisa yechiGiriki. mabhuku uye didactic. nhetembo. Kazhinji, kusvika kuzera remakore 14, vakomana vaiita zvekutamba cithara muzvikoro zvepachivande zvinobhadharwa uye vaigona unyanzvi hwe citharistics. Monochord yakashandiswa kunatsiridza mapindiro nemapako. pesvedzero huru pamimhanzi. kudzidziswa muGreece kwaiitwa nemimhanzi uye nekunaka. uye maonero edzidziso aPlato naAristotle. Plato aidavira kuti “dzidzo yenziyo” inowanika kumunhu muduku ari wose uye kuti hapafaniri uye hakugoni kuva nomubvunzo wokuimba kwomudzidzi kana kuti kusiri kwenziyo. Mashoko pamusoro peM. pamusoro. muna Dr. Roma ishoma. T. nokuti Roma yakava zvematongerwe enyika. pakati muzana remakore rechipiri. BC. e., panguva yekubudirira kwechiGiriki. budiriro, tevere mumhanzi weRoma. tsika uye, sezviri pachena, Roman M. pamusoro. yakatanga pasi pepesvedzero inosanozivikanwa yechiGiriki. Mimhanzi, zvisinei, yave ichirangarirwa sesayenzi. chirango, kunze kwekubatana kwayo kwakananga nehupenyu, uye izvi zvaisagona asi kukanganisa kudzidza. Bhavhadhe rinofadza. kumativi, M. pamusoro.

Rutivi rwetsika rwedzidzo yemimhanzi, rwakanga rwuri pamberi pevaGiriki vekare, rwakagamuchira kushomeka kwakanyanya panguva yehushe hweRoma.

Mumakore ekutanga uye classical medieval mimhanzi. tsika dzakagadzirwa nenhamba dzakamira pamatanho akasiyana ehutongi hwemagariro: vaimbi-vanyori uye vaimbi-varapi (cantors nevaridzi vezviridzwa, kunyanya vaimbi) vanobatanidzwa nechechi uye mimhanzi yechitendero, trouvers, troubadours uye minnesingers, adv. vaimbi, bards-vatauri, makomo. mhepo zviridzwa, vagants uye goliards, spielman uye minstrels, nezvimwe. Aya akasiyana, kazhinji anopikisa, mapoka evaimbi vane hunyanzvi (pamwe nevaimbi vane mukurumbira, maererano nemitambo yavo. kugadzirira, dzimwe nguva kwete pasi kune nyanzvi) ruzivo uye unyanzvi nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana: vamwe - mukuimba. zvikoro (chap. arr. kumamongi nemacathedrals), uye kutanga kubva muzana ramakore rechi 13. uye mumabhoti emvere dzepamusoro, vamwe - mumamiriro emuses. kudzidziswa kwechitoro uye mukuita zvakananga. kutapurirana tsika kubva kuna tenzi kuenda kuvadzidzi. Mudzimba dzemamongi, idzo mukuvamba kweMiddle Ages dzakanga dziri nzvimbo dzedzidzo yechiGiriki nechiRoma, vakafunda, pamwe chete nechiGiriki. uye lat. mitauro uye arithmetic, mimhanzi. Monastic, uye neimwe nguva gare gare, kathedral choristers. zvikoro ndivo vainyanya kukoshesa Prof. M. o., uye mazhinji eminyuziyamu akakurumbira akabuda mumadziro ezvikoro izvi. nhamba dzenguva iyoyo. Mumwe wevaimbi vakanyanya kukosha. zvikoro zvaive "Schola Cantorum" mudare rapapa muRome (nheyo approx. 600, yakarongwazve muna 1484), iyo yakashanda semuenzaniso we accounting. zvivako zvakafanana. nyora mumaguta eZap. Europe (vazhinji vavo vakasvika padanho repamusoro, kunyanya zvikoro zviri muSoissons neMetz). Nzira dzekudzidzisa dzekwaya. kuimba kwaitsamira pakuyereswa kwenziyo nenzeve. Mudzidzisi akashandisa nzira dze cheironomy: kufamba kwezwi kumusoro uye pasi kwakaratidzwa nemamiriro ekufambisa kwemaoko neminwe. Kugona ruzivo rwe theoretical yaivepo yakakosha. tatu. manyoro akanyorwa nemaoko, kazhinji ari muchimiro chenhaurirano pakati pemudzidzisi nemudzidzi (semuenzaniso, bhuku. "Dialogue de musica" - "Nhaurirano pamusoro pemimhanzi", inonzi naO. von Saint-Maur); vaiwanzodzidzwa nomusoro. Kuti zvive pachena, nhamba nematafura zvakashandiswa. Sekare, monochord yaishanda kutsanangura nguva dzemanzwi. Nzira dzemimhanzi. dzidzo yakava nedzimwe shanduko mushure mekuvandudzwa kwaGuido d'Arezzo (zana remakore rechi11), iro rakaumba hwaro hwemazuva ano. kunyora kwemimhanzi; akasuma danda rine mitsetse mina, mabhii ekiyi, pamwe chete nemazita ezvinyorwa. nhanho dzenhanho nhanho nhanhatu. Kubva kuma10 c. zvikoro zvemamongi zvinotarisisa ch. arr. mukuita tsika yokuimba uye kurasikirwa nokufarira mumhanzi nesayenzi. dzidzo. Kunyange zvazvo vachiramba vakabata nzvimbo inotungamira muchechi yemimhanzi kwemakore akawanda ari kuuya. kujekeswa, zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga mumunda wekusimudzira muses. tsika, kunyanya o., anoenda kuzvikoro zvecathedral. Pano, tsika inoramba ichiwedzera (kunyanya muzana remakore rechi12) inotsanangurwa kubatanidza mimhanzi-theoretical. dzidzo nekudzidzira, kuita uye kuumba. Imwe yeanotungamira vadzidzisi masangano erudzi urwu yaive chikoro paCathedral yeNotre Dame (Paris), iyo yakashanda senge prototype yeramangwana metris. Mubhiza. 12 in. muParis, "yunivhesiti yemubatanidzwa" yevatenzi nevadzidzi yakasimuka, iyo yakateya nheyo yeYunivhesiti yeParis (main. 1215). Mariri, pachikoro cheunyanzvi, pamwe chete nekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi yechechi. hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwakadzidzwa mukati mehurongwa hwe "manomwe emahara emahara" uye mimhanzi. Mukuwirirana nemirangariro yaizivikanwa zvikuru mumakore iwayo muEurope, ngwariro huru yakabhadharwa kusayenzi nedzidziso. divi, rinorangarirwa mumweya wedzidziso youmwari, abstract rationalism. Panguva imwecheteyo, nhengo dzesangano reyunivhesiti, dzimwe nguva dzisiri vaimbi vezvidzidzo chete, asiwo vashandi (vaimbi nevaimbi), vakanga vari pedyo nemimhanzi yemazuva ose. Izvi zvakakanganisawo mimhanzi. kudzidza. Mumazana emakore 12-14. bhutsu refu refu, umo mimhanzi yakadzidzwa. sainzi, akamuka mune mamwe maguta Western Europe: muna Cambridge (1129), Oxford (1163), Prague (1348), Krakow (1364), Vienna (1365), Heidelberg (1386). Mune mamwe acho, mumhanzi-theoretical. bvunzo dzaidiwa pamadhigirii ebhachura neatenzi. Mudzidzisi mukuru weyunivhesiti-muimbi wenguva ino aive I. Muris, ruzivo rwemabasa ayo kwemakore akawanda aionekwa seanofanira kuEurope. un-tah KweMiddle Ages. M. pamusoro. waivewo hunhu: yakakomba, kwete zvechinyakare, mimhanzi. kudzidziswa, uko kwaiwanzogamuchira pwere dzakangwara, muzvikoro zvemamongi neKatorike. temberi, pamatare, pamwe chete mukuita kwekuzivana panguva yekufamba uye mishandirapamwe nemitambo yekunze. tsika; kudzidziswa kunoshanda kwevaridzi vezviridzwa (ch. arr. mahwamanda, trombonists uye violists) pasi pemamiriro akange atanga nezana ramakore rechi 13. makambani evaimbi, uko chimiro uye nguva yebasa nevatambi venguva yemberi zvakatemwa nemitemo yakakosha yewekishopu yakagadzirwa kwemakumi emakore; kudzidziswa kwevanyanzvi vaimbi varidzi vezviridzwa uye macathedral organists (nzira dzekupedzisira dzakagadzirwa muzana remakore rechi15.

MuRenaissance, inotungamira muses. nhamba dzinopikisa dzidzo mudzidziso yemimhanzi uye munziyo. kudzidza, ona zvinoreva zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi mukuita. kugadzira mimhanzi (mukunyora mimhanzi uye kuita), edza kuwiriranisa dzidziso uye kudzidzira mukufananidzwa kwemuses. ruzivo uye kuwaniswa kwehunyanzvi, ivo vari kutsvaga mumimhanzi pachayo uye mumimhanzi. kudzidza kugona kusanganisa aesthetic. uye kutanga kwetsika (nheyo yakakweretwa kubva kune yekare aesthetics). Nezve iyi general mutsara wemuses. Pedagogy inoratidzirwawo nemaitiro anoshanda echiverengero cheuch. mabhuku akabudiswa mu con. 15 - kupemha. 16th mazana emakore (kuwedzera kune yakataurwa chibvumirano Pauman), - mabasa echiFrench. musayendisiti N. Vollik (pamwe chete nemudzidzisi wake M. Schanpecher), German - I. Kohleus, uyo akadzivisa nhamba yezvinyorwa, Swiss - G. Glarean, nezvimwewo.

Kubudirira kweM. pamusoro. Iyo sisitimu yechokwadi uye panguva imwechete inochinjika mimhanzi notation, iyo yakaumbwa muRenaissance, uye kutanga kwemimhanzi notation kwakabatsira kune izvi. Mumhanzi wakagadziridzwa. kunyora uye kudhindwa kudhindwa kwemimhanzi. marekodhi nemabhuku ane mienzaniso yemimhanzi akagadzira zvinodikanwa izvo zvaigonesa zvakanyanya muses. kudzidzisa uye kutapurirana mimhanzi. ruzivo kubva kuchizvarwa nechizvarwa. Kuedza kwemimhanzi. Dzidziso dzaive dzakanangana nekuumbwa kwerudzi rutsva rwemuimbi, zvishoma nezvishoma kuwana nzvimbo inotungamira mumimhanzi. tsika, - muimbi akadzidza anoshanda, akavandudza mukwaya kubva paudiki. kuimba, kutamba nhengo, nezvimwewo. ice zviridzwa (zvinoramba zvichiwedzera, kunyanya kubva muzana remakore rechi16, kukosha kwe instr. mimhanzi yakakanganisa kudzidza), mumimhanzi. dzidziso uye art-ve kugadzira mimhanzi uye to-ry gare gare yakaramba ichiita zvakasiyana-siyana zveprof. ice chiitiko. Narrow specialization mune zvemazuva ano. kunzwisisa, sekutonga, kwakanga kusiri: muimbi, zvinodikanwa, aifanira kukwanisa kubva kune rumwe rudzi rwebasa kuenda kune rimwe, uye unyanzvi hwekugadzira mimhanzi nekuvandudza mumakore apo kuumba kwakanga kusina kuzvimiririra. basa, munhu wese anogamuchira M. pamusoro. Kuumbwa kwerudzi rutsva rwemuimbi wechimiro chakafara kwakatungamira mukubuda kwezvikoro zvemimhanzi. unyanzvi, panguva imwe chete izvi zvikoro pachazvo zvaitungamirira nenzira. vanhu veaizi vakabatsira pakuumbwa kwevaimbi vane hunyanzvi. Izvi zvikoro zvega, zvakaitirwa munguva dzakasiyana dzenhoroondo uye munyika dzakasiyana zvakasiyana. mafomu ehurongwa, anowanzo kugadzirwa munzvimbo huru, uko kwaive nemamiriro ekudzidziswa uye anoshanda. mabasa evaimbi vechidiki. Mune zvimwe zvikoro, simbiso yakanga iri paenisaikoropidhiya. mumhanzi theorist dzidzo uye kunyora tsika, mune vamwe (kunyanya muzana remakore rechi18) - pamusoro kuita unyanzvi (pakati vocalists, somuenzaniso, uye paumbwe virtuoso unyanzvi). Pakati pevaimbi vane mukurumbira vakavamba zvikoro izvi pane akati wandei mazita kubva kuna G. Dufai, X. Isaka, Orlando Lasso, A. Willart uye J. Tsarlino (15th-16th century) kuna J. B. Martini, F. E. Bha, N. Porpora uye J. Tartini (zana remakore rechi18). Zvikoro zvemimhanzi. hunyanzvi hwakagadzirwa muhukama hwepedyo neimwe kana imwe nyika. ice tsika, zvisinei, kukanganisa kwenyika idzi. zvikoro zvemimhanzi pedagogy Dr. nyika dzakakosha zvikuru. Kazhinji kazhinji kuita, semuenzaniso, niderl. vadzidzisi vakaenderera mberi muGermany, German - muFrance, neFrench., Niderl. kana kuti. vaimbi vechidiki vakapedza M. pamusoro. muItaly kana Switzerland, nezvimwewo. pamusoro. kubudirira kwezvikoro zvega kwakava pan-European. commons. Mumhanzi sangano. kudzidza kwakaitika nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Imwe yeakanyanya kukosha (kunyanya muFrance neNetherlands) ndeye metriza. Muchikoro ichi chemuimbi pasi pematemberi echiKatorike zvakarongeka. kudzidzisa vakomana mimhanzi (kuimba, kutamba nhengo, dzidziso) uye panguva imwe chete. zvidzidzo zvedzidzo yaiitwa kubva paudiki. Zvinoreva huwandu hwevakuru vepolyphonic masters e15th-17th mazana emakore. akagamuchira M. pamusoro. mu metriza, yaivepo kusvika kuGreat French. revolution (muFrance chete yaive panguva iyoyo approx. 400 metres). Zvikoro zvakafanana mumhando zvaivepowo mune dzimwe nyika (somuenzaniso, chikoro cheSeville Cathedral). MuItaly, kubva kumisha yenherera (conservatorio), uko vakomana vane zvipo zvemimhanzi (Naples) nevasikana (Venice) vakatorwa, muzana remakore rechi16. paiva nechando chakakosha chetatu. zvivako (ona Conservatory). Mukuwedzera kumisha yenherera “ine rusaruro rwenziyo” muItaly, mamwe akasikwa. zvikoro zvemimhanzi. Vanatenzi vakatanhamara vakadzidzisa mune mamwe maconservatories uye zvikoro (A. Scarlatti, A. Vivaldi nevamwe). Ku18 in. Mbiri yose yeEurope yakanakidzwa nePhilharmonic Academy muBologna (ona. Bologna Philharmonic Academy), nhengo uye mutungamiri chaiye wechikwata ichi aive J. B. Martini. Mumhanzi. kudzidziswa kwakaenderera mberi muhombodo dzemvere dzepamusoro; Zvisinei, munyika dzakasiyana zvakaitwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Chimiro chakajairwa hunhu: dzidziso yemimhanzi muzana remakore rechi15-16. zvishoma nezvishoma kusunungurwa kubva kuchikoro, uye mimhanzi inotanga kudzidzwa kwete chete sesayenzi, asiwo seunyanzvi. Saka, mudzidzisi weyunivhesiti G. Muhurukuro dzake uye zvinyorwa, Glare-an aifunga mimhanzi zvese sesainzi uye sehunyanzvi. tsika Muzana remakore rechi17, apo kudzidza mimhanzi. dzidziso dzakawanda dzeEurope. mabhoti emvere dzepamusoro aiwanzodzikira (kufarira mumhanzi nesainzi. dzidziso dzakatanga kumuka kusvika pakati chete. 18th century), muEngland tsika dzechinyakare mumhanzi-dzidziso. kudzidza kwakachengetedzwa. Nekudaro, basa rekuridza mimhanzi mumatenderedzwa evanhu uye neChirungu. Yadhi yacho yaive yakakosha, saka mayunivhesiti eOxford neCambridge akatsvaga kugadzirira nyanzvi uye maAmateurs avo vaisangoziva dzidziso yemimhanzi chete, asiwo vaive nehunyanzvi hunoshanda. unyanzvi (pamwe nekuimba, vadzidzi vakadzidza kuridza lute, viol uye virginal). Mune mamwe maguta eGermany, mimhanzi. kudzidziswa kubva kuyunivhesiti "artistic. f-tov ”akatamira kune akazvimirira boarding corporation akarongwa mukati mehunyanzvi. Saka, muCologne pakutanga. 16 in. kwaiva nemasangano mana akadaro, akasununguka kubva kune rimwe nerimwe, asi achishuma kumutungamiriri mumwe. Mumhanzi. kudzidziswa kwakarongwawo mumachapel (kumatare enyika kana emweya), uko adv. Kapellmeister - kazhinji muimbi ane mvumo - akadzidzisa mimhanzi kune vechidiki varidzi vezviridzwa, vatori vechikamu mudare. ensembles, pamwe chete nevana vanobva kumhuri dzinokudzwa. Kuwana general, uye dzimwe nguva yakakosha. M. pamusoro. zvakabatsirawo kune mamwe masangano asina kutevera uch. zvinangwa, semuenzaniso. Nharaunda dzechiGerman dzevasahwira dzevatenzi vekuimba (meistersingers), nhengo dzayo, vachiteerera tsika dzakanyatsodzorwa. mitemo uye kupa pamusoro pemakore akati wandei akakosha. miedzo, zvishoma nezvishoma akakwira "manera emazita" kubva ku "muimbi" kuenda ku "munyori wemazwi" uye, pakupedzisira, ku "tenzi". Rudzi rwakasiyana zvishoma rwemimhanzi. “hama” ( sing. uye instr.) zvaiwanikwawo mune mamwe. Europ. nyika. General M. o., to-roe kutanga kubva munenge muzana remakore rechi16. zvakanyanya kuparadzaniswa kubva kune yakakosha, yakaitwa mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvikoro zvesekondari Ch. arr. vafundisi vanotungamirira chechi yechikoro. mimhanzi. Ku17 in. munyika dzePurotesitendi (M. Luther nevamwe vamiririri veChinjo vakabatanidza tsika huru. zvinoreva kune yakafara M. o.) cantor, kunze kwekudzidzisa zvidzidzo zvekuchikoro, vaidzidzisawo kuimba uye vaitungamirira kwaya yechikoro, iyo yakaita mabasa akati wandei muchechi. uye makomo. Upenyu. Mune zvimwe zvikoro, cantors zvakare akatungamira instr. makirasi, achipa mukana wokuridza mimhanzi yevana nevechiri kuyaruka avo, nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe kana chimwe, vasingagoni kuimba. Nekudaro, sekutonga, nzira yekuenda kuchiridzwa yakabva yapfuura nekuimba. Nezvekutarisisa kwakanyanya kusayenzi yechisikigo uye masvomhu, pamwe nepesvedzero yerationalism, nezvimwe. zvinhu muzana remakore rechi18. zvinoreva uye ruzha rwemimhanzi. makirasi mune lat. zvikoro zvadzikira (kunze kwezvishoma, semuThomasschule muLeipzig). Kana macantors mumakore apfuura vakadzidziswa kuyunivhesiti, vaive neruzivo rwakakura mumunda wevanhu uye kazhinji vaive nezita reBachelor kana master, ipapo mu2nd jol. 18 in. vakashandura kuva vadzidzisi vemimhanzi yechikoro, vane dzidzo yakaganhurirwa kuseminari yavadzidzisi. Pamumhanzi. dzidzo yakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nevanofunga vakatanhamara - Czech J. A. Comenius (zana ramakore rechi 17) uye murume wokuFrance J. G. Rousseau (zana remakore rechi18). Uch. mabhuku ezvinyorwa, akabudiswa mumazana emakore 16-18, airatidza mamiriro akaita mamuseum. pedagogy, yakabatsira mukusimudzira ruzhinji uye yakakosha. M. pamusoro. uye zvakabatsira kuti vaimbi veimwe nyika vazivane nezvakabudirira munziyo uye pakudzidzisa zveimwe. Zvibvumirano zvezana ramakore rechi 16 nerechi 17 (Thomas weSan ta Maria, 1565; J. Diruta, awa 1, 1593, nechiverengero chakati chokudhindwazve kwakatevera, maawa maviri, 2; Spiridion, 1609) yakatsaurirwa. c. arr. kuridza zviridzwa zvekeyboard uye dzidziso yekuumbwa kwemimhanzi. Zvinoreva nhamba yezvinonyanya kufadza uye zvakashingirira muyedzo wenguva uch. zvinyorwa, sekunge kupfupisa uye kubatanidza zvakabudirira zve instr., wok. uye mimhanzi-inoretical. dzidzo, yakabudiswa muzana remakore rechi18: bhuku raI. Mattheson "The Perfect Kapellmeister" ("Der vollkommene Capelmeister ...", 1739), achifukidza mimhanzi. tsika yenguva yake, uch. zvinyorwa pane general bass uye dzidziso yekuumbwa naF. AT. Marpurga – “Treatise on Fugue” (“Abhandlung von der Fuge”, TI 1-2, 1753-1754); "Nhungamiro kune general bass uye kuumbwa" ("Handbuch bey dem Generalbasse und Composition", Tl 1-3, 1755-58), inoshanda naI. Й. Fuchs "Step to Parnassus" ("Gradus ad Parnassum ...", 1725, mune lat. lang., yakazobudiswa muchiGerman, chiItalian, chiFrench. uye Shona. lang.) uye J. B. Martini "Muenzaniso kana ruzivo runoshanda rwekupikisa" ("Esemplare o sia saggio fondamentale pratico di contrappunto ...", p. 1-2, 1774-75); zvitupa uye zvikoro, umo DOS. pfungwa inobhadharwa pakudzidza kuridza mimhanzi. zvishandiso, M. Saint-Lambert "Kuita pane harpsichord" ("Principes de Clavecin", 1702), P. Couperin "Unyanzvi hwekuridza Harpsichord" ("L'art de toucher le Clavecin", 1717), P. E. Bach "Chiitiko Munzira Yakarurama Yekutamba Clavier" ("Versuch über die wahre Art, das Ciavier zu spielen", Tl 1-2, 1753-62), I. Uye. Quantz "Chiitiko mukutarisira kuridza nyere inochinjika" ("Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversiere zu spielen", 1752, ine zvinyorwa zvakazotevera. muchiGerman, chiFrench uye zvimwe yaz.), L. Mozart's "Zvakaitika paChikoro Chakasimba cheViolin" ("Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule", 1756, nezvinyorwa zvekare zvakazotevera); wok basa. pedagogy P. F. Tosi “Hurukuro dzevaimbi vekare nevatsva” (“Opinioni de'cantori antichi e moderni”, 1723, yakaturikirwa nekuwedzera pairi. yaz. Uye. F. Agricola, 1757, pamwe chete nevamwe. Europ. nyora.). Ku18 in. bhuku guru remimhanzi rakagadzirwa, umo vanyori vakagadzira nemaune mabasa ekudzidzisa uye ekudzidzisa - kubva kuzvikoro zvepakutanga zveviolin, cello, viola, rudimbwa, nyere, bassoon, oboe, clavier uye kuimba M. Correta (1730-82) kumabasa ounyanzvi akadai se“Essercizi” (inozivikanwa sesonatas) naD. Scarlatti, zvigadzirwa uye symphonies I.

Great French. Chimurenga ichi chakaratidza shanduko munhoroondo yetsika dzemimhanzi uye, kunyanya, muM. pamusoro. Kusikwa kweParis Conservatory kwakabatana zvakananga nechiitiko ichi. Approx. 18 in. M. pamusoro. inoumbwa pasi pesimba rezvinhu zvitsva uye inopinda zvisikwa. kuchinja, kunyange zvazvo mamwe magamuchidzanwa ekare edzidziso nemitoo yokudzidzisa zvichiramba zvisingachinji kwemakumi emakore. Democratization yemimhanzi-theatre. uye conc. hupenyu, kubuda kwemitambo mitsva yeopera, kusikwa kweorchestra itsva. collectives, flourshing instr. mimhanzi uye hunhu hwakanaka, kusimukira kwakakura kwekugadzira mimhanzi yepamba uye marudzi ese evaimbi. nzanga, kunyanya kunetseka mudhipatimendi. nyika pamusoro pekudzidzisa mimhanzi muchikoro chesekondari - zvese izvi zvaida mimwe misisi. nhamba (vatambi nevadzidzisi), pamwe nekutarisa pakuvandudza mune imwe nhete nyanzvi. Chakanyanya kukosha muhunyanzvi uhu ndechekuti kudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita semuturikiri uye virtuoso, pamwe neamateur, kwakapatsanurwa kubva pakudzidziswa kwekunyora nekuvandudza, uye kudzidziswa kwemuimbi wetioretical, kunyangwe kune zvishoma. mwero, wakaparadzaniswa nokudzidziswa kwomunyori. Nyanzvi mumunda weimwe mhando kana imwe ichaita. art-va, pamwe chete nezvinodiwa zvekunaka kubva kune muturikiri, to-rye yakaratidza muses. zvinyorwa, zvakakonzera kuumbwa kwemhando itsva yeakaunti. mvumo - zvikeche zvakanangwa Ch. arr. yekuvandudza instr. tekinoroji (mifananidzo yakaitwa naM. Clementi, I. Cramer, K. Cherny nevamwe. zve fp.; R. Kreuzer, J. Mazasa, Sh. Berio nevamwe. yeviolin, nezvimwewo). Dzidzo yemimhanzi yakakanganiswawo nekuwedzera-kuwedzera uye nehunhu hwakashandurwa mukuenzanisa nezana ramakore re18. basa rezvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvedzidzo - zvakavanzika, guta uye nyika. Kutevera iyo yeParis, imwe mushure meimwe, maconservatories kana zvimwewo zvinovhurwa. masangano (academies, zvikoro zvepamusoro zvemimhanzi, makoreji) mu pl. nyika dzeEurope. Izvi uch. masangano akanga akasiyana zvakanyanya kwete chete maererano nezvidzidzo zvekudzidzisa. kuumbwa, asiwo maererano nemabasa akaiswa pamberi pavo. Vazhinji vavo vakadzidzisa nyanzvi nevasina kudzidza, vana, pwere nevakuru, vadzidzi vemazinga akasiyana ebudiriro nekudzidziswa. Chainyanya kutariswa neakawanda emaconservatories kwaive kuita. art-in, mune vamwe-ryh vadzidzisi vakadzidziswawo zvikoro uye miziyamu. kurerwa kwemhuri. Ku19 in. hem. maconservatories, kunze kweParisian, haana kutamba chero zvakakosha. basa mudzidzo yevanyori. Mitoo yekudzidzisa vaimbi paimba yemitambo yakanga yakasiyana. Saka, muFrance, kusiyana nedzimwe nyika, kubva pakutanga 19 mukati. hwaro hwekuumbwa kwevaimbi vehunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana (pamatanho ese ekudzidziswa) yaive kosi ye solfeggio uye dhizaini yemimhanzi. Nzvimbo yakakosha munyika iyi yakagarwa nemakwikwi ebvunzo system. Muchikamu chechipiri. 19 in. mumapepanhau kwevakawanda Kwemakore, kwave kune kukakavara pakati pevatsigiri vezvidzidzo zvekuchengetedza nevashori vavo, avo vakasarudza dzidzo yevaimbi kunze kwedzidzo. zvivako. Vatsoropodzi veinochengetedza dzidzo system (pakati pavo paiva naR. Wagner) aidavira kuti kudzidziswa kwakawanda kwevaimbi vane hunyanzvi kunotadzisa kuumbwa kwehunyanzvi. hunhu hwevane zvipo zvakanyanya. Vadziviriri veconservatories (mukutanga 20 mukati. nharo dzavo dzakapfupikiswa naG. Krechmar), achibvumirana nehuwandu hwemashoko ega evapikisi vake (uyo akanyora nezve yepamutemo-yechikoro kudzidza yemimhanzi-theoretical. chirango uye kupatsanurwa kwavo kubva pakuita, kutetepa uye kudivi rimwe repertoire iri kudzidzwa, kurasikirwa mune zvimwe zviitiko nevanhu vane zvipo zvesimba uye nguva panguva yekudzidziswa kwakabatana nevadzidzi vepakati), panguva imwechete yakanongedzera kune yakasarudzika. zvakanakira kudzidzisa vaimbi mumunda wekudzidzisa. masangano: 1) mukana wekubatanidza makirasi muhunyanzvi nekudzidza kwekuwedzera. ice disciplines (solfeggio, kuwirirana, kuongororwa kwemafomu, nhoroondo yemimhanzi, inosungirwa kune vese FP. etc.) uye zvinoshanda. kuridza mimhanzi mu orchestra, ensemble, kwaya, uye dzimwe nguva opera; 2) basa rinokurudzira remienzaniso yakajeka uye kukwikwidza mukuita kudzidza muchikwata; 3) kuwanikwa kukuru kweM. pamusoro. kuvanhu vakati wandei. Sekare, mukugadzirwa kweM. pamusoro. Basa rakanyanya kukosha rakaitwa nezvikoro zvehunyanzvi zvinotungamirwa nevadzidzisi vakuru kana vaimbi vekugadzira (zvisinei nekuti zvikoro izvi zvakagadzirwa muzvikoro kana kunze). Pianistic inogona kusiyaniswa (semuenzaniso, M. Klementi, K. Cherny, F. Chopin, F. List, A. F. Marmontel, L. Diemera, T. Leshetitsky, L. Godovsky nevamwe), violin (somuenzaniso, A. Viotana, Y. Joachim, R. Kreutzer), conductors (R. Wagner, G. Malera) nevamwe. zvikoro. Ku19 in. Mayunivhesiti akagadzira maviri akati siyanei masisitimu eM. o., mumashoko anokosha akachengetedzwa muzana remakore rechi20. Mune dzimwe nyika (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, nezvimwewo), bhutsu dzemvere dzepamusoro dzakava nzvimbo dzemimhanzi-dzidziso. dzidzo; Kugadzira mimhanzi inoshanda (yemudzidzi) kwaya, orchestra, ensembles) yaive yemhando yeamateur pano, dzimwe nguva, zvakadaro, ichikwira kusvika padanho repamusoro. Kupfupisa hurukuro pamusoro peM. pamusoro. mune bhutsu refu refu, G. Krechmar muna 1903 akanyora kuti kudzidza pane zvisiri izvo zvinoshanda. chirango chingave chisina musoro sekudzidzisa girama rekutanga uye kudhirowa kuyunivhesiti, uye kuti vanonyorera kuyunivhesiti vanofanirwa kunge vari vaimbi vakanyatsodzidziswa uye vangopasa zvakakosha zvemimhanzi pano. uye general esthetician. kuranga. Mune dzimwe nyika (kutanga muGreat Britain, ipapo muU.SA, nezvimwewo), uko kudzidziswa kwevanyanzvi vemimhanzi kwakaitikawo mumabhoti akakwirira, vadzidzi pamwe chete nenyanzvi dzemimhanzi. kudzidzisa mimhanzi ine hunyanzvi.

Munyika dzemazuva ano capitalist uye nyika dzichiri kusimukira, hurongwa hweM. nezve., huzhinji uye hunokosha, hwakasiyana kwazvo. Munyika zhinji, mashoma mashoma emimhanzi uch. masangano anopihwa mari nehurumende, nepo mazhinji acho achifambiswa nevanhu vakazvimirira uye nzanga. masangano; zvinoreva. nhamba yezvikoro zvemuses hazvina chimiro chakajeka, uye vanowanzoitisa makirasi nenyanzvi uye maamateurs, nevana nevakuru; mari yechikoro mupl. uch. masangano akakwira, uye chete mari yekufunda yakazvimirira inoita kuti zvikwanise kugamuchira M. o. vadzidzi vane zvipo kubva kumhuri dzine mari shoma.

MuUK, makirasi emimhanzi mune zvakajairika dzidzo. zvikoro zvematanho maviri ekutanga (mucheche- uye junior-chikoro) akaiswa Ch. arr. pakuimba. Panguva imwecheteyo, kukura kwekunzwa kunowanzoenderana ne "tonic-sol-fa" nzira yaJ. Curwen. Makwaya ezvikoro zveUnited anowanzo kuita rwiyo rwakaoma - kubva kumabasa naPalestrina kuenda kuOp. R. Vaughan Williams. Muma1970 pachirongwa chemhuri yeDolmech, iyo yakasimudzira block-fly uye yakaronga kugadzirwa kwavo muGreat Britain, uyezve mune dzimwe nyika dzeWestern Europe. nyika; chiridzwa ichi pamwe chete ne percussion melodic. zviridzwa (dzimbahwe reK. Orff) akatora nzvimbo inokosha mumimhanzi yechikoro. kudzidza. Vadzidzi vezvinhanho zvakasiyana-siyana zvedzidzo. zvikoro (kusanganisira sekondari-chikoro) vanogona, kana vachida, kutora zvidzidzo zvepiyano kubva kuvadzidzisi vega. kana orc. zvishandiso. Maokestra echikoro uye ensembles anoumbwa nevadzidzi ava. Mumatunhu akati wandei mune land mises. zvikoro, mumaguta akawanda emimhanzi yepwere yakazvimirira. zvikoro (Junior Music-School). Vana vemarudzi akasiyana ezvikoro (pamwe chete nevadzidzisi vakazvimiririra) vane mukana wekuratidza misimboti yavo. hunyanzvi mumasangano akakosha (Generale Chitupa cheDzidzo, Associated Board yeRoyal Zvikoro zveMimhanzi, nezvimwewo). Pashure pacho, mubvunzo unosarudzwa kana kuenderera mberi nezvidzidzo zvavo mumimhanzi. zvikoro zvedanho repamusoro (makoreji emimhanzi, maconservatories, academies) kana mune bhutsu dzemvere dzepamusoro. Vaimbi vane mukurumbira Zvikoro zviri muLondon (King Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts, King College of Music, King College for Organist), Manchester (King Manchester College of Music) uye Glasgow (King Scottish Academy of Music). Mumaguta makuru uko kune mabhoti emvere dzepamusoro uye muses. makoreji, kazhinji chirongwa chakabatana chebasa ravo chinogadzirwa, chakanangana kwete chete nekudzidzisa nyanzvi dzemimhanzi, asiwo kudzidzira vaimbi, kusanganisira. vadzidzisi. MuItaly, general dzidzo. zvikoro zvinoteerera zvishoma kumimhanzi. Pano, kuwedzera kune yega uye chechi. zvikoro zvemimhanzi, kune nyika. makomo nemakomo. mimhanzi lyceums (zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa zvekupedzisira zvinosiyana zvishoma kubva kune zvekuchengetedza). Kuti vagamuchirwe kumiedzo yekupedzisira, vadzidzi veconservatories muaccount yese. kosi inofanira kupasa bvunzo dzepasi nepamusoro nhanho. Kune vanyori, vaimbi, pianist, violinists uye cellists uch. kosi yacho inotora makore gumi. PaConservatory "Santa Cecilia" (Roma), yevanyori nevaimbi vakapedza kudzidza kubva kune imwe yenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza, makosi akaiswa anopa mimhanzi yepamusoro. qualification. MuSiena, paAcademy yeChidzhana (inotungamirirwa nesangano rehurumende repasi rose) inobatwa, sevamwe vakawanda. kumusoro uch. masangano edzimwe nyika dzeEurope, masemina ezhizha ekuvandudza unyanzvi hwevaimbi (makirasi anotungamirirwa nevadzidzisi vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana).

MuFrance, kubvira 1946, mimhanzi yakatora nzvimbo iri kuwedzera muzvidzidzo. zvirongwa zvedzidzo. zvikoro. Kudzidzira kunoitwa maererano nehurumende imwe chete. chirongwa, umo kutariswa kwakawanda kunobhadharwa pakuvandudza kwekunzwa uye kugadzirwa kwezwi. Mumhanzi wehurumende uye wega. zvikoro, uyewo mune conservatories M. pamusoro. inogamuchirwa neamateurs uye nyanzvi; zvinoreva. vamwe vevadzidzi vana. Pamusoro peParis Conservatory, kune zvakare ane masimba akazvimirira edzidzo yepamusoro zvikoro muguta guru. masangano. Makurusa acho ndeaya: “Ecole de Músique de classical religios” (yakatangwa muna 1853 naL. Niedermeyer), “Schola Cantorum” (yakatangwa muna 1894 naA. Gilman naV. d’Andy), “Ecole Normale de Músique” (yakatangwa naL. Niedermeyer). muna 1919 A. Cortot naA. Manzho). Icho hunhu kuti muFrance, uko mune sangano rekudzidziswa mune yakakosha. mimhanzi Muzvikoro, hurongwa hwemakwikwi hunoita basa rinokosha; vadzidzisi vemimhanzi ye lyceums vanosarudzwawo pabvunzo yemakwikwi, iyo inosanganisira kutarisa mimhanzi. uye ruzivo rwekudzidzisa uye hunyanzvi hwemumiriri. Kudzidziswa kwevadzidzisi vemimhanzi yepamusoro-soro (yechikoro chesekondari) kunoitika muParis kuLyceum. J. La Fontaine, uko makosi anokosha emakore matatu.

MuGermany, hapana hutungamiriri hwepakati hwenyaya dzetsika, uye naizvozvo kuumbwa kwedzidzo muhurumende dzehurumende kune imwe nzira. Mudzidzo yeruzhinji dzidzo yemimhanzi inosungirwa muzvikoro. Choral, pamwe chete nevana uye bunks. zvikoro zvemimhanzi zvakaisa sechinangwa chavo chekupa general M. o. Mune zvimwe zvezvikoro izvi, kudzidza kuridza mimhanzi. zviridzwa maererano nepurogiramu inokosha inotanga pazera remakore 4. Kune vana vane zvipo pa dep. zvikoro zvedzidzo yeruzhinji zvakavhurirwa mimhanzi. makirasi, uye mune mamwe maguta akaiswa akakosha. zvikoro zvemimhanzi. Gor. uye zvikoro zvemimhanzi zvakazvimirira zvakabatana mumasangano eFRG. sangano - Union of German. zvikoro zvemimhanzi, to-ry kubvira 1969 zvakatanga kugadzira zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa kune ese muses. specialties. Mabasa aProf. dzidzo inosarudzwa neconservatories (semutemo, zvikoro zvedzidzo zvesekondari), zvikoro zvepamusoro zvemimhanzi. mhosva, mimhanzi. academies uye un-iwe (the main arr. musicologists kudzidza pano).

L. Barenboim

KuUSA mavambo M. anenge. yakabatana nekubuda kwezana ramakore rechi 18 zvikoro zvakawanda zvechanter zvakagadzirira kwaya. kuimba mumakereke nemuchinamato. misangano; vadzidzisi kazhinji vakanga vasiri vaimbi vane unyanzvi, asi vaprista vaishandisa ruzivo rwechiRungu. kuimba kwechechi. Muna 1721, mabhuku ekutanga ezvikoro zvakadaro akaoneka; vanyori vavo vaiva mupristi J. Tufts naT. Walter. nemabasa echitendero. nharaunda yeMoravian Brethren (kugarwa kweBethlehem, pedyo nePhiladelphia, 1741) inobatanidzwa nechiitiko chekutanga chenguva dzose M. o.

Kusvika pakutanga 19 mukati. tsika yezvidzidzo zvepachivande yakatanga kukura. Muna 1830's amer. mujekesi L. Mason akasimbirira pakuunzwa kwekusungirwa. zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi mukosi yechikoro. Kusavapo kwepamusoro muses. tatu. masangano uye kusakwanisa kuvandudza kumba kwakamanikidza vazhinji. anovava. vaimbi kuti vadzidze muEurope (ch. arr. muFrance neGermany). Gare gare muOberlin (Ohio) yakavambwa mus. koreji (1835), munzvimbo imwechete - iyo Conservatory (1865), muna 1857 - Mus. Academy muPhiladelphia, muna 1862 - mimhanzi. ft yeHarvard College, muna 1867 - New England. Conservatory muBoston, Mus. koreji muChicago uye Conservatory muCincinnati, muna 1868 - Peabody Institute muBaltimore, muna 1885 - Nat. Conservatory muNew York, muna 1886 - Amer. Conservatory muChicago, muna 1896 - mimhanzi. Faculty yeColumbia University. Mazhinji eaya masangano emuses akagadzirwa nemari yevatengi. Muna 1876, iyo National Music Teachers Association (MTNA). Kugadziriro yeM. pamusoro. pesvedzero yakasimba yakaitwa neveEurope yegamuchidzanwa. dzidzo system (iyo Paris Conservatory yakava prototype yeakawanda eUS conservatories, ac. manyoro ainyanya kushandiswa chiGerman). Vatorwa kubva kunyika dzeEurope mu con. 19 - kupemha. 20 cc yakapa kurudziro kubudiriro yeAmer. perform. zvikoro, kureva nokuti vazhinji vevaimbi vakanaka vakasvika vakatanga kudzidzisa. basa (I. Vengerova, I. Levin, E. Zimbalist nevamwe); maakaundi matsva akagadzirwa. masangano. Kunyanya kukosha kwaive kuita kweJuilliard Muses. zvikoro muNew York muna 1926), Eastman School of Music muRochester (1921), Curtis Institute muPhiladelphia (1924), San Francisco Conservatory. Muses akatanga kuwedzera kukosha. f-iwe pamakumbo emvere dzepamusoro. Muma1930 maererano nokupararira kwechiFascism munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope, vakawanda vakatamira kuUnited States. vaimbi vakatanhamara vakabata mabasa avo neAmer. un-tami (P. Hindemith - neYale University, A. Schoenberg - neCalifornia muLos Angeles, P. G. Lang - neColumbia, nezvimwewo). Kana bhutsu dzakakwirira dzehure muU.SA dzaive shoma pakudzidziswa kwevadzidzisi (vatambi nevanyori vaiwanzogamuchira dzidzo yezvekuchengetedza), nekufamba kwenguva vakatanga kudzidzisa vashandi vekugadzira, pamwe nenyanzvi dzemimhanzi kuita tsvakiridzo yemimhanzi. Maitiro matsva akagadzirwa mumayunivhesiti eSouth. California neIndiana, uye muma1950 nema60s. zvave zvinowanzoitika kumayunivhesiti mazhinji eUS. Muma50 akatanga kunzwa kuperevedza kukuru kwevadzidzisi. mafuremu. Pakurudziro yecom. N. Dello Gioio Ford Foundation yakagadzira Chirongwa chemazuva ano. mimhanzi, maererano naKrom, vanyori vechidiki vaifanira kutungamira maitiro eM. pamusoro. muzvikoro, izvo zvaizoita kuti kudzidza kuve nekugadzira. muzvarirwo. Mumakore 60-70. musimboti wekuyedza mumhanzi wekutamba. tatu. process yakava yakasiyana. chimiro cheAmeri. M. pamusoro. Inosanganisira kushandiswa kweZ. Kodaya, K. Orfa, T. Suzuki, pamwe nezviitiko nemakomputa uye zvinonzwika synthesizer, kusikwa kwepamusoro kudzidzisa jazz. zvivako (Boston, nezvimwewo). Mune 70-ies. mumhanzi wechikoro chekireshi uye junior. dzidzo muUnited States inobva pakushandiswa kwemusimboti wekudzidza-mutambo, unosanganisira kuimba, mutinhimira. maekisesaizi, kujairana nemimhanzi notation, kuteerera mimhanzi. Muchikoro chesekondari (koreji) makirasi emimhanzi anowanzo sanganisira kuridza zviridzwa; common choir. ensembles, mhepo uye jazz mapoka, symphony. orchestras. Mn. Mayunivhesiti anokwezva vatambi vane hunyanzvi kuti vashande. ensembles, pamwe nevanyori pasi pechibvumirano chegore rimwe kana kupfuura. tatu.

MuCanada, M. o. ane zvakawanda zvakafanana neM. o. muU.SA. Pakati pemimhanzi yakakosha uch. masangano makurusa iAcademy of Music muQuebec (yakavambwa muna 1868), Canadian Conservatory muToronto (1870), iyo Conservatory muMontreal (1876), Toronto (1886), uye Halifax (1887). Vadzidzisi vakanyanya kukoshesa mimhanzi. mabhoti emvere dzepamusoro dzeToronto, Montreal, nezvimwewo. Mazhinji emabhoti emvere dzepamusoro ane kwaya. uye chamber ensembles, uye vamwe - symphonic. orchestras.

MuAustralia, zvikoro zvemimhanzi zvemhando yakapusa zvakagadzirwa muhafu yekutanga. 1th century Gare gare kwakava nemamuses. koreji muAdelaide (hwaro muna 19; yakashandurwa kuita yekuchengetedza), mimhanzi. chikoro chiri muMelbourne (gare gare N. Melba Conservatory), nzvimbo yokuchengeta tsika muSydney (yakatangwa muna 1883), muNew South. Wells nevamwe. Pakutanga. Mimhanzi yezana remakore rechi1914 yakagadzirwa. f-iwe mune bhutsu refu refu dzeMelbourne, Sydney, Adelaide. Kubva ku con. 20s muzvirongwa zveakaundi zvakatanga kuunzwa zvazvino. mimhanzi, nheyo itsva uye nzira dzekudzidzisa dzakatanga kushandiswa. Basa rinotungamira mubato iri ndereCanberra Muses. chikoro, chikuru muna 1960, maererano nerudzi rweAmer. Chikoro cheJuilliard. Vadzidzi vezhizha vakatanga kushanda. misasa (kubvira pakati pema1965; Melbourne, Adelaide), umo makirasi enziyo aiitwa, makonzati aiitwa, uye misangano nevaimbi vane mukurumbira yakaitwa. Chiitiko cheAustralia Muses chakakosha zvikuru. komisheni yebvunzo inoitisa bvunzo dzepagore pane theoretical. zvidzidzo uye zviridzwa kuitira kusimudzira misisi yose. level. Muna 1960, Sangano reMoscow Regions rakagadzirwa.

Munyika dzeLat. America M.O. yakagadziridzwa nenzira imwecheteyo: kubva kune yakavanzika maitiro uye echinyakare miziyamu. zvikoro kusangano remimhanzi. makoreji, maconservatories uye muses. f-tov pamabhoti emvere dzepamusoro, uye pakutanga European yakakopwa. system uye chete muma1950s. akatanga kubuda mafomu enyika. Vaimbi venyika dzeLat. Vanhu vekuAmerica vakambodzidza kuEurope nekuUnited States vari kuramba vachisarudza kudzidza munyika yavo. Nyika dzinotungamira mumunda wekutaura M. nezve. — Argentina, Brazil, Mexico.

MuArgentina, yekutanga mimhanzi uch. institution (Academy of Music) yakavhurwa muna 1822 muBuenos Aires, padanho reComp. A. Williams, nzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu yakagadzirwa pano (1893, gare gare yakatumidzwawo zita raA. Williams). Gare gare muBuenos Aires - mimhanzi. pakati peLat. America, mamwe maviri maconservatories akavambwa - iyo National yakatumidzwa zita reCL Buchardo (1924) uye Municipal yakatumidzwa zita reM. de Falla. Yese R. 60-70s mimhanzi yakasimuka. uch. masangano muCordoba (boka rekuyedza reSchool of Fine Arts, 1966), Higher School of Music muMendoza, mimhanzi. f-iwe kuKatorike. mayunivhesiti muBuenos Aires uye mayunivhesiti eLa Plata, Yepamusoro Mimhanzi. in-t paYunivhesiti yeLitoral muRosario nevamwe. Chiitiko chakakosha chaive kusikwa kweLat.-Amer. pakati pemimhanzi yepamusoro. inotsvakurudza paYing-avo T. Di Tellya (1965). Basa reArgent rinokosha zvikuru. Sosaiti yeMumhanzi vadzidzisi (yakavambwa muna 1964).

MuBrazil, yekutanga mimhanzi uch. sangano – Mambo. Conservatory muRio de Janeiro (1841, kubvira 1937 - National School of Music). Mupiro mukuru kubudiriro yeM. pamusoro. akasuma Komi. E. Vila Lobos, uyo akatanga nheyo dzinoverengeka. zvikoro, pamwe neNational choir Conservatory. kuimba (1942, kunyanya nokuda kwezvinangwa zvekudzidzisa), ipapo Vraz. music academy. OL Fernandis (1945, Rio de Janeiro). Kumumhanzi wakakosha uch. Masangano eBrazil anewo Braz. iyo Conservatory yeRio de Janeiro (yakavambwa muna 1940), iyo Conservatory yeDrama neMumhanzi muSao Paulo (yakavambwa muna 1909). Mumakore ekuma1960 kwaive nemaitiro matsva ekuedza kweM. nezve.: Svobodny mus. seminar paYunivhesiti yeBahia, Kosi dzeZhizha muTeresopolis (pedyo neRio de Janeiro), Mus. Seminari Pro Arte (Rio de Janeiro); mimhanzi yakarongeka. zvikoro muRecife, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, nezvimwe.

MuMexico, nzvimbo dzepamusoro M. o. vari Mex. nat. Conservatory uye mimhanzi. un-ta chikoro muMexico City, pamwe nemimhanzi. bazi reNational Institute of Fine Arts (Mexico City), Guadalajara Conservatory, nezvimwe.

Munyika dzese Lat. America ndiyo ine mitsindo yepamusorosoro. uch. masangano (conservatories kana mimhanzi. F-you high fur boots), to-rye inosiyana zvakanyanya muzinga rekuisa account. nzira, pane zvirongwa uye nzira dzekudzidzisa.

OK. ser. Muzana remakore rechi19 kupinda kweEurope kwakatanga. mafomu M. o. kunyika dzeAsia neAfrica. Pfungwa yeEurocentric, maererano neiyo ruzhinji rwevasiri veEurope. budiriro dzinozivikanwa sedzisina kusimukira kana kuti dzechinyakare, dzinenge dzarambwa zvachose. tsika nemagariro. Mamishinari uyezve Kristu. masangano ezvitendero akajaira vanhu vemuAfrica kuKatorike. kana chechi yePurotesitendi. kuimba. The colonial administration yakasimwa muzvikoro zveEurope. dzidzo system, kusanganisira. uye zvemumhanzi. Gare gare, vaimbi vakawanda vane zvipo kubva kunyika dzeAsia neAfrica vakatanga kudzidza muGreat Britain (Trinity College, uko vanyori vakawanda veWest Africa vakawana dzidzo yavo), France, Germany, uye USA. Kumba vairima Western Europe. nziyo nemisimboti yekudzidzisa. T. o., mimhanzi. kuverenga nekunyora uye hunyanzvi sekudaro zvave pedyo neWestern Europe. mimhanzi dzidzisa. qualification. Positive maitiro muna M. pamusoro. yakabatana, kune rumwe rutivi, nekujekesa. mabasa edhipatimendi vaimbi vane mukurumbira vekuEurope muAsia neAfrica (semuenzaniso, A. Schweitzer), kune rumwe rutivi, nekuedza kwevanhu venyika. tsika kuti vawane kubvumirana kunogamuchirika pakati peMabvazuva. uye app. masisitimu (maedzo eR. Tagore muShantiniketon).

Kumutswa kwetsika munyika zhinji dzeAsia neAfrica kwakakonzera kufarira kwakadzama mutsika. mafomu ekutongwa kwenyika. Matambudziko mazhinji akaoma akamuka: to notate nar. mimhanzi kana kuikudziridza mutsika nemuromo, kuchengetedza ngano isina kuchinjwa kana kuikudziridza, shandisa Western Europe. ruzivo kana kusaishandisa. Network of muses iri kutotanga kuitika munyika dzakawanda. masangano, zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa zviri kugadzirwa, uye kune nyanzvi dzinokwanisa.

MuJapan, maitiro ekuvaka muses. in-tov modern. mhando yakatanga kare kupfuura mune dzimwe nyika dzeAsia neAfrica - pakutanga. 19th century Muna 1879 hurumende yeJapan yesangano reM. Amer. akakokwa kuzvikoro zvenyika yacho. muimbi-mudzidzisi LW Mason (akashanda ikoko kwemakore matatu; tsika yekuimba muchikoro muJapan yakachengeta zita rekuti "nziyo dzaMason" kwenguva yakareba). Kubva kuSer. Zvirongwa zvechikoro zve1970 zvinogadzirwa uye zvinotariswa neBazi reDzidzo. Kukosha kukuru muvana M. pamusoro. yakanga ine nzira yeT. Suzuki, yakabatana nekuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi hwekunzwa kuburikidza ne violin. mitambo. Pakati pezvikoro zvepamusoro zveJapan zvinomira pachena: un-iwe art muTokyo (yaimbova Academic School of Music) uye Osaka, Mus. Tentsokugakuan Academy (kubvira 1967), mimhanzi. Kiusu University Chikoro, Chiba, Toyo College.

MuIndia nzvimbo dzeM. dzinenge. yakava Academy of Music, Dance and Drama ("Sangeet Natak Academy", 1953) muDelhi nemapazi mune mamwe akawanda. nyika, mimhanzi. College "Carnatic" muMadras, University of Gandharva muBombay, Academy of Music muThiruvananthapuram, mimhanzi. mayunivhesiti muMysore, Varanasi (Benares), Delhi, Patna, Calcutta, Madras nemamwe maguta. Iwo akanakisa masters eInd. vanobatanidzwa mukudzidzisa. mimhanzi - ustads iyo yakamboshanda iri yega uye yakanga isina mamiriro anodiwa ehurongwa. kudzidzisa vechidiki (kutamba iyo sitar newaini, hunyanzvi hweRagi, improvisation, nezvimwewo). Zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa zvinofukidza zvakasiyana-siyana zve ind. mimhanzi, uye zvakare inoratidza kubatana kwayo nehumwe hunyanzvi (kutamba, mutambo). Zap. M.'s masisitimu nezve. India haina kuwana budiriro yakawanda.

Means. hurongwa hweM. nezve hwakaita shanduko. zvikoro zvepuraimari, sekondari nepamusoro muArab. nyika. MuCairo, Egypt, nzvimbo yekuchengetedza yakavambwa muna 1959 ine theoretical uye kuita. f-tami; Kubva 1971, Academy yeVaranda yanga ichishanda. mumhanzi (waichimbova Chikoro cheMimhanzi Yekumabvazuva, ipapo, kubvira 1929, Institute of Arabic Music), uko mimhanzi yechinyakare inodzidzwa. mimhanzi nemutambo pa nat. zvishandiso. M.'s development about. muzvikoro zvakabatsira padzidzo yedzidziso. vashandi (Inst. yekudzidziswa kwevadzidzisi vemimhanzi muZamalek, Cairo). MuIraq, mimhanzi nzvimbo yaive Academy of Fine Arts ine dhipatimendi remimhanzi (yakavambwa muna 1940, Baghdad), muAlgeria - National Institute of Music, inoumbwa nemadhipatimendi matatu (tsvakurudzo, dzidziso uye ngano), nezvimwewo. yezvikoro izvi zvedzidzo, vaimbi veSoviet.

MuIran, kune nyika Conservatory uye Conservatory yeEurope. mumhanzi, mukuru muna 1918 muTehran, iyo Conservatory muTabriz (1956), pamwe nemadhipatimendi emimhanzi emayunivhesiti muTehran neShiraz. Studio yemimhanzi yevana nevechidiki yakagadzirwa paredhiyo uye terevhizheni yeIran.

MuTurkey, yakakwirira M. o. yakatarisana muconservatories yeIstanbul neAnkara.

Matanho akaomarara anoitika muM. o. Nyika dzeAfrica. Nzvimbo dzekutanga dzekuchengetedza mukondinendi (muCape Town, Johannesburg, East African Conservatory muNairobi) dzave dzichishanda kwemakumi emakore, asi dzakanyanya kuitirwa vasiri vemuAfrica. Mushure mekuwana rusununguko munyika zhinji dzeAfrica M. dziva rinopinda nesimba. Yakagamuchira kusimudzira kwakakosha muGhana, uko Dhipatimendi reMimhanzi neDrama rakagadzirwa paYunivhesiti yeLigon, Institute for the Study of Africa (tsvakurudzo yemimhanzi ndiyo hwaro hwezviitwa zvayo), Nat. Academy of Music muWinneba, African Institute of Music muAccra, mus. ft Ying-ta muCape Coast. Muses. Makoreji eAkropong uye Achimota akarera akati wandei. zvizvarwa zvevaimbi veGhana.

Mimhanzi yakakosha zvikuru muNigeria. mayunivhesiti eLagos, Ibadan neIle-Ife, pamwe nemakoreji muZaria neOnich. Chiyero chepamusoro chakaitwa nekugadzirwa kweM. o. muSenegal, Mali (National School of Music muConakry) neGuinea, madhipatimendi emimhanzi kumayunivhesiti eMakerere (Uganda), Lusaka (Zambia), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) ari kutanga kuita basa rinowedzera rinokosha.

Mumaconservatories nyika dzemuAfrica dzinodzidzwa zvakanyanya app. mimhanzi (zvidzidzo zvedzidziso uye zviridzwa), uye pamimhanzi. f-tah un-tov kutarisisa kwakanyanya kunobhadharwa kunat. mumhanzi, Institute for the Study of Africa yakabatikana nedambudziko rekuchengetedza nekusimudzira ngano dzekondinendi.

Nhoroondo yeM. o. iri kuwedzera kukosha. pakutanga. uye zvikoro zvesekondari (munyika dzakawanda nziyo chidzidzo chinomanikidzirwa). Basa rinonyanya kukosha nderokufambisa kwetsika. nhaka, asi nzira dzayo dzinoramba dzakafanana nemazana emakore apfuura.

Dambudziko raM. - chimwe chezvakakosha mukuchengetedza nekusimudzira tsika dzekare dzeAsia neAfrica, saka UNESCO, Intern. music Council, International Society yeMumhanzi vadzidzisi uye vamwe vanokoshesa zvakanyanya kwairi.

Zvirongwa zviri kugadzirwa izvo zvinotarisisa kutsanangurwa uye dhigirii rebudiriro yeM. o. munyika ino, mitsva, dzimwe nguva nzira dzekudzidzisa dzinoshandiswa (somuenzaniso, maererano nehurongwa hweZ. Kodaly naK. Orff), misangano, congresses uye seminari inoitwa, rubatsiro rwekupa mazano uye kuchinjana kwevashandi kunoitwa.

JK Mikhailov.

Dzidzo yemimhanzi munguva yepre-revolutionary. Russia uye USSR. About M. o. muna Dr. Ruzivo ruduku rwakachengetwa muRussia. Muchidzidzo chekudzidzisa chakatanga pakati pevanhu, pamwe chete netsumo, zvirevo, ngano nenziyo, syncretism yakaitawo basa rinokosha. (kusanganisira mimhanzi) art. zviito, umo musanganiswa wemimwe mitauro wakaratidzwa. netsika dzechiKristu. MuNar. nharaunda yakaberekwa rudzi rwebuffoon - nyanzvi yemarudzi akawanda "actor", unyanzvi to-rogo hwakawanikwa mukugadzirisa mhuri kana kudzidzira chitoro. Kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa, mimhanzi yenhetembo yakapfuudzwawo. tsika dzevanyori venziyo dzinokudza heroic. Dzidziso yakarongeka yemimhanzi (zvikurukuru, kuimba kwechechi) yakaitika zvose muzvikoro zvakatangwa mumachechi nedzimba dzemamongi, uko vafundisi navanhu vakanyora vanodiwa nehurumende vakarovedzwa, uye zvakananga mumakwaya etembere, ayo akanga asiri mapoka ekuita bedzi, asi. uyewo zvikoro zvekuimba. . Vaimbi vechechi nevaimbi vakarererwa muzvikoro zvakadaro (ona Znamenny chant).

Munguva yehutongi hwekuzviparadzanisa kwenyika dzeRussia, maguta makuru ematunhu chaiwo - Vladimir, Novgorod, Suzdal, Pskov, Polotsk, nezvimwewo. – vakava nzvimbo dzechechi. chepfu. tsika uye pano vakagadzira vaimbi vomunharaunda yavo. zvikoro zvaivimba nemisimboti yakajairika yekuimba znamenny, asi zvakaunza mamwe maficha mazviri. Ruzivo rwemumwe wevakare uye vaimbi vepamusoro rwakachengetwa. zvikoro zvezana remakore rechi12, zvakavambwa naAndrey Bogolyubsky muVladimir. Nenguva yakati gare gare, basa rinotungamirira muchechi. Novgorod akatanga kutamba kuimba uye pakudzidzisa unyanzvi uhwu, iyo kwemakore akawanda yakachengetedza nzvimbo yayo inotungamirira. Novgorod muimbi. Chikoro ichi chakagadzirira vanhu vakatanhamara vemimhanzi. tsika yenguva iyoyo - vatambi, vanyori vemimhanzi, theorists uye vadzidzisi. Munguva yekuronga centralized Rus. state-va, inotungamirwa naMoscow nat. muimbi. chikoro chakatora kubudirira kwezvikoro zvakawanda zveko uye kunyanya Novgorod. Vaviri Novgorodians - hama S. na B. Rogovyh, chiitiko ku-rykh ndechepakati. Zana remakore rechi16, rinoonekwa sevatangi veMoscow. zvikoro zvechechi. kuimba. Savva Rogov aifarira mukurumbira unokosha semudzidzisi. Vadzidzi vake vakakurumbira - Fedor Krestyanin (gare gare mudzidzisi ane mukurumbira) uye Ivan the Nose vakatorwa naIvan the Terrible sedare. nyanzvi dzokuimba muMoscow. Tsika dzechikoro cheNovgorod dzakagadziridzwawo nemudzidzi wechitatu ane mbiri weRogov - Stefan Golysh, mimhanzi uye pedagogical. chiitiko to-rogo chakaitika muUrals mune vatengesi veStroganov. Kugovera nekusimudzirwa kwekuimba. tsika yakasimudzirwa nechirevo che "Stoglavy Cathedral" (Moscow, 1551), izvo zvakaita kuti zvive zvakakodzera kuti vapristi nemadhikoni vagadzire Moscow pamba mumaguta ose. Zvikoro zvekuRussia zvekudzidzisa vana kwete kuverenga nekunyora chete, asiwo “kuimba nziyo dzechechi.” Kuvambwa kwezvikoro izvi kwaive nechinangwa chekutsiva dzidzo yevanozviti. masters of literacy (mabharani uye "vanhu venyika" avo vaibatanidzwa nedhipatimendi vana kuverenga, kunyora, kunyengetera uye kuimba) uye kuwedzera network ye uch. masangano aivapo muzana remakore rechi14-15. mune mamwe maguta Dr. Rashiya. Vatenzi vechechi. kuimba, izvo zvaive chikamu chekuuya. hora (yakagadzirwa mu con. 15th century), vaiwanzotumirwa kune mamwe maguta, mamonastery nemakereke kuti vakwidze mwero wekwaya. kushanda. The simplest musical-theretical. vaimbi vakashanda seyamuro. alphabets (inosanganisirwa mu decomp. kuunganidzwa kwezana ramakore rechi 15-17, ona Musical alphabet), umo mapfupi seti uye maratidziro ezviratidzo zvetsamba hoko akapihwa. Kubvumirwa kwezvitsva, zvinangwa zvakawanda. kwaya style. kuimba (cf. Partes kuimba) uye kutsiva kwakabatana kwekunyora kweznamenny ne5-mutsara notation mu2nd floor. 17 in. yakachinja nzira inodzidziswa mimhanzi. Yakarongeka. seti yemitemo yezvikamu zvekuimba inopihwa muchibvumirano naN. AP Diletsky "Music Grammar", yakagadzirirwa kudzidziswa kwevaimbi nevaimbi. Kusiyana neakakurumbira "alphabets", akavakirwa pane empirical chete. musimboti, basa raDiletsky rinoratidzwa nekunzwisisa. orientation, chido kwete kungotaura mitemo, asiwo kutsanangura. Rudzi rwakakosha rwemvumo yeakaundi, iyo yaifarira kugovera kunozivikanwa mu con. 17th century, inomiririra inonzi. zviratidzo zviviri, zvine mharidzo inofambirana yenziyo muznamenny uye 5-mutsara notation. "Kiyi yekunzwisisa" naTikhon Makarievsky ndeyemhando iyi. Nebhiza. Muzana remakore rechi15, muMoscow. Rus akatanga kukoka vaimbi vokune dzimwe nyika, kubatanidzwa Russian akatanga. kuziva mu instr.

Kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweRussia, yaive chikamu che16-17 mazana emakore. muchimiro chePolish-Lithuanian state-va, iyo inozivikanwa kukosha mukugovera kwaM. pamusoro. kwaiva nezvinonzi zvikoro zvehama, zvakavamba zvechitendero nedzidzo. masangano uye akashanda senhare yeRussia, Ukrainian. uye Belarusian., Huwandu hwevanhu vachipesana nenyika. kudzvinyirirwa uye kutendeukira kuchiKaturike. Kutevera chikoro cheLvov (chakatangwa muna 1586), approx. 20 zvikoro zvehama. Mune aya epamberi kune yavo account account. masangano (nheyo dzakawanda dzedzidziso dzeizvi zvikoro dzakazoratidzwa mu“Great Didactics” naYa. A. Comenius) dzaidzidzisa kuimba uye zvidzidzo zvequadrivium, iyo yaibatanidza nziyo. Pahwaro hwechikoro cheKyiv chehama (chakavambwa muna 1632) uye chikoro cheKiev-Pechersk Lavra (chakavambwa muna 1615) chakabatanidzwa muna 1631, chikoro chekutanga cheUkraine chakatangwa. chikoro chedzidzo yepamusoro-Kiev-Mohyla koreji (kubvira 1701 - academy), umo, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvidzidzo, mimhanzi yakadzidzwawo. MuMoscow, pamuenzaniso weKyiv Collegium, muna 1687 Slavic-Greek-Lat yakavhurwa. academy, kwaidzidziswawo chechi. kuimba uye "zvinomwe zvemahara zvemahara".

Muzana remakore rechi18 pasi pesimba rekuvandudzwa kwaPeter I, to-rye yakabatsira mukubatanidzwa kwenyika muhuwandu hwebudiriro yeEurope. budiriro, zvirimo uye sangano reM. o. zvisikwa zvakatsungirira. change. Kusunungurwa kwetsika yeMumhanzi kubva mukuchengetwa kwechechi, kudzikisira kwechinzvimbo chemimhanzi yechitendero, mimhanzi yepasirese iri kuramba ichikura (maokestra emauto nemakwaya mumigwagwa nemumakwaya, kutamba nemimhanzi yepatafura pa“magungano”, mimhanzi nemitambo yemitambo. , kubuda kwekuguma kwehupenyu) uye, pakupedzisira, chido chiri kukura chekugadzira mimhanzi yeamateur munharaunda inokudzwa - zvese izvi zvakakanganisa hunhu hwaM. o. Inoratidza maitiro akati wandei: chinonyanya kukosha kutanga kuwana mimhanzi. dzidzo munyika, uye kwete mudzidzo yemweya chete. in-tah; muhupenyu hwakasiyana. vadzidzisi vemweya. masangano anopinda mukati menyika. music; M. o., kunyanya muuriri hwechipiri. 18th century, yakanangana kwete chete kune zvinodiwa nedare. uye, muchidimbu, chechi. hupenyu hwemazuva ese, asiwo kusangana nezvinodiwa neruzhinji rwakakura. madenderedzwa. Iko kudiwa kwekudzidzira vaimbi uye kudiwa kweGeneral Mo muzana ramakore rechi18. yakawedzera zvakanyanya. Muses. dzidzo yevakuru yakaitwa naCh. arr. vashanyi vaimbi vemabhendi, vatungamiriri vemakonzati evaimbi nevaimbi, pakati pavo paiva nenyanzvi huru. Kudzidziswa kwevaimbi vehunyanzvi kwaiitwa kazhinji muzvikoro zvedzidzo, izvo zvinogona kukamurwa kuva marudzi maviri. Vamwe vakagadza basa rekudzidzisa vaimbi vane hunyanzvi, ch. arr. vaimbi nevaimbi. Kunyange pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi18 muMoscow, uye zvakare muSt. Petersburg, vaimbi vemauto vakasunungurwa kubva kunze kwenyika uye vachishumira mudare. vaimbi vaidzidziswa kuridza mhepo (ndarira nehuni) uye kuridza. zviridzwa zvevechidiki, zvakasarudzwa kubva mukuumbwa kweadv. kwaya. Muna 1740, paAdvent. chapel (yakachinjirwa kuSt. Petersburg muna 1713), iyo kweanopfuura mazana maviri amakore yakaunza vaimbi vanokwanisa, kwaya. conductors, uye mumatare edhipatimendi uye vanyori (D. S. Bortnyansky, M. S. Berezovsky), yakagadzwa pasi pekutungamirirwa kwe. conductor Orchestra I. Gyubner makirasi achidzidza kuridza orc. zvishandiso. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, muna 1738, chikoro chokuimba uye chiridzwa chakavhurwa muGlukhov, Ukraine. mimhanzi (kuridza violin, rudimbwa uye bandura); pano pedyo. yakakosha regent yakapihwa yekutanga M. o. kunyanya ramangwana adv. kwaya. Pakati pezvimwe uch. zvivako - St. Petersburg. theatre. chikoro (chakatangwa muna 1738, asi pakupedzisira chakaumbwa muna 1783), umo vakadzidzisa kwete kwete chete mitambo, asiwo mimhanzi. art-wu, uye mimhanzi. makirasi e Academy of Arts. rakavhurwa kuma1760s. uye yakagara kwemakumi emakore akati wandei (pakati pevadzidzi - comp. B. I. Fomin). Nezvekutarisisa, iyo yakabhadharwa muzana remakore rechi18. masangano Prof. M. o., pupurira kuhurumende. zvirevo (zvisina kuzadzikiswa) pakugadzwa kweEkaterinoslav Music.

Muakaundi. masangano emhando dzakasiyana, chinhu chakakosha chekurerwa kwevakuru, uye muchikamu cheraznochin, vechidiki ndiyo huzhinji philology. Chikoro chekutanga chenyika, muchirongwa cheboka kubva kuma1730s. yaisanganisira yakarongeka mimhanzi zvidzidzo, yaive Cadet Corps (ipapo iyo nyika gentry). Nekuda kwekuita kudiwa kweakawanda emasangano aya anowanzo dzidzisa vaimbi vane hunyanzvi. Kuvadzidzi vakadaro masangano anofanirwa kupihwa mimhanzi. makirasi akaiswa mu1st floor. 18th yezana mune gymnasium pa Academy yeScience, mu 2nd floor. Muzana remakore rechi18 - muMoscow. un-avo (noble and raznochinny gymnasiums and the Noble Boarding School at the un-avo), muSmolny Institute for Noble Maidens uye "petty-bourgeois department" nayo, muMoscow. uye Petersburg. dzidzisa. dzimba, muKazan gymnasium, iri pasi peMoscow. un-tu, uye mune akati wandei magymnasiums mune mamwe mapurovhinzi. Zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi mune zvakawanda zvezvikoro izvi. zvivako zvakamira pakakwirira (zvaitungamirirwa nevaimbi vane mukurumbira, kazhinji vatorwa). Nokudaro, vadzidzi veSmolny Institute (gadziriro yedzidzo yemimhanzi yakanga yatanga mairi yakazotamisirwa kune mamwe masangano edzidzo emhando dzakafanana) vakadzidziswa kwete chete kuita (kuridza rudimbwa, piyano, kuimba), asi. uyewo dzidziso yemimhanzi, uye mune dzimwe nguva kuumbwa. Mune ramangwana, vamwe vevadzidzi kubva kune varombo vanokudzwa vakatanga kugadzirira mumhanzi uye pedagogical. mabasa. Nekuda kwekuti mune akawanda landlord estates nemakomo. noble dzimba dzakaronga serf choirs, instr. (kusanganisira runyanga) ensembles uye orchestra, uye T-ry, zvakava zvakakosha kudzidzisa vaimbi kubva serfs. Zvaiitwa zvose kumba (vaimbi vokune dzimwe nyika vakakokwa kumatunhu), uye inokosha. zvikoro zvemimhanzi zveserfs, zvakagadzirwa mumaguta. Sezviri pachena, zvikoro zvekutanga zvakadaro zvakatanga kushanda muma1770s. Apa vaidzidzisa kuimba, kuridza orc. uye makiyibhodhi, pamwe nemabhesi akajairwa uye kugadzira mimhanzi. Dzimwe nguva, kuitira kugadzirira repertoire inodiwa, vaimbi veSerf vakatumirwa kuzvikoro zvakadaro mumapoka akazara.

Mumakirasi edzidziso muchikamu chekupedzisira chezana ramakore rechi 18. (kunyanya mushure mekuunganidzwa kwenziyo dzevanhu naV. Trutovsky, 1776-95, uye I. Prach, 1790, dzakadhindwa), chiRussia chakatanga kuita basa rinokosha. nar. rwiyo uye kutamba (mune yekutanga, hurongwa uye zvinyorwa). M.'s kugovera nezve. muzvikamu zvakasiyana zveSosaiti yeRussia yakagadzira kudikanwa kwekuburitsa zvinoshanda. uch. mvumo (yekutanga inotamiswa). Rimwe remabhuku ekutanga akaita basa rinokosha munhoroondo yeRussia. M. o., yaive "Chikoro cheClavier, kana Chipfupi uye Chakasimba Chiratidzo cheConcord uye Melody" naGS Lelein (1773-74), iyo yaivimba nekuita kweclavier, yaive neyakajairwa yedzidziso yekuumbwa uye yaisiyaniswa netsime. -kuvhenekerwa kunozivikanwa. latitude. Pakutanga. Shanduro yezana remakore rechi19 yeimwe mimhanzi yakabuda. mabhuku ezvidzidzo (somuenzaniso, L. Mozart - "The Fundamental Violin School", 1804; V. Manfredini - "Harmonic uye melodic mitemo yekudzidzisa mimhanzi yose", yakashandurwa neSA Degtyarev, 1805), pamwe chete nechikoro chepamba chepiyano. I. Pracha (1815).

Kusvikira kuma60s. Muzana remakore rechi19 muRussia system. Prof. M. o. pakanga pasina shanduko dzakakosha, kunyangwe kudiwa kwevaimbi vemhando dzakasiyana-siyana kwakawedzera uye zvakagara zvichidikanwa zvakaiswa pamhando yekudzidziswa kwavo. Muzvikoro zvemitambo zveSt. Petersburg neMoscow, kwete vatambi vanoshamisa chete vakadzidziswa, asiwo vaimbi uye nhengo dzeimba yeopera, uye pakutanga. 19th century "yepamusoro" makirasi emimhanzi akatangwa kune avo vakanyanya kubudirira. Izvi uch. zvivako, pamwe nePridv. Chanter chapel ndidzo chete hurumende. in-tami, iyo yakagadza basa rekudzidzisa vaimbi vane hunyanzvi. M. o. yakawedzerwa pachapel: in con. 1830s orc makirasi akavhurwa. zviridzwa, uye gare gare, makirasi efp. uye zvinyorwa. Pakutanga. 2nd quarter yezana ramakore re19th zvikoro zvemimhanzi zveserfs zvakarasikirwa nekukosha kwazvino uye zvishoma nezvishoma zvakamira kuvapo. basa rinokosha mukuparadzirwa kwemimhanzi. tsika (chikamu mukudzidziswa kwevaimbi vane hunyanzvi) dzakanga dzichiri kuridzwa nepakati nepamusoro uch. masangano, umo maive nemamuses. makirasi, - gymnasiums, high fur boots (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Kharkov), Mining in-t, Uch-sche jurisprudence, vakadzi vakavharwa mauri. Mumasangano evakadzi aya, zvisinei nekukanganisa kwakawanda musangano reMO, hurongwa hwedzidzo hwakaumbwa (iyo yaisanganisira kuridza chiridzwa, mimhanzi yakabatana, solfeggio, kuwirirana, uye tsika yekudzidzisa), iyo yakazove hwaro hwekudzidzisa. chirongwa chenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza, uye vadzidzisi vemasangano evakadzi vakagadzira mabasa akakomba panyaya dzemimhanzi. (ch. arr. fp.) pedagogy. Nyanzvi. mumhanzi wega. kwaive nezvikoro zvishoma (chimwe chazvo chakavhurwa naDN Kashin muna 1840 muMoscow), uye mimhanzi yepamusha. kudzidzisa kwakaramba kuchibudirira zvikuru. Zvidzidzo zvepachivande zvakapihwa nevatorwa vaibatanidza magumo avo neRussia. mimhanzi tsika (I. Gesler, J. Munda, A. Henselt, L. Maurer, K. Schubert, A. Villuan), rus. vanyori (A. L. Gurilev, A. E. Varlamov nevamwe), varidzi vezviridzwa uye vaimbi (A. O. Sikhra, D. N. Kashin, N. Kare. Afanasiev nevamwe), uye mumakore makumi mashanu. jaya A. G. uye N. G. Rubinstein uye M. A. Balakirev. Zvidzidzo pamusha zvaiwanzoganhurirwa kumuitiro wokuridza chiridzwa kana kuti kuimba; music-theoretical. uye mimhanzi-nhoroondo. vadzidzi kazhinji havana kuwana dzidzo. Zadzazve zvisikwa izvi. mukaha chete kusvika pamwero muduku zvikuru waigona kuoneka. hurukuro, to-rye yakarongwa ne con. 1830s ch. arr. MuPetersburg. Kusimuka mumakore aya zvirongwa zvesangano rakakosha. music uch. masangano akapupurira kudiwa kwekukurumidzira kwehupamhi, hwakadzama uye hwakanyanya kuita M. o. Chimwe chezvirongwa izvi chaiva chekondakita weMoscow. Mukuru wehomwe F. Scholz, uyo akapa muna 1819 chirongwa chekugadzwa kweMuses muMoscow. Conservatory. Iyo purojekiti haina kuitwa, Scholz akangokwanisa kuita muna 1830, nguva pfupi asati afa, mvumo yekuronga dzidziso yemahara yebass uye kuumbwa kumba kwake. Munyori wechimwe chirongwa chisina kuitika aive A. G. Rubinshtein, uyo akaronga muna 1852 kuvhura muSt. Petersburg pa Academy of Arts yeMuses.

Kusvika pakutanga 1860s tsika yechando yeRussia "yakatyisidzira musiyano pakati pevakangwara, vachiedza kukunda hurefu hwehunyanzvi, uye vateereri kubva kunharaunda yedemocracy yeRussia, avo vaive vakapusa kwazvo mukuda kwavo" (B. AT. Asafiev, "Paive nevatatu vavo ...", Sat. "Soviet Music", vol. 2, 1944, peji. 5-6). Kugadzirira kwakakura chete kwenyika dzemadzibaba kwaigona kubatsira chikonzero. vatambi, vadzidzisi uye vanyori, to-rye vaizokwanisa kuwedzera chiyero cheRussia. ice hupenyu kwete chete muMoscow neSt. Petersburg, asi munyika yose. Munguva iyi, basa reA. G. Rubinstein nevamwe vake, avo vakatanga kuronga pasi perubatsiro rweRus. ice ob-va (yakavhurwa muna 1859) yekutanga yeRussia. Conservatory. Ichi chiitiko chakaenderera mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma: mukukonana nemuganhu. reactionary. denderedzwa uye mumhepo yekukakavadzana kukuru neavo vaitya "Nationalless academism" yakagadzirwa naProf. tatu. masangano. Yakasimbiswa pasi peRussia. ice ob-ve muna 1860 mus. makirasi (kuimba, piyano, violin, cello, dzidziso yekutanga, kwaya. kuimba uye kudzidzira rondedzero) yakashanda sehwaro hwekuwanikwa muna 1862 yeSt. Petersburg. Conservatory (kusvika 1866 yainzi Mus. teacher) inotungamirwa naA. G. Rubinstein. Mugore rimwe chetero, mukupesana nereservatory M. A. Balakirev uye G. Ya Lomakin yakavambwa muSt. Petersburg Free Music. chikoro, rimwe remabasa aive ekupa mukuru M. pamusoro. (ruzivo rwekutanga mumhanzi-dzidziso, kugona kuimba mukwaya uye kuridza muokestra, nezvimwewo) kune vanoda mimhanzi. Muna 1866, zvakare pahwaro hwezvakamborongwa (muna 1860) muses. makirasi, iyo Moscow yakatangwa. Conservatory, mutungamiriri wayo aive muvambi wekusika kwayo, N. G. Rubinstein. Ose maconservatories akaita basa rakakura mukusimudzira kweRussia. Prof. M. pamusoro. uye vakakunda kuzivikanwa kwenyika zvakanyanya nekuti vakadzidziswa nevaimbi vakatanhamara: muSt. Petersburg - A. G. Rubinstein (pakati pevadzidzi vake vekutanga kudzidza aive P. Uye. Tchaikovsky), F. O. Leshetitsky (kubvira 1862), L. C. Auer (kubvira 1868), N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov (kubvira 1871), A. TO. Lyadov (kubvira 1878), F. M. Blumenfeld (kubvira 1885), A. N. Esipova (kubvira 1893), A. TO. Glazunov (kubvira 1899), L. AT. Nikolaev (kubva muna 1909) nevamwe; muMoscow - N. G. Rubinstein, P. Uye. Tchaikovsky (kubvira 1866), S. Uye. Taneev (kubvira 1878), V. Uye. Safonov (kubvira 1885), A. N. Scriabin (kubvira 1898), K. N. Igumnov (kubvira 1899), A. B. Goldenweiser (kubvira 1906), N. TO. Mettner (kubvira 1909) nevamwe. Kwemakumi emakore, chimiro checonservatories chakadzidzisa vaimbi mumhando dzose dzakashanduka, asi maitiro avo anotevera akaramba asingagumi: kupatsanurwa kuva madhipatimendi maviri - rezasi (vadzidzi vakagamuchirwa kunyange muhuduku) uye yakakwirira; "Makirasi esainzi" (anoshandiswa kuvandudza dzidzo yeruzhinji. chikamu chemudzidzi); kupa mubairo kuvadzidzi vakapedza kosi yakazara yeConservatory uye vakapasa yakakosha. bvunzo dzekupedzisira, diploma ye "yemahara muimbi" (kusvika kuma1860s. Zita iri rakagamuchirwa chete nevakapedza kudzidza kuAcademy of Arts). Conservatories akabatsira pakuumbwa kweRussia. perform. uye zvikoro zvevanyori. Chokwadi, nyika yababa. vok. Chikoro chakaumbwa kare kare pasi pesimba raM. Uye. Glinka uye A. C. Dargomyzhsky, uyo akadzidzisa dhipatimendi. vadzidzi kwete chete misimboti yemimhanzi. kuita, asiwo muimbi. unyanzvi; mumwe weavo vakarera vanyori vechikoro chitsva cheRussia aive M. A. Balakirev, uyo akarayira vaimbi vechidiki mumweya wemirairo yaGlinka. Chikamu chakatambanuka zvisingaenzaniswi kuwana zviitiko zvevatangi vezvikoro izvo zvakagadziridzwa munzvimbo dzekuchengetedza. Ivo vakatanga maviri makuru eRussia. zvikoro zvevanyori zvakava: muSt. Petersburg - N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, muMoscow - P. Uye. Chaikovsky. Muchikamu chechipiri. 19 uye kutanga 20 cc nhamba yeRussia ice matatu. zvivako zvakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Mapazi emunharaunda Rus. ice pamusoro-va akavhura mizizi. chikoro muKyiv (1863), Kazan (1864), Saratov (1865), uye gare gare mune vamwe. maguta enyika. Zvadaro, zvikoro muSaratov (1912), Kyiv uye Odessa (1913) zvakarongwazve kuva Conservatory. Muna 1865, chitsauko chakatangwa. director Rus. ice about-va, uko boka racho rakaendesa “mabasa ose nezvinonetsa pamusoro pekuvandudzwa kweMo muRussia”. Chinangwa chekuronga dare iri, iro raitungamirirwa nemumwe wemhuri yehumambo, raive rekuona kuti hurumende, isina kutungamira zviri pamutemo mamuseum. tatu. masangano, vaive nemukana wekudzora zvinhu zvavo uye kupindira mubasa ravo kubva pachinzvimbo chekirasi. Muna 1883, Musical Drama Theatre yakavhurwa panzvimbo yenpiB-ax Conservatory. chikoro pedyo neMoscow. Philharmonic. nezve-ve. Muna 1887 A. G. Rubinstein ane chirongwa chemumhanzi wepasi rose wevana. dzidzo, vachikurudzira kuunza mumagiredhi epasi zvese zvemaoko uye mabhangi. chikoro, classical uye chaiyo gymnasiums, cadet corps obligatory choir. kuimba, solfeggio uye yekutanga mimhanzi dzidziso. Ichi chirongwa cheutopian kwemakore iwayo chakaitwa chete mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaropafadzwa. zvivako. Zvinoreva basa mukuvandudzwa kweRussia. M. pamusoro. inoridzwa nevaimbi vakawanda vega. zvikoro zvinovhurwa mumakwikwi. 19 - kupemha. 20 cc muSt. Petersburg (Mumhanzi-mutambo. zvidzidzo E. AP Rapgofa, 1882; Muses. makirasi I. A. Glisser, 1886; Nyanzvi. fp chikoro. mitambo uye makosi epiyano-methodologists S. F. Schlesinger, 1887), Moscow (mimhanzi. chikoro B. Yu Zograf-Plaksina, 1891; hanzvadzi Evg. F., Elena F. Gnesins, 1895; AT. A. Selivanova, 1903), Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov, Rostov-on-Don, Tbilisi, nezvimwewo. maguta. Conservatories, uch-shcha uye muses. pre-revolutionary zvikoro Russia yaivepo zvakanyanya nekuda kweiyo yakakwira mari yechikoro, uye nekudaro M. pamusoro. vana vevabereki vakapfuma chete kana vadzidzi vane zvipo vanotsigirwa nevatengi kana, sezvineiwo, vasingabhadharirwe mari yechikoro vanogona kugashira. Kuti ubatanidze kumimhanzi. tsika yevanhu vakawanda, vaimbi vanofambira mberi con. 19 - kupemha. 20 mazana emakore, neimwe nzira kuenderera mberi netsika yemimhanzi yemahara. zvikoro, zvakatanga kugadzira uch. zvivako (zvimwe zvainzi Nar. conservatories), kwazvaikwanisika kugamuchira M. pamusoro. mahara kana muripo mudiki. MuSt. Petersburg, zvikoro izvi zvaisanganisira: Public Music. kirasi Pedagogi. iyo museum (bas. muna 1881), iyo yakashanda sehwaro hwekutsvakurudza mumunda wemimhanzi yevana. pedagogy; Mimhanzi yevana yemahara. chikoro ivo. Glinka, yakarongwa muna 1906 padanho reM. A. Balakireva uye S. M. Lyapunova; Zita Conservatory, iyo yakavhurwa muna 1906 naN. A. Rimsky-Korsakov A. TO. Lyadov A. AT. Verzhbilovich uye L. C. Auer (vakapedza kudzidza vakapihwa hunhu hweNar. mimhanzi uye vadzidzisi vekuimba). Imwe yeanonyanya kushanda uye ane chiremera masangano erudzi urwu yaive Nar. Conservatory muMoscow muna 1906), vaimbi vakakurumbira vakatora chikamu mukugadzwa uye zviitiko zveboka - S. Uye. Taneev, E. E. Lineva, B. L. Yavorsky, N.

Oct Chimurenga ichi chaisanganisira shanduko huru musangano uye kurongwa kweM. pamusoro. Nhungamiro uye kutarisira kwemari kwemamuse. tatu. masangano akatorwa nenyika (Chirevo cheKanzuru yeNar. Makomisheni pakuendesa maakaundi ese. zvivako muVedepie Nar. yeCommissariat of Education yaJuly 5, 1918), ichigadzirira nzira nokuda kwokuparadzirwa kwakapararira kwomukuru mukuru M. nezve., kupa vadzidzi vane prof. tatu. masangano dzidzo yemahara uye mabhezari. Izvi zvakavhura mukana wekuwana dzidzo kune vechidiki vanoshanda, kusanganisira. uye vamiririri vemarudzi akadzokera shure. Pakati pehurumende. zviitiko zvakakonzera kukwezva kumimhanzi yepamusoro. chikoro chevashandi nevarimi, vaive sangano revanodanwa. United Arts. vashandi' faculty, kutamiswa kwemimhanzi yake. dhipatimendi (rakagadzwa muna 1923) pasi pesimba reMoscow. Conservatory (1927) uyezve kuvhurwa kwezvikoro zvevashandi muMoscow. (1929) uye Leningrad. (1931) conservatories. Mumakore ekutanga epashure-revolutionary, misimboti yakaumba hwaro hwekugadziriswazve kweM. pamusoro. Chinonyanya kukosha kwavari: 1) kuziviswa kwechisungo chemimhanzi yepasi rose. dzidzo (chirevo cheMuses. Dhipatimendi reNarkomiros pakudzidzisa kwekuimba nemimhanzi muchikoro chebasa chakabatana, pasati papfuura 19 Oct. 1918) uye kucherechedzwa kwekukosha kukuru kwemukuru mukuru M. pamusoro. zvose kusimudza tsika dzevanhu, uye kuona vanhu vanogona kuimba vakakodzera Prof. zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi; 2) kunzwisisa kwekudikanwa kwekudzidzisa vaimbi vanozove nehunyanzvi hwakanyatsotsanangurwa (kuita, kuumba, kudzidzisa, kujekeswa, musicology) uye panguva imwechete vaine ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana muhunyanzvi hwavo, muzvidzidzo zvine hukama uye nzanga. disciplines; 3) kuziva nezve basa rakakura rekugadzira. maitiro mu uch. sangano uye mberi (izvi zvakakonzera kurongeka kwezvitudiyo zve opera paconservatories; yekutanga yavo yakavhurwa muna 1923 paPetrograd. Conservatory); 4) kumisikidza chinodiwa chekuti muimbi wechero basa anogona kusanganisa prof wake. mabasa edzidzo. Zvekuumbwa kwehurongwa hwezizi. M. pamusoro. basa rinokosha zvikuru raiitwa nehurongwa uye nzira. kutsvaga munguva ya1917-27. Zvakakosha kune imwe budiriro yeProf. M. pamusoro. dzakasainwa B. Uye. Lenin Chirevo cheDare reVanhu. Komissarov yaJuly 12, 1918 pakuchinja kwePetrograd. uye Mosk. conservatories "pasi pekutonga kwePeople's Commissariat for Education pachiyero chakaenzana nemasangano ese edzidzo yepamusoro nekubvisa kutsamira kuRussian Musical Society", pamwe nezvisungo zvakazotevera zvegore rimwe chetero, izvo zvakazivisa purovhinzi neguta. tatu. zvivako zveRus. ice about-va state. Pakupera kwekutanga uye pakutanga kwezana remakore rechipiri rezana remakore rechi20. mimhanzi munzvimbo inoyevedza. veruzhinji - mibvunzo yemukuru M. pamusoro. uye panyaya iyi basa racho rinojekesera zvikuru. zvikoro zvakavhurwa muPetrograd, Moscow, nezvimwewo. maguta. Zvikoro zvacho zvaiva nemazita akasiyana: Nar. zvikoro zvechando, zvikoro zvemimhanzi dzidzo, nar. Conservatory, folk general mimhanzi kosi dzidzo, nezvimwe. Mubasa remasangano aya akaisa methodical. zviyo zvemazizi. general M. o., vaimbi vane mukurumbira vakatora chikamu: muPetrograd - B. AT. Asafiev, M. H. Barinova, S. L. Ginzburg, N. L. Grodzenskaya, W. G. Karatygin, L. AT. Nikolaev, V. AT. Sofronitsky nevamwe; muMoscow - A. AT. Alexandrov, N. Ya Bryusova A. F. Gedike, A. D. Kastalsky, W. N. Shatskaya nevamwe. Panguva yekutanga yekukura kwezizi. M. pamusoro. varongi varo vakatarisana nezvinetso zvakawanda. Midzi yevamwe yakaenda kune pre-revolutionary. mimhanzi yekudzidzira kudzidziswa, apo kudzidziswa kweamangwana nyanzvi uye maamateurs asina kusiyaniswa, M. pamusoro. haina kukamurwa kuva nhanho zvichienderana nezera revadzidzi. Dr. matambudziko akakonzerwa nekubuda, kazhinji kunongoerekana kwaitika (kunyanya muna 1918-20), kwemhando dzakawanda dzakasiyana-siyana. tatu. masangano emhando yakakosha uye yakajairika. Vainzi zvikoro, makosi, masitudiyo, madenderedzwa, zvikoro zvehunyanzvi uye kunyange maconservatories nezvikoro, vaive vasina chimiro chakajeka uye vaisagona kuverengerwa nehuchokwadi hwakakwana kudzidzo yepuraimari, sekondari kana yepamusoro. masangano. Kufanana mubasa renhoroondo idzi. masangano akatanga kudzikisira kukura kweM. pamusoro. Yekutanga uye ichiri isina kukwana kuyedza kugadzira inowirirana system yeM. pamusoro. yakaitwa muna 1919 mu “Basic Provisions on the State Musical University” (zita iri raireva network yese yezvikoro zvakakosha). uye general M. pamusoro. kubva pakutanga kusvika kumberi). Kutevera pfungwa yaA. AT. Lunacharsky kuti iyo yose hurongwa hwedzidzo yepamusoro, kubva kukireshi kusvika kuyunivhesiti, inofanira kuva "chikoro chimwe chete, manera anoenderera mberi", vanyori ve "Basic Provisions ..." vakaparadzanisa zvakakosha. ice three. masangano kuita nhanho nhatu zvinoenderana nedanho remimhanzi. ruzivo uye unyanzvi hwevadzidzi. Zvisinei, havana kukwanisa kupatsanura mabasa edzidzo, kurera uye kujekerwa, kana kuisa miganhu yezera redzidzo pamatanho matatu e“Music University”. Kuwedzera basa pakufananidzira mimhanzi. tatu. masangano uye kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvavo, umo mazizi ane mukurumbira akatora chikamu. vaimbi vane chekuita nezviitiko zveB. L. Yavorsky, uyo kubva 1921 akatungamirira Mus. Dhipatimendi reGeneral Directorate yeVocational Education. Nokuda kwekugadzirisa kunotevera M. pamusoro. mushumo wake "Pamusoro pemitemo yekuvaka zvidzidzo uye mapurogiramu muchikoro chemimhanzi cheunyanzvi" (rava musi waMay 2, 1921) chakava nemigumisiro yakakomba, iyo, kunyanya, kwenguva yokutanga mumimhanzi. pedagogy yezana ramakore rechi20 thesis yakaiswa pamberi nekutsungirira kwakadai: "chinhu chekugadzira chinofanira kuverengerwa muzvirongwa zvekosi dzese" dzakatorwa mudzidzo. masangano pamatanho akasiyana. Inenge muna 1922, chimiro chechimiro chakatsanangurwa, icho chakaramba chichikanganisa mumakore akatevera - kunyanya uye kunyanya kutariswa kunobhadharwa kumibvunzo yeprof. M. pamusoro. uye spec. zvidzidzo (kuridza zviridzwa, kuimba). Iro sangano rekutanga sekondari nyuzimisi zvakare nderenguva ino. zvikoro - mimhanzi. zvikoro zvehunyanzvi, muma30s. kunzi chikoro. Ku 2nd floor. 20s chimwe chimiro chakagadzirwa. o., yakachengetedzwa kwemakore akati wandei: 1) yekutanga M. pamusoro. mumhando yemhando mbiri dzezvikoro - 4-year-old 1st stage (yevana), iyo yakashanda pamwe chete nechikoro chebasa uye vangave vakazvimiririra. tatu. masangano, kana mavambo ekutanga emamuses. zvikoro zvehunyanzvi, uye makosi eGeneral M. pamusoro. kune vanhu vakuru vaive nemimhanzi chete - vhenekera. mabasa; 2) avhareji Prof. M. pamusoro. - zvikoro zvehunyanzvi (kuita uye murairidzi-pedagogical); 3) yakakwirira - inochengetedza. Maererano nekuvandudzwa kwe. muna 1926 iyo Center yakarongwa muLeningrad. ice technical chikoro, mubasa iro hunyanzvi hutsva hwakaratidzwa. mafambiro uye kutsvaga mumimhanzi. pedagogy, iyo yakave nemhedzisiro yakakomba pakuwedzera kukura kwemazizi. M. pamusoro. Pakati pevadzidzisi vechikoro chehunyanzvi paiva neLeningrads yakasarudzika. vaimbi. Munhoroondo yepamusoro M. pamusoro. chiitiko chinokosha chaiva gwaro reNar. Commissariat yeDzidzo, yakagadzirirwa pahwaro hwemishumo yevakanyanya mukurumbira veSoviet mimhanzi tsika A. B. Goldenweiser, M. F. Gnesina, M. AT. Ivanov-Boretsky, L. AT. Nikolaeva A. AT. Ossovsky nevamwe, - "Mitemo pamusoro Moscow uye Leningrad Conservatories" (1925). Gwaro iri rakazove pamutemo kuve kwenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza nzvimbo kusvika padanho repamusoro reM. o., chimiro chavo chakasimbiswa (sainzi-munyori, kuita uye murairidzi-pedagogical. f-iwe), chimiro chevakapedza kudzidza uye mazwi ekudzidziswa akatemerwa, iyo Institute yevadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza yakavambwa. Na changamire. 20s musicologist yakatangawo kudzidziswa muconservatories (kare, pamberi pechimurenga, pakanga pasina sangano raizodzidzisa nyanzvi dzakadaro). Zvisinei, kutanga kwepamusoro musicology. dzidzo munyika yeSoviet - 1920, apo muPetrograd, paInstitute of the History of Art, Faculty of Music History yakavhurwa (yakavapo kusvika 1929 nenzira yeMakosi eKudzidziswa kweVadzidzisi muNhoroondo yeArt). Pakazosvika 1927, kurongeka kwehuwandu hwemazizi. M. pamusoro. rakapedzwa zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo rakazochinja. Saka, 4-year-old muses. zvikoro zvakashandurwa kuita zvikoro zvemakore manomwe (muna 7), uye zvikoro zvemimhanzi zvakavambwa munzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzekuchengetedza. zvikoro zvemakore gumi, iyo faculty system yeconservatories yakawedzerwa (kubva ser. 30s), yakarongwa nemimhanzi uye yekudzidzisa. in-iwe (yekutanga yakavhurwa muna 1944 Muz.-Pedagogical.

K ser. 70s sangano sangano M. pamusoro. muUSSR pane trace. nzira. Iyo yakaderera nhanho imhanzi yevana vane makore manomwe. zvikoro (yekuwedzera giredhi rechisere - kune avo vari kugadzirira kupinda mumhanzi. uch-sche), chinangwa chekupa mukuru M. pamusoro. uye tsvaga vadzidzi vanogona kwazvo vanoda kuwana yakakosha. M. pamusoro. Zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa pano zvinosanganisira: kuridza chiridzwa (fp., bowed, wind, folk), solfeggio, mimhanzi. diploma uye dzidziso, kwaya. kuimba uye ensembles. Kusvika padanho rakaderera reGeneral M. pamusoro. kunewo zvikoro zvemanheru zvevachiri kuyaruka nepwere. Kusvika padanho repakati M. pamusoro. sanganisira 4-year uch. masangano: chikoro chemimhanzi, mavanodzidzisa vaimbi vane hunyanzvi hwezvidzidzo zviri pakati nepakati (vaimbi, vaimbi, vaimbi vekwaya, vanoridza dzidziso) kuti vashande mumaokestra, kwaya uye kudzidzisa mumhanzi wevana. zvikoro (vane zvipo zvakanyanya, mushure mekupedza chikoro, kupinda mumakwikwi edzidzo yepamusoro. establishments); music-pedagogical. uch-scha, vadzidzisi vemimhanzi vakapedza kudzidza kune dzidzo yeruzhinji. zvikoro nevatungamiriri vekireshi yemimhanzi. Kune mamwe maconservatories uye masangano kune vane makore gumi nerimwe ehunyanzvi. zvikoro zvechando uko vadzidzi, vachigadzirira kubvumidzwa kumimhanzi. mayunivhesiti anogamuchira yakaderera uye sekondari M. pamusoro. uye panguva imwe chete. tora kosi yedzidzo. chikoro chepamusoro. Iyo yepamusoro level M. pamusoro. inosanganisira: conservatories, music-pedagogical. ma-iwe uye ma-iwe art-in (pamwe nehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi); nguva yavo yekudzidziswa ndeye 5 makore. Pano nyanzvi dzepamusoro-soro dzakadzidziswa - vanyori, varidzi vezviridzwa, vaimbi, symphonicists, opera uye makwaya. conductors, nyanzvi dzemimhanzi uye vatungamiriri vemimhanzi. t-ditch Iyo yepamusoro nhanho zvakare ndeyemimhanzi uye yekudzidzisa. f-iwe mune zvekudzidzisa. in-tah; vadzidzisi vemimhanzi venguva yemberi vepamusoro-soro (methodologists) vanodzidziswa pano kune dzidzo yeruzhinji. zvikoro nevadzidzisi vemimhanzi nedzidziso. zvidzidzo zvekudzidzisa. yunivhesiti Muzvizhinji zvemimhanzi Zvikoro nemayunivhesiti zvine manheru uye madhipatimendi etsamba, uko vadzidzi vanowana dzidzo pasina kumisa basa ravo. Nemitsindo yakawanda. mayunivhesiti uye n.-uye. in-ta postgraduate zvidzidzo zvakarongeka (nemakore matatu-yenguva yakazara uye 3-gore dzidzo mumadhipatimendi etsamba), inoitirwa kugadzirira kwesainzi. vashandi uye vadzidzisi mumayunivhesiti pamusoro nhoroondo uye dzidziso mimhanzi uye kuita. mhosva, mimhanzi. aesthetics, nzira dzekudzidzisa mimhanzi. kuranga. Kudzidziswa kwevadzidzisi-vaimbi uye vadzidzisi-vaimbi vemimhanzi. masangano edzidzo yepamusoro anoitwa mubatsiri-internship yakarongwa kune inotungamira conservatories uye masangano (yakazara-yenguva kosi yekudzidza 2, yetsamba kosi - 3 makore). Kuparadzira kwakagamuchira makosi ekudzidziswa kwepamusoro kwevadzidzisi vemimhanzi. zvikoro, uch-shch uye zvikoro zvepamusoro paavhareji inotenderwa uye yakakwirira muses. tatu. zvivako. Kunyanya kutarisisa kunobhadharwa pakugadzwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemuses. zvikoro zviri mumarepublic enyika. MuRSFSR, Belarus neUkraine, mumarepublic eBaltic neTranscaucasia, pamwe neKazakh, Kirghiz, Tajik, Turkmen uye Uzbek SSRs, iyo yaive mune pre-revolutionary. nguva yekudzokera kumashure, yakagadzira network yakakura yemamuses. tatu. masangano. Kubva 1975, kune 5234 vana mimhanzi masangano muUSSR. zvikoro, 231 mimhanzi. yunivhesiti, gumi yunivhesiti yeisk-v, gumi nemaviri mudzidzisi wemimhanzi. chikoro, 2 mimhanzi. choreographic chikoro, 20 conservatories, 8 masangano ehunyanzvi, 3 zvemimhanzi uye zvekudzidzisa. in-ta, 48 mimhanzi. f-tov at pedagogical. in-tah. Zvakaitwa M. pamusoro. muUSSR zvakare nekuda kwekuti pedagogical. basa mumayunivhesiti emimhanzi aive uye ari kutungamirwa nevaimbi vane mukurumbira, vaimbi, nyanzvi dzemimhanzi uye methodologist. Kubva 1920-ies. mumazizi ice universities akatanga yakakomba n.-uye. uye methodologist. basa, izvo zvakakonzera kudzokororwa kwakavakirwa pazviga zveMarxism-Leninism, zvirimo uye nzira dzekudzidzisa dzechinyakare kune pre-revolutionary. Conservatory yemimhanzi dzidziso uye mimhanzi-nhoroondo. zvinhu, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwemaakaundi matsva. kuranga. Kunyanya, makosi akakosha munhoroondo uye dzidziso yekuita, pamwe nekudzidzisa nzira dzekuridza zviridzwa zvakasiyana. Hukama hwepedyo hwekudzidzisa nesainzi. tsvakurudzo yakabatsira pakugadzira nzira. nhamba yemabhuku uye uch. mabhenefiti ezvidzidzo zvekutanga zvinosanganisirwa muzvirongwa zvezizi.

Mune dzimwe nyika dzesocialist umo M. o. ndeyehurumende, chimiro chayo chese (kupatsanurwa kwemasangano ezvidzidzo zvemimhanzi kuva 3 mazinga - epuraimari, sekondari nepamusoro) yakafanana neyakagamuchirwa muU.SR (kunyangwe mune dzimwe dzenyika idzi nyanzvi dzemimhanzi dzisina kudzidziswa mune zvemimhanzi. masangano, asi muhombodo dzemvere dzepamusoro). Panguva imwe chete munyika imwe neimwe musangano M.'s pamusoro. pane mamwe chaiwo. zvinhu nekuda kwezvimiro zverudzi rwayo. tsika.

MuHungary, uko M. o. zvichibva panzira imwe cheteyo. misimboti yaB. Bartok naZ. Kodály, uye uko kudzidza kwevaHungarian kunotora nzvimbo yakakura pamatanho ese. nar. mimhanzi uye kutora solfeggio kosi yakavakirwa pahukama solmization, chirongwa chekuvaka dzidzo mushure me1966 ndeichi: 7-year-old general education. chikoro chine rusaruro rwemumhanzi (uye nekudzidzira kuzvisarudzira kuridza zviridzwa) kana mimhanzi yemakore manomwe. chikoro icho vana vanodzidza pavanenge vachipinda makirasi ezvidzidzo zvavose. chikoro; nhanho inotevera ndeye 7-gore yechipiri prof. chikoro (ine gymnasium yedzidzo yakabatanidzwa pairi), uye kune avo vasingadi kuva vaimbi, chikoro chemakore mashanu chedzidzo yemimhanzi; Chikoro chepamusoro cheMumhanzi. kuvakwirira. F. Liszt (Budapest) nekosi yemakore mashanu yekudzidza, umo vaimbi vanodzidziswa mune zvese zvehunyanzvi, kusanganisira. musicologists (dhipatimendi musicology yakarongeka muna 4) uye mimhanzi vadzidzisi kwekutanga. zvikoro (padhipatimendi rinokosha; kudzidza kwemakore matatu).

MuCzechoslovakia, mitsindo yepamusoro. uye mimhanzi-pedagogical. uch. kune masangano muPrague, Brno, uye Bratislava; kune maconservatories (secondary musical educational institution) uye mune akati wandei mamwe maguta. Basa rinokosha mumimhanzi-pedagogical. hupenyu hwenyika uye mukuvandudza nzira dzemimhanzi. kudzidza kutamba Chesh. uye Slovak. mimhanzi pamusoro-va, kubatanidza vadzidzisi-vaimbi vehunyanzvi hwakasiyana.

MuGDR mune zvikoro zvepamusoro zvemimhanzi. mhosva muBerlin, Dresden, Leipzig neWeimar; zvikoro muBerlin neDresden zvinosanganisira mimhanzi yakasarudzika. chikoro, Conservatory (secondary musical institution) uye dzidzo yepamusoro chaiyo. institution. Pachikoro cheMumhanzi Wepamusoro muBerlin kusvika 1963 dhipatimendi remushandi rakashanda.

MuPoland - 7 museti yakakwirira. uch. masangano - muWarsaw, Gdansk, Katowice, Krakow, Lodz, Poznan uye Wroclaw. Vari kugadzirira vaimbi decomp. mabasa, kusanganisira. uye mainjiniya anonzwika (dhipatimendi rakasarudzika reWarsaw Higher Musical School). Nyanzvi munhoroondo yemimhanzi, mimhanzi. aesthetics uye ethnography iri kugadzirirwa neWarsaw Institute of Musicology.

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