Mumhanzi |
Greek moysikn, kubva mousa - muse
Rudzi rweunyanzvi hunoratidza chokwadi uye hunobata munhu kuburikidza nenhevedzano ine chirevo uye yakanyatso kurongeka muhurefu nenguva, inosanganisira kunyanya toni (manzwi ehumwe hurefu, ona Mutsindo). Ichitaura pfungwa uye manzwiro emunhu muchimiro chinonzwika, M. inoshanda senzira yekukurukurirana pakati pevanhu uye kupesvedzera psyche yavo. Iko mukana weizvi unotevera kubva mukubatana kwemuviri uye biologically mamiriro ekuratidzwa kwemunhu (pamwe nezvimwe zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakawanda) nepfungwa dzake. hupenyu (kunyanya manzwiro) uye kubva mubasa rezwi sechinhu chinogumbura uye chiratidzo chekuita. Mune akati wandei, M. yakafanana nekutaura, zvakanyanya, kutaura kweizwi, uko ext. chimiro chemunhu nechimiro chake chendangariro kunyika zvinoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nokuchinja kwenzwi uye mamwe mavara eruzha rwenzwi panguva yekutaura. Enzaniso iyi inotibvumira kutaura nezve hunhu hweM. (ona Intonation). Panguva imwecheteyo, M. inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva pakutaura, kunyanya nehunhu huri mairi sehunyanzvi. Pakati pavo: kupindirana kwekuratidzwa kwechokwadi, iyo yekusarudza utilitarian mabasa, iyo inonyanya kukosha basa rekunaka. mabasa, art. kukosha kwezvose zvirimo uye chimiro (chimiro chega chemifananidzo uye chimiro chayo, kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi, hunyanzvi hwekuita uye kunyanya tarenda remimhanzi remunyori kana mutambi, nezvimwewo). Mukuenzanisa nenzira yepasi rose yekutaurirana kwevanhu - kutaura, kujeka kweM. kunozviratidzawo mukusagoneka kwekutaura pachena pfungwa dzakananga, mukurongeka kwakasimba kwemanzwi uye kwenguva (rhythmic) hukama hwemanzwi (nekuda kwenzwi rakagadziriswa. uye nguva yeumwe neumwe wavo), iyo inowedzera zvakanyanya manzwiro ayo uye aesthetic kuratidza.
Kuve "hunyanzvi hwezvinoreva" (BV Asafiev), mimhanzi iripo chaizvo uye inoshanda munharaunda chete mukunzwika kwehupenyu, mukuita. Mune huwandu hwehunyanzvi, M. adjoins, chekutanga, kune asiri-pictorial (lyric nhetembo, architecture, nezvimwewo), kureva zvakadaro, izvo zvisingakodzere kuburitsa chimiro chechinhu chezvimwe zvinhu, uye, chechipiri, kwenguva pfupi. izvo (kutamba, mabhuku, theatre, cinema), kureva zvakadai, to-rye inofamba nekufamba kwenguva, uye, chechitatu, kuita (kutamba kumwechete, theatre, cinema), kureva kuti zvinoda vamiriri pakati pekugadzira nekuona. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvese zvirimo uye chimiro chehunyanzvi zvine chekuita nemamwe marudzi ehunyanzvi.
Zvinyorwa zveM. zvinoumbwa nemifananidzo yeunyanzvi-inodanwa, kureva kuti yakatorwa nenzwi rine chirevo (intonations), mhedzisiro yekuratidzira, shanduko uye kunaka. kuongororwa kwechinangwa chaicho mupfungwa yemuimbi (muimbi, mutambi).
Basa guru muzvinyorwa zveM. rinoitwa ne "arts. manzwiro” - akasarudzwa zvinoenderana nezvinobvira uye zvinangwa zvechikumbiro, chakacheneswa nguva dzisina kujairika uye zvine musoro manzwiro uye maitiro. Nzvimbo yavo inotungamira mumhanzi. zviri mukati zvakafanotemerwa neruzha (intonation) uye hunhu hwenguva hweM., izvo zvinobvumira, kune rumwe rutivi, kuvimba nezviuru zvemakore zvechiitiko mukuburitsa kunze manzwiro evanhu nekuvaendesa kune dzimwe nhengo dzenzanga, kunyanya uye. Ch. arr. kuburikidza nemanzwi, uye kune rumwe rutivi, kuratidza zvakakwana ruzivo semafambiro, maitiro ane zvese zvinoshanduka uye mimvuri, ine simba. kusimuka nekudonha, kuchinjana kwemanzwiro uye kukonana kwavo.
Kubva Zvita. marudzi emanzwiro M. zvikurusa anowanzobatanidza zvinyamusi - manzwiro emunhu, asina kutungamirirwa, kusiyana nemanzwiro, kune chero chaiyo. nyaya (kunyangwe zvichikonzerwa nezvikonzero): kunakidzwa, kusuwa, kufara, kupererwa, kupfava, kuvimba, kufunganya, etc. M. anoratidzawo zvakanyanya manzwiro ehunhu hwehungwaru uye hwekuda kwemunhu (nemaitiro anoenderana): kufunga. , kutsunga, simba, inertia, impulsiveness, kuzvidzora, kutsungirira, kushaya chido, kukomba, frivolity, etc. Izvi zvinobvumira M. kuti aratidze kwete zvepfungwa chete. mamiriro evanhu, asiwo maitiro avo. Mumashoko akanyatsojeka (asi asina kushandurirwa mumutauro wemashoko), akajeka uye "anotapukira" kutaura kwemanzwiro, M. haazivi akaenzana. Icho chiri pakukwanisa uku kuti tsanangudzo yaro yakapararira se "mutauro wemweya" (AN Serov) yakavakirwa.
Mumhanzi Izvo zvirimo zvinosanganisirawo "Arts. pfungwa” dzakasarudzwa, semanzwiro, uye dzine hukama zvakanyanya neyekupedzisira, “kunzwa”. Panguva imwecheteyo, nenzira dzavo pachavo, pasina rubatsiro rwemashoko, nezvimwewo vnemuz. zvinhu, M. haigoni kutaura marudzi ose epfungwa. Haaonekwe nemifungo-yechokwadi-meseji inowanika nyore kutaura mumazwi, iine ruzivo nezve chero chokwadi, uye isinganzwisisiki, isingakonzere hukama hwepfungwa uye hwekuona-yekufananidzira. Zvisineyi, M. inosvikika kupfungwa dzakadaro-generalizations, to-rye inoratidzwa mumifungo ine chekuita nekuchinja. rutivi rwemagariro uye pfungwa. zviitiko, kune hunhu hunhu, hunhu hunhu uye manzwiro emunhu uye nzanga. In pure instr. Mabasa evanyori vakuru venguva dzakasiyana-siyana zvakadzama uye zvakajeka akabatanidza pfungwa dzavo pamusoro pekunzwanana kana kusawirirana kwenyika, kugadzikana kana kusagadzikana kwehukama hwevanhu munharaunda yakapiwa, kuvimbika kana kupatsanurwa kwevanhu. uye kuziva kwemunhu, simba kana kusasimba kwemunhu, nezvimwewo. Basa guru mukuratidzwa kwemafungiro asina kujeka-generalizations rinoridzwa nemimhanzi yedramaturgy, kureva kuenzanisa, kudhumhana uye kukura kwemifananidzo yemimhanzi. Mikana mikuru yekutaura akakosha ekuwedzera mazano emamuses chaiwo. zvinoreva zvinopa symphonism se dialectical. kuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwemifananidzo, zvichiita kuti pave nekuumbwa kwemhando itsva.
Mukuedza kuwedzera kuwanda kwenyika yepfungwa dzehuzivi uye dzemagariro, vanyori vanowanzotendeukira kumubatanidzwa wemimhanzi neshoko semutakuri weiyo pfungwa yemukati (vok. uye chirongwa instr. M., ona Chirongwa mimhanzi), pamwe chete nenziyo dzechikuva. chiito. Nekuda kwekubatanidza neshoko, chiito, uye zvimwe zvisiri zvemimhanzi, mikana yemimhanzi inowedzera. Marudzi matsva emamosi anoumbwa mairi. mifananidzo, to-rye yakabatana zvishoma nezvishoma munzanga. consciousness with concepts and ideas zvinoratidzwa nezvimwe zvikamu zve synthesis, zvobva zvapfuura mu “pure” M. sevatakuri vepfungwa nemafungiro mamwe chete. Mukuwedzera, vanyori vanoshandisa zviratidzo zvinonzwika (zviratidzo zvemazuva ose) zvakamuka munzanga. tsika (marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezviratidzo, nezvimwewo; izvi zvinosanganisirawo nziyo kana nziyo dziripo mune imwe nzvimbo yemagariro evanhu uye dzakagamuchira chirevo chakatsiga chisina kujeka mairi, icho chave "chiratidzo chemimhanzi" chepfungwa dzipi nedzipi), kana kuti vanogadzira yavo pachavo. , “mimhanzi. zviratidzo.” Nekuda kweizvozvo, zviri muM. zvinosanganisira denderedzwa rakakura uye rinoramba rakapfumiswa remazano.
Nzvimbo shoma muM. inogarwa nemifananidzo inooneka yezvinoitika chaizvo, zviri mumimhanzi. mifananidzo, kureva mumanzwi, to-rye inoburitsa zviratidzo zvenyama zvezviitiko izvi (ona kupenda kwenzwi). Basa diki rekumiririra muunyanzvi rine chinangwa nekuda kwekunzwa kushoma, kana zvichienzaniswa nekuona, kuzivisa munhu nezve chaiwo maficha ezvinhu. Zvakadaro, zvidhori zvechisikigo uye "mifananidzo" zvinowanzowanikwa muna M. dec. vanhu, uye mifananidzo kana "zviitiko" kubva muhupenyu hwaDec. strata yenzanga yenyika yakati uye nguva. Iwo anoratidzwa seakanyanya kana kushoma akananga (kunyangwe zvisingadzivisiki ari pasi pemumhanzi logic) mufananidzo (kubereka) yemanzwi ezvisikwa (ruzha rwemhepo nemvura, kuimba kweshiri, nezvimwewo), munhu (intonation yekutaura, nezvimwewo) uye nzanga (isina-mimhanzi inonzwika uye yemazuva ese emimhanzi genres ayo ari chikamu chehupenyu hunoshanda), uye nhandaro yezvinooneka uye zvimwe zvekrete-sensory maficha ezvinhu nerubatsiro rwekushamwaridzana (shiri rwiyo - mufananidzo wesango), analogies (yakafara fambisa murwiyo - pfungwa yeuXNUMXbuXNUMXbspace) uye synesthesia - kubatana pakati pekunzwa kwekunzwa uye kuona, kubata, manzwiro ehuremu, nezvimwe. , gobvu). Spatial inomiririra, nekuda kwekuvapo kwemasangano, analogies uye synesthesias, zvinotoenderana nemafungiro eM., zvisinei, hazvirevi nguva dzose kuvapo kwechigadzirwa ichi. mifananidzo seyakakosha inoonekwa mifananidzo yezvinhu chaizvo. Kana iyo mifananidzo iripo mumhanzi. zvigadzirwa, saka, sekutonga, zvinoshanda chete seimwe nzira yekuwedzera yekuburitsa pfungwa uye manzwiro emukati, kureva pfungwa uye manzwiro evanhu, maitiro avo uye zvishuvo, zvavanoda uye kuongororwa kwechokwadi. Saka, zvakananga. Musoro wemimhanzi kuratidzira maitiro (ch. arr. emotional) emunhu nenzanga kunyika, akatorwa mumasimba ayo.
Zviri muM. (muboka revanhu) ikubatana kwemunhu, kirasi uye pasi rose. M. nguva dzose anoratidza kwete chete mafungiro pachake emunyori kune chokwadi, ake ext. nyika, asiwo mamwe akanyanya kukosha, akafanana. maficha eiyo ideology uye, kunyanya, iyo psychology yerimwe boka revanhu, kusanganisira. maitiro ake emanzwiro, iyo yakajairika "yepfungwa toni", yayo yekuzvarwa mafambiro ehupenyu uye mukati. rhythm. Panguva imwecheteyo, inowanzoendesa ruvara rwemanzwiro, kumhanya, rhythm yenguva yakazara, pfungwa uye manzwiro ari pedyo kwete kune imwe, asi kune akati wandei. makirasi (somuenzaniso, pfungwa dzekuchinja kwegutsaruzhinji munharaunda, rusununguko rwenyika, nezvimwewo) kana kunyange vanhu vese (semuenzaniso, manzwiro anomutswa nemasikirwo, rudo, uye zvimwe zviitiko zvenziyo), inomiririra pfungwa dzakakwirira dzepasirese. Zvisinei, sezvo pasi rose munyika yemafungiro uye yemanzwiro emunhu haana kurambana kubva pamagariro ake, ipapo pasi rose muM.
Chokwadi uye, pamusoro pazvo, chakataipa, kureva kubatanidza chirevo chezvemagariro evanhu, nat. uye munhu psychological concreteness, ratidziro yezvimiro uye zvimiro zvevanhu senhengo dzezvakatsanangurwa. nzanga inoshanda sechiratidzo chechokwadi mumimhanzi. Kusavapo zvachose mukugadzirwa kwemafungiro uye manzwiro emukati (kusanganisira nyika yepfungwa yemunhu), "kutamba" kusina maturo nemanzwi kana kushanduka kwavo chete kuva nzira yehutano. pesvedzero pavateereri inounza "kuvakwa kwakanaka" kwakadaro kupfuura miganhu yeM. seunyanzvi.
M. iripo zvemukati dec. Genus: epic, dramatic, lyrical. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvisinei, nekuda kwechimiro chayo chisiri chemufananidzo, mazwi ari pedyo nawo, achipa hukuru hwe "kuzviratidzira" pamusoro pemufananidzo wekunze kwenyika, zvepfungwa "self-portraits" pamusoro pemaitiro evamwe. vanhu. Zviri muM. zvakazara zvinotongwa nemifananidzo yakanaka inoenderana nehunhu uye kunaka kwemunyori. Kunyange zvazvo mifananidzo yakaipa (uye pamwe chete nayo inonyadzisa, caricature, uye inotyisa) yakapindawo munyika yemimhanzi kare-uye kunyanya kubva panguva yerudo-vakaramba vari ivo vanotungamirira mumhanzi. zviri mukati, kuchine katsika kekusimbisa, “kuimba”, uye kwete pakuramba, kushora. Maitiro akadaro ehupenyu M. ekuburitsa nekusimbisa zvakanakisa mumunhu anosimudzira kukosha kwayo semutauriri wevanhu. mavambo uye mutakuri wetsika nedzidzo basa.
Icho chimiro chezvinyorwa zveM., nzira yekuvapo kwayo mimhanzi. chimiro - hurongwa hwemimhanzi. manzwi, umo pfungwa, manzwiro uye zvifananidzi zvinomiririra zvemunyori zvinowanikwa (ona Mumhanzi fomu). Muses. fomu ndeyechipiri kune zvemukati uye kazhinji iri pasi payo. Panguva imwecheteyo ine hukama. kuzvimiririra, kunova kwakatonyanya kukura nekuti hunyanzvi, semhando dzese dzisiri dzemifananidzo dzeunyanzvi, dzakaganhurirwa mukushandiswa kwemhando dzezviitiko zvehupenyu chaihwo uye nekudaro zvinopa mukana wezvimiro zvawo pamwero mukuru usingadzokorore zvakasikwa. zvimwe. Aya mafomu akakosha akagadzirwa kuti ataure chaiwo. mimhanzi yemukati, zvakare, inoikurudzira, "iumbire" iyo. Mumhanzi (pamwe chete nechero hunyanzvi) fomu inoratidzirwa nekatsika yekudzikama, kugadzikana, kudzokororwa kwezvimiro uye zvinhu zvega, izvo zvinouya mukupokana nekusiyana, kufamba, uye mavambo emuse. content. Izvi zvinonzi dialectic. kupesana mukati megadziriro yekubatanidza uye kubatana kunogadziriswa nguva imwe neimwe nenzira yayo mukugadzirisa kwekugadzira imwe muses. kugadzirwa, apo, kune rumwe rutivi, chimiro chechinyakare chakasarudzika uye chakagadziridzwa pasi pesimba rezviri mukati, uye kune rimwe divi, zvirimo zvinofananidzirwa uye nguva dzinoratidzwa uye dzakanatswa mukati mayo zvinoenderana neyakagadzika maficha eiyo. fomu rakashandiswa.
Reshiyo mumimhanzi. kusika uye kuita pakati pekugadzikana uye kuchinja nenzira dzakasiyana mumimhanzi. tsika dzemarudzi akasiyana. MuM. oral tradition (ngano yenyika dzese, prof. vachireva musimboti wekuvandudza (nguva yega yega pahwaro hwemamwe maitiro echinyorero), fomu rinoramba rakavhurika, "rakavhurika". mimhanzi pl. vanhu vakagadzikana pane zvimiro zvemumhanzi wehunyanzvi (ona Folk mimhanzi). MuM. yakanyorwa tsika (European) chigadzirwa chimwe nechimwe. chine yakavharwa, yakawedzera kana kudzikama fomu, kunyangwe pano, mune mamwe masitaera, zvinhu zvekuvandudza. zvinopihwa (ona Improvisation).
Pamusoro pekugadzirisa zvinhu zvemukati, chimiro muM. chinoitawo basa rekutumira kwayo, "meseji" kunzanga. Iri basa rekutaurirana rinotarisawo zvimwe zvakakosha zvemamuses. mafomu, uye pamusoro pezvose - kutevedzera maitiro akajairwa ekuona kwevateereri uye (mukati memimwe miganhu) mhando uye kugona kwayo munguva yakapihwa.
Kunyange kutorwa zvakasiyana muses. manzwi anotova nemataurirwo ekutanga. mikana. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anokwanisa kukonzera physiological. manzwiro ekunakidzwa kana kusafara, kufara kana kudzikama, kukakavara kana kubuda, pamwe nekusangana. manzwiro (kuremera kana kureruka, kupisa kana kutonhora, rima kana chiedza, nezvimwewo) uye nyore nyore kushamwaridzana kwepakati. Izvi zvinogoneka zvinoshandiswa neimwe nzira kana imwe mune chero mimhanzi. prod., asi kazhinji chete sedivi rine hukama kune izvo zvepfungwa zviwanikwa. uye aesthetic pesvedzero, iyo iri muakadzama akaturikidzana emumhanzi fomu, apo manzwi anotoita sezvikamu zvezvakabatanidzwa zvakarongwa zvimiro.
Kuchengeta kumwe kufanana nemanzwi ehupenyu chaihwo, muses. inzwi panguva imwe chete yakasiyana zvikuru kubva kwavari pakuti inosanganisirwa muhurongwa hwekare hwakagadzirwa nemitambo. muitiro wesangano rakapiwa (ona Sound system). Mumhanzi wega wega. iyo inonzwika system (trichord, tetrachord, pentatonic, diatonic, gumi nembiri-inonzwika yakaenzana-hasha sisitimu, nezvimwewo) inopa zvinodikanwa zvekubuda kweakasiyana akagadzikana masanganiswa ematoni anogona kudzokororwa kudzokororwa akatwasuka uye akatwasuka. Nzira yakafanana mutsika imwe neimwe inosarudzwa uye yakawedzerwa kune hurongwa hwenguva yekurira, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuumba mhando dzakagadzikana dzekutevedzana kwavo kwepanguva.
MuM., kuwedzera kune toni, zvakare manzwi asingagumi anoshandiswa. kureba (ruzha) kana zvakadaro, kureba kwayo kusingatariswe. Nekudaro, ivo vanotamba inotsamira, yechipiri basa, sezvo, sezvinoratidzwa neruzivo, kuvapo kwenzwi rakagadziriswa chete kunobvumira pfungwa dzemunhu kuronga manzwi, kumisa hukama pakati pavo, kuvaunza muhurongwa uye kuagadzira muhurongwa zvine musoro, hunoreva uye. , uyezve, yakagadziridzwa zvakakwana zvimiro zvenzwi. Naizvozvo, zvivakwa zvinobva muruzha rwoga (somuenzaniso, kubva mukurira kwekutaura “kusiri kwemimhanzi” kana zviridzwa zvinorira zvisina mutsindo chaiwo) zvinogona kunge zviri zve“pre-mimhanzi” (mutsika dzechinyakare), kana kuti zvinopfuura mwero wemimhanzi. mhosva mupfungwa iyoyo, iyo yakanga yakadzika midzi mumagariro-nhoroondo. tsika yevanhu vakawanda kwemakore akawanda. mazana emakore.
Mumhanzi wega wega. mune rimwe basa, toni dzinoumba hurongwa hwavo hwekutevedzana kwakatwasuka uye (mupolyphony) vertical connections (consonances), iyo inoumba chimiro chayo (ona Melody, Harmony, Polyphony). Mune chimiro ichi, munhu anofanira kusiyanisa pakati pekunze (pamuviri) uye mukati ("mutauro") mativi. Rutivi rwekunze runosanganisira shanduko yetimbres, kutungamira kwe melodic. kufamba uye maitiro ayo (yakapfava, spasmodic), ine simba. curve (shanduko mukunzwika, ona Dynamics), tempo, general character of rhythm (ona Rhythm). Rutivi urwu rwemhando dzemimhanzi runonzwisiswa zvakafanana nekutaura mumutauro usina kujaira, izvo zvinogona kuva nemanzwiro kune anoteerera (pamamiriro emuviri uye epasi pepfungwa) nekunzwika kwaro, pasina kunzwisisa zvirimo. Rutivi rwemukati ("mutauro") rwemumhanzi. mafomu ndiwo mataurirwo ayo. maumbirwo, kureva kuti mitsindo ine revo inosanganisirwa mairi (melodic, harmonic uye rhythmic turns), yatove nyanzvi kare nenzanga. consciousness (kana dzakafanana nedzinoziva), zvinogona zvirevo zvinozivikanwa nevateereri. Rutivi urwu rwemafomu emimhanzi runonzwisiswa zvakafanana nekutaura mumutauro unozivikanwa, usingakanganisi nekurira kwawo chete, asiwo nezvaunoreva.
M. yerudzi rumwe norumwe munguva imwe neimwe inoratidzirwa neimwe. yakaoma yemhando dzakagadzikana dzemanzwi emusanganiswa (intonations) pamwe chete nemitemo (maitiro) ekushandisa kwavo. Zvakaoma zvakadaro zvinogona kunzi (dimikira) muses. “mutauro” werudzi urwu nenguva. Kusiyana nemutauro weshoko (weshoko), harina zvimwe zvisikwa. zviratidzo zvechiratidzo chechiratidzo, nokuti, kutanga, zvinhu zvayo hazvisi zvigadziro zvakagadzikana (zviratidzo), asi marudzi chete emusanganiswa wezwi, uye chechipiri, chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi chine tsanangudzo inopfuura imwe. kukosha, asi seti yezvinogona kukosha, munda usina miganhu yakanyatsogadziriswa, chechitatu, chimiro chechinhu chimwe nechimwe hachiparadzaniswi kubva kune zvakakosha, hachigoni kutsiviwa neimwe, kana kuchinjwa zvakanyanya pasina kuchinja kukosha; saka, muM. hazvibviri kutamisa kubva kune imwe muses. mutauro kune mumwe.
Munda wezvinogona kukosha zvechero mimhanzi-mutauro chinhu zvinoenderana, kune rumwe rutivi, pane yayo yemuviri. (acoustic) zvivakwa, uye kune rumwe rutivi, kubva kune ruzivo rwekushandiswa kwayo munharaunda dzemimhanzi. tsika uye kubatana kwayo, semhedzisiro yechiitiko ichi, nezvimwe zviitiko. Vakadaro vanemuz. kushamwaridzana (nemanzwi ekutaura, zvisikwa, nezvimwewo, uye kuburikidza navo nemifananidzo inoenderana yevanhu uye zviitiko zvechisikigo) uye intra-mimhanzi, iyo, iyo, yakakamurwa kuva yekuwedzera-zvinyorwa masangano (nemamwe mabasa emimhanzi) uye intra-text (inomuka mukati mebasa rakapihwa pahwaro hwemhando dzakasiyana dzekubatana kwenyika, kufanana kwenyaya, nezvimwewo). Mukugadzira semantic. mikana yakasiyana. music elements. Mutauro unoita basa guru muchiitiko chekushandiswa kwavo kudzokororwa muzuva nezuva M., pamwe neM. neshoko nechikuva. chiito, uko hukama hwavo hwakasimba hunoumbwa nemamiriro ehupenyu uye neizvo zvinhu zvemukati zvakamisikidzwa kunze kwemuse. zvinoreva.
Kuzvinhu zvinodzokororwa zvemimhanzi. mafomu, semantics. mikana ye-rykh inoenderana netsika dzekushandisa kwavo munharaunda dzemimhanzi. tsika, haisi yemhando dzemataurirwo enziyo chete (enziyo "mashoko"), asiwo kubatana kwakadaro kwemazwi enziyo. zvinoreva, ndeapi marudzi (kufora, kutamba, rwiyo, nezvimwewo, ona Genre musical). Pot. Zvinorehwa nerudzi rwega-hwega zvinotariswa zvakanyanya nemabasa ayo ekutanga ezuva nezuva, kureva nzvimbo yaro mukuita kwehupenyu.
Munyori anogona kushandisa mumabasa ake. semhando dzese dzemimhanzi. “mutauro” worudzi nenguva, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvawo chaiwo. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvimwe zvinhu zvinopfuura mukati memaitiro akapihwa kubva kubasa kuenda kubasa uye kubva kune mumwe munyori kuenda kune mumwe pasina kuve. shanduko (kukudziridza melodic uye harmonic kutendeuka, cadences, rhythmic mafomula emazuva ese emhando, nezvimwewo). Vamwe vanongoshanda seprototypes yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, mune imwe neimwe nyaya, yepakutanga zvinhu zvemuses. mafomu (akadai ndiwo matendeuko ekutanga emadingindira - "zviyo" zvawo, pamwe chete nematauriro ekupedzisira). Paunobatidza chero chinhu chemumhanzi. mutauro kuita basa, ndima yezvinoreva zvayo inoshanduka: kune rumwe rutivi, inopfupika nekuda kwekuita basa rekuita remuses. mamiriro ezvinhu, pamwe chete nemashoko kana zviitiko. chiito (mumhando dzekugadzira), kune rumwe rutivi, chiri kuwedzera nekuda kwekubuda kwekubatana kwemukati. Kushandisa zvinhu nemitemo yemamouse aripo. mitauro, kuigadzirisa, kugadzira mitsva, munyori nokudaro anoumba munhu wake, neimwe nzira mimhanzi yakasiyana. mutauro wainoda kuti uve nezvawo chaiwo.
Muses. mitauro yakasiyana. nguva, nyika, vanyori vakasiyana zvisingaite, asi vese vanewo mamwe misimboti yekuronga toni - kurira uye nguva. Muhuwandu hwakawanda hwetsika dzemimhanzi uye masitayera, hukama hwema toni hwakarongwa pahwaro hweiyo modhi, uye hukama hwenguva pfupi hwakarongwa pahwaro hwemita. Fret uye mita inoshanda panguva imwe chete seyakajairwa yeiyo yese yapfuura izwi-rhythm. maitiro uye zvigadziriso zvekuwedzera kusika, izvo zvinotungamira kuyerera kweinzwi peya dzinogadzirwa nekuziva kwemunyori pamwe neimwe nzira. Kurongeka kwakabatana uye kunoreva (mu monophony) kwepamusoro-soro uye hukama hwepanguva hwemuses. manzwi anoenderana neshungu uye mita anoumba mutinhimira, unova unonyanya kukosha pakutaura. zvinoreva M., mweya wake.
Kubatanidza mimhanzi huru yekumashure. kutaura (intonation, pitch, rhythmic uye syntactic organisation), mutinhimira unoashandisa mune yakamisikidzwa uye yakasarudzika fomu. Relief uye okutanga melodic. zvinhu zvinoshanda senzira yakakosha yekukosha kwemuses. inoshanda, inobatsira zvikuru pakuona kwayo uye kuyeuka.
Mumhanzi wega wega. basa rezvimiro zvega zvechimiro chayo rinoumbwa mukuita kwekubatanidza uye kuzviisa pasi pechimiro chese, chinosanganisira seti yezvivakwa zvega. Iyo yekupedzisira inosanganisira melodic, rhythmic, fret-harmonic, textural, timbre, dynamic, tempo, nezvimwewo zvimiro. Chinonyanya kukosha idingindira. maumbirwo, zvinhu zvawo zviri misisi. madingindira pamwe nekusiyana. marudzi nematanho ekuchinja kwavo nekukura. Muzvitaera zvakawanda zvemimhanzi, ndiwo madingindira ari iwo makuru anotakura zvinhu zvemuses. mifananidzo, uye, nokudaro, thematic. mimhanzi chimiro. mafomu nenzira. degree rinoshanda sechiratidzo chekunze chechimiro chekufananidzira chezviri mukati. Ose ari maviri, kubatanidza, anoumba mufananidzo-musoro. chimiro chebasa.
Zvese zvakavanzika zvimiro zvemuses. mafomu akabatanidzwa pamwe chete uye anorongedzerwa nenzira. chimiro (vavariro dzinobatanidza, mitsara, mitsara, nguva) uye kuumbwa (zvikamu zvinobatanidza, zvikamu, zvikamu, nezvimwewo). Zvivako zviviri zvekupedzisira zvinoumba misisi. chimiro mupfungwa nhete yezwi (nemamwe mazwi, kuumbwa kwebasa remimhanzi). Nekuda kwekunyanya kusununguka kwakakura kwechimiro muunyanzvi senge isiri-pictorial fomu yeunyanzvi, yakagadzika, yakasarudzika mhando dzezvimiro zvezvimiro zvakagadziridzwa mazviri - zvakajairwa muses. mafomu (mupfungwa nhete yeizwi) anokwanisa kuumba mifananidzo yakawanda kwazvo. Aya ndiwo anowanikwa muEurope. M. kwemakore akawanda kare. mazana emakore maviri-chikamu uye matatu-chikamu mafomu, kusiyana, rondo, sonata allegro, fugue, nezvimwewo; pane zvakajairika mafomu mumimhanzi. tsika dzekuMabvazuva. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinowanzo ratidza hunhu, akajairika marudzi ekufamba mumasikirwo, nzanga uye kuziva kwevanhu (kuumbwa kwezviitiko, kudzokorora kwavo, shanduko, kusimudzira, kuenzanisa, kudhumhana, nezvimwewo). Izvi zvinosarudza zvingangoreva zvinoreva, izvo zvinotsanangurwa nenzira dzakasiyana mumabasa akasiyana-siyana. Iyo yakajairwa chirongwa inoitwa nenzira nyowani nguva dzese, ichishanduka kuita yakasarudzika kuumbwa kwebasa iri.
Sezviri mukati, mimhanzi. chimiro chinozarurwa nekufamba kwenguva, kuva muitiro. Chimwe nechimwe chechimiro chega chega chinoita basa mukuita uku, chinoita chimwe chinhu. basa. Mabasa echinhu mumhanzi. fomu inogona kuva yakawanda (multifunctionality) uye kuchinja (kusiyana kwemabasa). Elements acc. zvimiro (pamwe chete nematoni - muzvinhu) zvinobatana uye zvinoshanda pahwaro hwemuses. logic, iyo yakananga. refraction of general mapatani evanhu. mabasa. Mumataera ese emimhanzi (ona Chimiro cheMumhanzi) inoumba yayo yakasiyana misimboti. pfungwa, kuratidza uye kupfupisa tsika yekugadzira yenguva ino, nat. chikoro, chero yazvino kana munyori wega.
Zvose zviri muM. uye chimiro chayo zviri kukura zvishoma nezvishoma. Mikana yavo yemukati inowedzera uye yakanyatso kuratidzwa uye zvishoma nezvishoma inopfumiswa pasi pesimba rekunze kwezvinhu uye, pamusoro pezvose, shanduko muhupenyu hwemagariro. M. inoramba ichisanganisira madingindira matsva, mifananidzo, pfungwa, manzwiro, izvo zvinopa kusimuka kwezvimiro zvitsva. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinhu zvakasakara zvemukati uye fomu zviri kupera. Nekudaro, zvese zvakakosha zvakasikwa muMoscow zvinoramba zvichirarama mumhando yemabasa anoumba classic. nhaka, uye setsika dzekugadzira dzakagamuchirwa munguva dzinotevera.
Zviitwa zvemumhanzi zvevanhu zvakakamurwa kuita marudzi makuru matatu: kugadzira (ona Kuumbwa), kuita (ona Mumhanzi wemimhanzi) uye maonero (ona Mimhanzi psychology). Zvinoenderana nematanho matatu ekuvapo kwemuses. mabasa: kusika, kubereka, kuteerera. Pane imwe neimwe nhanho, zviri mukati uye chimiro chebasa zvinoonekwa mune yakakosha fomu. Padanho rekusika, kana mupfungwa dzemunyori panguva imwe chete. zvinyorwa zvemunyori (zvakanakira) uye chimiro chemunyori (chinyorwa) zvinogadzirwa, zvirimo zviripo muchimiro chaicho, uye chimiro chiripo chete mune inogona. Kana basa racho rikazadzikiswa mukuita (mutsika dzemumhanzi dzakanyorwa, izvi zvinowanzotangirwa nekukodherwa kwechimiro chemumhanzi nenzira yerunyoro rwemimhanzi, ona Kunyorwa kweMumhanzi), ipapo fomu rinovandudzwa, rinopfuura richiita ruzha. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvose zviri mukati uye chimiro zvinoshanduka zvishoma, zvinoshandurwa nemuiti maererano nemaonero ake enyika, aesthetic. mafungiro, ruzivo rwemunhu, humiro, nezvimwewo. Izvi zvinoratidza maonero ake ega uye dudziro yebasa. Kune maitiro akasiyana ezvinyorwa uye fomu. Pakupedzisira, vateereri vanosvetuka chigadzirwa chinofungidzirwa. kuburikidza neiyo prism yemaonero avo, kuravira, hupenyu uye muses. ruzivo uye kuburikidza neizvi zvakare shandura zvishoma. Misiyano yevateereri yezvirimo uye chimiro inozvarwa, inotorwa kubva kune vanoita, uye kuburikidza navo - kubva muzvinyorwa zvemunyori uye chimiro chemunyori. Saka, pamatanho ese emimhanzi. basa rekugadzira. hunhu, kunyangwe kune madhigirii akasiyana: munyori anogadzira M., muiti anoshingairira kuigadzira zvakare nekuigadzira patsva, nepo muteereri achizviona zvakanyanya kana zvishoma.
Maonero aM. inzira yakaoma yakawanda, kusanganisira yemuviri. kunzwa M., kunzwisisa kwayo, ruzivo uye kuongorora. Kunzwa kwenyama ipfungwa yakananga-yekunzwa kwekunze (kunzwika) kwedivi remuses. mafomu, achiperekedzwa ne physiological. impact. Kunzwisisa uye kuona ndiko maonero ezvinoreva muses. mafomu, kureva zviri muM., kuburikidza nekunzwisisa kwezvimiro zvayo. Mamiriro ekuona padanho iri ndeyekutanga kuzivana (zvichida nenzira yakajairika) neinoenderana. mutauro wemimhanzi uye kufananidzwa kweiyo pfungwa yemimhanzi. kufunga kuri muchimiro ichi, izvo zvinobvumira muteereri kuti asangoenzanisa nguva yega yega yekutumirwa kwemuses. mafomu neakapfuura, asiwo kufanoona ("kufungidzira") gwara rekuwedzera kufamba. Panhanho iyi, mafungiro uye mafungiro eM. pamuteereri anoitwa.
Mamwe matanho ekuona mimhanzi. mabasa anodarika miganhu yekunzwika kwayo chaiyo munguva, kune rumwe rutivi, kuumbwa kwemafungiro emuteereri pakuona (zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ekunzwa kuri kuuya, ruzivo rwekare rwemhando yebasa racho, zita raro. munyori, zvichingodaro), uye kuno rumwe rutivi, kunzwisiswa kwapashure kwezvakanzwika, kuberekazve kwacho mundangariro (“pashure pokunzwa”) kana kuti mumunhu amene. kuita (semuenzaniso, nekuimba zvishoma zvimedu nemanzwi) uye ongororo yekupedzisira (asi ongororo yekutanga yakatoumbwa panguva yekurira kweM.).
Kugona kwemuteereri kuona zvine musoro (kunzwisisa uye ruzivo) ichi kana icho mimhanzi. basa, zviri mukati mawo maonero uye kuongorora zvinoenderana zvose chinhu (basa) uye panyaya (muteereri), kunyanya, pamusoro ukama pakati zvinodiwa zvomudzimu nezvido, aesthetic. zvinangwa, dhigirii reunyanzvi. budiriro, ruzivo rwevateereri vemimhanzi uye zvemukati hunhu hwebasa. Zvakare, zvinodiwa uye mamwe maparameter emuteereri anoumbwa nenharaunda yemagariro, uye mimhanzi yake yega. ruzivo chikamu chevanhu. Naizvozvo, maonerwo emumhanzi akangoitawo magariro anoenderana nekusika kana kuita (izvo zvisingasanganisi kukosha kwehunyanzvi hwekuzvarwa uye hunhu hwepfungwa hwemhando dzese dzemimhanzi). Kunyanya, magariro evanhu anoita basa rinotungamirira mukuumbwa kwezvose zviri zviviri uye kududzira kukuru (dudziro) uye kuongororwa kwemuses. anoshanda. Kududzirwa uku uye kuongororwa kwakashandurwa kare, kunoratidza kusiyana kwechinangwa chinangwa uye kukosha kwebasa rimwechete kune dzakasiyana eras uye mapoka emagariro evanhu (zvichienderana nekuteerera kwayo chinangwa chenguva uye zvido zvevanhu).
Matatu emhando dzemhando dzemimhanzi zviitiko zvakabatana zvakanyanya, zvichigadzira ketani imwe. Imwe neimwe inotevera chinongedzo inogamuchira zvinhu kubva kune yakapfuura uye inosangana nepesvedzero yayo. Panewo mhinduro pakati pavo: kushanda kunokurudzira (asi, kune imwe nhanho, miganhu) kusika kune zvido zvayo uye kukwanisa; societies. Maonero anopesvedzera zvakananga kuita (kuburikidza nemaitiro eruzhinji mune yake yakananga, kuonana kwehupenyu nemuiti uye nedzimwe nzira) uye zvisina kunanga pakugadzira (sezvo muimbi achizvidira kana nekusazvidira anotarisa pane imwe kana imwe mhando yemimhanzi maonero uye achivimba nemutauro wemimhanzi. iyo yakasimukira mune imwe nzanga).
Pamwe chete nemabasa akadai sekuparadzirwa uye propaganda yeM. nerubatsiro rwekuora. midhiya, tsvakiridzo yemimhanzi yesainzi (ona Musicology, Musical Ethnography, Musical Aesthetics), kutsoropodza (ona Musical Criticism), kudzidziswa kwevashandi, hutungamiriri hwesangano, nezvimwewo, uye masangano anoenderana navo, zvidzidzo zvechiitiko ichi uye kukosha kwakagadzirwa. nazvo, hunyanzvi, kuita uye kuona zvinoumba system - muses. tsika dzevanhu. Mune yakagadziridzwa mimhanzi tsika, kusika kunomiririrwa nemhando dzakawanda dzinopindirana, to-rye inogona kusiyaniswa maererano na dec. zviratidzo.
1) Nemhando yezvinyorwa: M. lyrical, epic, dramatic, pamwe nehugamba, zvinosuruvarisa, zvinosetsa, nezvimwewo; mune chimwe chinhu - mimhanzi yakakomba uye mimhanzi yakareruka.
2) Nekuita chinangwa: mimhanzi yezwi uye mimhanzi yezviridzwa; mune imwe chikamu chakasiyana - solo, ensemble, orchestral, choral, yakasanganiswa (pamwe nekumwe kujekeswa kwezvakaimbirwa: semuenzaniso, ye symphony orchestra, yechamber orchestra, yejazz, nezvimwewo).
3) Nekubatanidza nemamwe marudzi eunyanzvi uye neshoko: M. theatrical (ona Theatrical music), choreographic (ona Dhanzi music), chirongwa chiridzwa, melodrama (kuverenga kumimhanzi), inzwi nemashoko. M. kunze kwekubatanidzwa - vocalizations (kuimba pasina mazwi) uye "kuchena" chiridzwa (pasina purogiramu).
4) Maererano nemabasa anokosha: mimhanzi yakashandiswa (ine musiyano unotevera mumimhanzi yekugadzira, mimhanzi yehondo, mimhanzi yechiratidzo, mimhanzi yevaraidzo, nezvimwewo) uye mimhanzi isingashandisi.
5) Maererano nemamiriro ekurira: M. yekuteerera mune zvakakosha. nharaunda umo vateereri vakaparadzaniswa nevatambi ("akaratidzwa" M., maererano naG. Besseler), uye M. nokuda kwekuita kwevanhu vakawanda uye kuteerera mumamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu ("mazuva ose" M.). Zvakare, yekutanga yakakamurwa kuita inoshamisa uye konzati, yechipiri - muhukuru-mumba uye tsika. Imwe neimwe yemhando ina idzi (genre groups) inogona kusiyaniswa zvakare: inoshamisa - paM. yemitambo. theatre, drama theatre uye cinema (ona Mumhanzi weFirimu), koniti - pamumhanzi wesymphonic, mumhanzi wekamuri uye mumhanzi wepop. mimhanzi, misa-mazuva ose - paM. yekuimba uye yekufamba, tsika - pamitambo yechitendero cheM. (ona mimhanzi yeChechi) neyenyika. Pakupedzisira, mukati mezvikamu zviviri zvemimhanzi yemazuva ose, panheyo imwe chete, pamwe chete nebasa rinokosha, marudzi enziyo (anthem, lullaby, serenade, barcarolle, nezvimwewo), marudzi ekutamba (hopak, waltz, polonaise, nezvimwewo) . ) uye kufora (kufora kwehondo, kufora kwemariro, nezvimwewo).
6) Nemhando yekuumbwa uye mimhanzi. mutauro (pamwe chete nemaitiro ekuita): akasiyana-chikamu kana cyclic. mhando mukati memhando (genre groups) dzinozivikanwa zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekurira. Somuenzaniso, pakati pezvinoshamisa M. - opera, ballet, operetta, nezvimwewo, pakati pekonzati - oratorio, cantata, romance, symphony, suite, overture, poem, instr. concerto, solo sonata, trio, quartet, nezvimwewo, pakati pemhemberero - nziyo, chorale, mass, requiem, nezvimwewo. Zvakare, mukati memhando idzi, zvikamu zvezvikamu zvezvikamu zvinogona kusiyaniswa maererano nemaitiro akafanana, asi pane zvakasiyana. level: semuenzaniso, aria, ensemble, chorus mu opera, operetta, oratorio uye cantata, adagio uye solo kusiyana kwe ballet, andante uye scherzo mu symphony, sonata, chamber-instr. ensemble, etc. Nekuda kwekubatana kwavo nezvinhu zvakatsiga zvisiri zvemimhanzi uye zvemukati-mimhanzi sebasa rakakosha, mamiriro ekuita uye rudzi rwechimiro, mhando (nemapoka emhando) anewo kugadzikana kukuru, kusimba, dzimwe nguva kuenderera kwemakore akati wandei. epochs. Panguva imwecheteyo, imwe nharaunda yezvinyorwa uye mamwe maficha emuses anopihwa kune mumwe nemumwe wavo. mafomu. Nekudaro, neshanduko mune yakajairika nhoroondo nharaunda uye mamiriro ekushanda kweM. munharaunda, marudzi anoshandukawo. Vamwe vavo vanoshandurwa, vamwe vanonyangarika, vachipa nzira kune itsva. (Kunyanya, muzana remakore rechi20, kuvandudzwa kweredhiyo, bhaisikopo, terevhizheni, uye dzimwe nzira dzounyanzvi dzokuparadzira zvinobudisa nhau zvakabatsira pakuumbwa kwemhando itsva.) Somugumisiro, nguva imwe neimwe uye nat. mimhanzi tsika inoratidzirwa ne "genre fund".
7) Nezvitaera (nhoroondo, nyika, boka, munhu). Kufanana nemhando, chimiro ipfungwa yakajairika inovhara nhamba huru yemamuses. zviitiko zvakafanana mune zvimwe zvinhu (ch. arr. maererano nemhando yemafungiro emimhanzi ari mazviri). Panguva imwecheteyo, zvitayera, sekutonga, zvakanyanya kufambisa, zvakanyanya kuchinjika kupfuura marudzi. Kana iyo mhando yemhando inoratidza kufanana kwemuses. mabasa emhando imwe chete emhando dzakasiyana uye eras, zvino muchikamu chemaitiro - nharaunda yemabasa emhando dzakasiyana dzenguva imwe chete. Mune mamwe mazwi, iyo genre inopa generalization yemimhanzi-nhoroondo. muitiro mukutevedzana, diachrony, uye chimiro - panguva imwe chete, synchrony.
Kuita, sekusika, kwakakamurwa kuita mazwi uye chiridzwa uye, zvakare, zvinoenderana nezviridzwa uye zvinoenderana nekuumbwa kweensembles kana orchestra; nemapoka emhando (mimhanzi-yemitambo, konzati, nezvimwewo), dzimwe nguva nemapoka madiki (symphonic, chamber, pop) uye ne otd. marudzi (opera, ballet, nziyo, nezvimwewo); nematayera.
Maonero akapatsanurwa mumhando dzakasiyana zvichienderana nechiyero chekuisa pfungwa ("kuzvionera" - kusanganisirwa mukuita kwemunhu wega; "yakamisikidzwa" maonero - yakanyatso kutariswa pane inofungidzirwa svikiro uye isingaperekedzwe nechimwe chiitiko; "kuperekedza" - inoperekedzwa neCL chiitiko. ); maererano nekuona kwemuteereri kune rumwe kana rumwe rudzi rweM. content (yakakomba M. kana chiedza), kune rimwe boka remhando, kana kunyange kuboka rakasiyana. rudzi (somuenzaniso, rwerwiyo), nokuda kwechimwe chimiro; nekukwanisa kunzwisisa uye kuongorora zvakakwana M. yemhando yakapiwa uye maitiro (unyanzvi, hunyanzvi, husingakwanisi). Maererano neizvi, pane kupatsanurwa kwevateereri muzvikamu nemapoka, pakupedzisira zvakatemwa nemagariro evanhu: mimhanzi. kurerwa mune imwe nzanga. nharaunda, kufananidzwa kwezvikumbiro zvake nezvaanofarira, mamiriro ake enguva dzose ekuona M., nezvimwewo (ona Dzidzo yeMumhanzi, Dzidzo yeMumhanzi). Rimwe basa rinoitwawo nekusiyanisa maonero maererano nemafungiro. zviratidzo (analyticity kana syntheticity, predominance yepfungwa kana manzwiro ekutanga, imwe kana imwe mafungiro, hurongwa hwekutarisira maererano neM. uye kune unyanzvi huzhinji).
M. anoita mabasa anokosha evanhu. Ichipindura kuzvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana zveSosaiti, inosangana naDec. marudzi evanhu. zviitwa - zvinhu (kutora chikamu mumaitiro ebasa uye tsika dzine hukama), kuziva uye kuongorora (kuratidzwa kwe psychology yevaviri vanhu uye mapoka emagariro, kutaura kwemafungiro avo), zvemweya uye zvinoshandura (ideological, etsika uye aesthetic maitiro), kutaurirana (kutaurirana). pakati pevanhu). Kunyanya nzanga huru. Basa reM. senzira yekudzidzisa kwemweya wemunhu, kuumbwa kwezvitendero, tsika. unhu, aesthetic kuravira uye vavariro, kukura manzwiro. kudavidza, kunzwa, mutsa, pfungwa yerunako, kukurudzira kwekugadzira. kugona munzvimbo dzese dzehupenyu. Aya mabasa ese emagariro eM. anoumba hurongwa, hunochinja zvichienderana nemagariro-nhoroondo. mamiriro.
Nhoroondo yemimhanzi. Nezvekwakabva M. muzana remakore rechi19. uye fungidziro dzapakuvamba dzezana ramakore rechi 20 dzakaiswa mberi, mukuwirirana nadzo mavambo aM. akanga ari manzwi ekutaura kunofadza kwemirangariro (G. Spencer), kuimba kweshiri nokurira kworudo kwemhuka (C. Darwin), mutinhimira we<em>rhythm basa revanhu vekare (K. Bucher), zviratidzo zvavo zvenzwi (K. Stumpf), mashiripiti. zvitsinga (J. Combarier). Maererano nesayenzi yemazuva ano yekuda zvinhu yakavakirwa paruzivo rwokuchera matongo. uye data ethnographic, munharaunda yekare kwaiva nekufamba kwenguva zvishoma nezvishoma "kukura" kweM. mukati mekuita. zviitiko zvevanhu uye primitive syncretic iyo isati yabuda kubva mairi. yakaoma - pre-art, iyo yakabata embryos yeM., kutamba, nhetembo, uye mamwe marudzi eunyanzvi uye yakashanda zvinangwa zvekutaurirana, sangano rekushanda pamwe chete nemaitiro echinyakare uye maitiro emanzwiro kune vatori vechikamu kuitira kudzidzisa hunhu hwemweya. zvinodiwa kuchikwata. Pakutanga nyonganyonga, isina kurongeka, yakafukidza kuwanda kwenhevedzano yenhamba huru yekurira kusingaverengeki (kutevedzera kuimba kweshiri, kurira kwemhuka, nezvimwewo) kwakatsiviwa nenziyo nenziyo, zvinosanganisira zvishomanana chete. toni dzinosiyaniswa nezvinonzwisisika. kukosha mureferensi (yakagadzikana) uye parutivi (isina kugadzikana). Kudzokororwa kwakawanda kwe melodic uye rhythmic. formula dzakadzika midzi munzanga. kuita, kwakatungamira kukuziva zvishoma nezvishoma uye kufananidzwa kwezvinobvira zvepfungwa. kurongeka kwemanzwi. Iyo yakapfava yemimhanzi-inzwi masisitimu akaumbwa (zviridzwa zvemimhanzi zvakaita basa rakakosha mukubatanidzwa kwavo), yekutanga mhando yemamita uye maitiro. Izvi zvakabatsira pakuziva kwekutanga kwekugona kutaura. mikana yematoni uye musanganiswa wavo.
Munguva yekuparara kweiyo primitive communal (madzinza) system, apo art. chiitiko chinoparadzaniswa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kune zvinoshanda, uye syncretic. Iyo pre-art yakaoma iri kuparara zvishoma nezvishoma, uye art inozvarwawo sechinhu chakazvimirira. rudzi rwekuda. Mune ngano dzevanhu vakasiyana vane hukama nenguva ino, pfungwa yaM. sesimba rine simba rinokwanisa kupesvedzera zvisikwa, kupingudza mhuka dzesango, kuporesa munhu kubva kuzvirwere, zvichingodaro. Nekukura kwekuparadzaniswa kwebasa uye kubuda kwemakirasi, pakutanga mimhanzi imwe chete uye yakafanana. iyo tsika yenharaunda yese yakakamurwa kuita tsika yemapoka anotonga uye tsika yevanodzvinyirirwa (vanhu), pamwe nehunyanzvi uye vasiri nyanzvi (amateur). Kubva panguva ino, inotanga kuzvimiririra. kuvapo kwemimhanzi. ngano sevanhu vasina basa nemhosva. Muses. kusika kwevanhu vazhinji kunova mune ramangwana hwaro hwemamuses. tsika yenzanga yose, iyo yakapfuma sosi yemifananidzo uye kutaura. mari yaProf. vanyori.
Muses. tsika yekubata varanda uye kukakavara kwekutanga. nyika dzeNyika Yekare (Egypt, Sumer, Asiriya, Bhabhironi, Siria, Palestine, India, China, Girisi, Roma, nyika dzeTranscaucasia neCentral Asia) yatove inoratidzirwa nebasa rakawanda raProf. vaimbi (kazhinji vachibatanidza munyori uye mutambi), vaishumira mutemberi, pamatare evatongi uye nevakuru, vakapinda mumitambo yakawanda, nzanga. mitambo, nezvimwewo M. anochengeta Ch. arr. zvinoshanda zvenyama uye zvemweya mabasa akagarwa nhaka kubva kumagariro echinyakare uye akabatana nawo zvakananga. kubatanidzwa mubasa, hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, hupenyu hwehondo, tsika dzehurumende uye dzechitendero, mudzidzo yevechidiki, nezvimwewo. Zvisinei, kwekutanga, kuparadzaniswa kweaesthetics kunotsanangurwa. mabasa, masampuli ekutanga emimhanzi anooneka, akaitirwa kuteerera chete (semuenzaniso, nziyo nemitambo yemitambo inoitwa muGreece pamakwikwi evaimbi). Zvakasiyana-siyana zviri kusimukira. rwiyo (epic uye lyric) uye kutamba. mhando, mune dzakawanda dzadzo nhetembo, kuimba nekutamba zvinochengeta kubatana kwavo kwepakutanga. M. anoita basa guru muimba yemitambo. zvinomiririra, kunyanya muchiGiriki. njodzi (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides vakanga vasiri chete vanyori vemitambo, asiwo vaimbi). Akasiyana-siyana muses ari kuvandudza, kuwana fomu yakagadzikana uye kuvaka. zviridzwa (kusanganisira rudimbwa, mbira, mhepo yekare nokurira). Nzira dzekutanga dzekunyora M. dzinooneka (cuneiform, hieroglyphic, kana alfabheti), kunyange zvazvo kutonga. chimiro chekuchengetedza uye kuparadzirwa kwayo inoramba ichitaurwa. Yekutanga mimhanzi aesthetics inooneka. uye theoretical dzidziso uye masisitimu. Vazhinji vazivi vekare vanonyora nezveM. (muChina - Confucius, muGreece - Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, Aristoxenus, muRoma - Lucretius Carus). M. inofungidzirwa mukuita uye mudzidziso sechiitiko chiri padyo nesainzi, hunyanzvi uye chitendero. chitendero, se "muenzaniso" wenyika, uchipa ruzivo rwemitemo yayo, uye senzira yakasimba yekupesvedzera zvisikwa (mashiripiti) uye munhu (kuumbwa kwehutano hwevanhu, dzidzo yetsika, kuporesa, nezvimwewo). Panyaya iyi, hurumende yakasimba (mune dzimwe nyika - kunyange nyika) mutemo wekushandiswa kweM. yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana (kusvika kune imwe nzira) inotangwa.
Munguva yeMiddle Ages muEurope, kune museum. tsika yerudzi rutsva - feudal, kubatanidza prof. art, mimhanzi yeamateur uye ngano. Sezvo kereke ichitonga munzvimbo dzese dzehupenyu hwemweya, hwaro hwaProf. hunyanzvi hwemimhanzi chiitiko chevaimbi mumatemberi nemamongi. Secular Prof. art inomiririrwa pakutanga chete nevaimbi vanogadzira uye vanoita epic. ngano padare, mudzimba dzevakuru, pakati pevarwi, etc. (bard, skalds, etc.). Nekufamba kwenguva, mafomu evasina uye ehunyanzvi ekugadzira mimhanzi yakagadziridzwa: muFrance - hunyanzvi hwematroubadours uye trouveurs (Adam de la Halle, 13th century), muGermany - minnesiers (Wolfram von Eschenbach, Walter von der Vogelweide, 12 -13th century) , pamwe nemakomo. artisans. Mukurwisana. nhare nemaguta akarima marudzi ese emhando, mhando nemhando dzenziyo (epic, "mambakwedza", rondo, le, virelet, ballads, canzones, laudas, nezvimwewo). Mimhanzi mitsva inouya muhupenyu. zvishandiso, kusanganisira. avo vakabva kuMabvazuva (viola, lute, zvichingodaro), ensembles (dzisina kusimba nziyo) dzinomuka. Ngano dziri kubudirira pakati pevarimi. Kune zvakare "nyanzvi dzevanhu": vatori venhau, wandering synthetics. artists (jugglers, mimes, minstrels, shpilmans, buffoons). M. zvakare anoita Ch. arr. rinoshandiswa uye rinoshanda pakunamata. mabasa. Kusika kunoshanda mukubatana nekuita (sekutonga - mumunhu mumwe) uye nekuona. Kuunganidzwa kunotonga zvese zviri mukati mehuwandu uye muchimiro chayo; munhu anotanga anozviisa pasi pemukuru, pasina kumira kunze kubva pairi (muimbi-tenzi ndiye mumiriri akanakisa wenharaunda). Chinyakare chakasimba uye kuvimbika kunotonga kwese. Kubatanidzwa, kuchengetedza uye kuparadzira tsika nemaitiro (asi zvakare kuvandudzwa kwavo zvishoma nezvishoma) kwakafambiswa neshanduko kubva kuNeumes, iyo yaingoratidza chimiro chenzwi. kufamba, kune mutsara notation (Guido d'Arezzo, 10th century), iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kugadzirisa nemazvo kukwirira kwematoni, uyezve nguva yavo.
Zvishoma nezvishoma, kunyange zvishoma nezvishoma, zviri mumimhanzi, mhando dzayo, maumbirwo, uye nzira dzekutaura zvinopfumiswa. MuZap. Europe kubva muzana remakore rechi6-7. hurongwa hwakanyatsogadziriswa hwemonophonic (monodic, ona Monophonic, Monody) chechi iri kutora chimiro. M. pahwaro hwe diatonic. frets (chiimbo cheGregorian), kubatanidza kudzokorora (pisarema) uye kuimba (nziyo). Pakutanga kwe1 uye 2 mireniyamu, polyphony inoberekwa. Mawoko matsva ari kuumbwa. (choral) uye wok.-instr. (kwaya nenhengo) genres: organum, motet, conduct, then mass. muFrance muzana remakore rechi12. yekutanga muimbi (yekugadzira) chikoro chakaumbwa paKathedral yeNotre Dame (Leonin, Perotin). Pakuvamba kweRenaissance (ars nova style muFrance neItaly, 14th century) muna prof. M. monophony inotsiviwa nepolyphony, M. anotanga kuzvisunungura zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kune zvinongoita. mabasa (kushumira tsika dzechechi), inosimudzira kukosha kwemhando dzenyika, kusanganisira. nziyo (Guillaume de Machaux).
MuVost. Europe neTranscaucasia (Armenia, Georgia) vanogadzira yavo nyundo. tsika dzine masisitimu akazvimirira emodhi, marudzi uye mafomu. MuByzantium, Bulgaria, Kievan Rus, gare gare Novgorod, chitendero znamenny kuimba kunobudirira (ona Znamenny chant), osn. pane diatonic system. manzwi, anongogumira kune pure wok chete. genres (troparia, stichera, hymns, etc.) uye kushandisa yakakosha notation system (hoko).
Panguva imwecheteyo, kuMabvazuva (Arab Caliphate, nyika dzeCentral Asia, Iran, India, China, Japan), feudal muses yakaumbwa. rudzi rwakakosha rwetsika. Zviratidzo zvaro kuparadzirwa kwakapararira kwehunyanzvi hwenyika (vese vedare uye vanhu), kuwana hunhu hwakanaka, kuganhurirwa kutsika yemuromo uye monodich. mafomu, anosvika, zvisinei, hunyanzvi hwepamusoro maererano nemutinhimira uye mutinhimira, kusikwa kwemaitiro akadzikama kwazvo enyika nepasirese emuses. kufunga, kubatanidza zvakanyatsotsanangurwa. mhando dzemodhi, genres, tonation uye maumbirwo emhando (mugams, makams, ragi, nezvimwewo).
Munguva yeRenaissance (14-16 mazana emakore) kuMadokero. uye Center, Europe feudal music. tsika inotanga kushanduka kuita bourgeois imwe. Unyanzvi hwepanyika hunobudirira pahwaro hwepfungwa yehumunhu. M. nenzira. dhigirii inoregererwa kubva pane inosungirwa inoshanda. destination. Zvizhinji zvinouya kumberi kwekunaka kwayo. uye kuziva. mabasa, kugona kwayo kushanda senzira yekusangobata hunhu hwevanhu, asiwo kuratidza mukati. nyika yevanhu uye chokwadi chakapoteredza. Muna M. mavambo ega ega anogoverwa. Anowana rusununguko rwakakura kubva pasimba remakanoni echinyakare. establishments. Maonero anoparadzaniswa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pakugadzira nekuita, vateereri vanoumbwa sevanozvimiririra. chikamu chemimhanzi. tsika. Blooming instr. kunakidzwa (lute). Imba yemusha inowana budiriro yakakura. kuridza mimhanzi (mudzimba dzevagari vemo, madenderedzwa evanoda mimhanzi). Zviri nyore polygoals zvakagadzirirwa iye. nziyo - villanella uye frottola (Italy), chansons (France), uyewo zvakanyanya kuoma kuita uye kazhinji kunatswa muchimiro (ane chromatic features) 4- kana 5-chinangwa. madrigals (Luca Marenzio, Carlo Gesualdo di Venosa), kusanganisira. kumavhesi ePetrarch, Ariosto, Tasso. Semi-professional vaimbi vari kushanda muGermany. masangano evanhu vemaguta-vashandi - misangano ye mastersingers, uko kwakawanda. nziyo (Hans Sachs). Nziyo dzeruzhinji, nat. uye masangano echitendero: rwiyo rweHussite (Czech Republic), rwiyo rweLutheran (Kuchinja uye Hondo Yevarombo yomuzana remakore rechi16 muGermany), pisarema reHuguenot (France).
Muprof. M. inosvika papinacle korasi yayo. polyphony a cappella (polyphony ye "strict style") ndeye diatonic chete. dura mumhando dzemisa, motet kana yenyika polygon. nziyo dzine virtuoso kushandiswa kwekutevedzera kwakaoma. mafomu (canon). Zvikoro zvevanyori vakuru: chikoro cheFranco-Flemish kana chiDutch (Guillaume Dufay, Johayanes Okeghem, Jacob Obrecht, Josquin Despres, Orlando di Lasso), chikoro cheRoma (Palestrina), chikoro cheVenetian (Andrea naGiovanni Gabrieli). Major masters ekwaya vari kuenderera mberi. hunyanzvi muPoland (Vaclav kubva kuShamotul, Mikolaj Gomulka), Czech Republic. Panguva imwe chete kekutanga kuwana rusununguko instr. M., muboka rinoitawo kutevedzera. polyphony (organ preludes, ricercars, canzones neVenetians A. uye G. Gabrieli, misiyano nemunyori weSpanish Antonio Cabezon). Sainzi inomutsiridzwa. kufunga nezveM., nzira itsva dzinogadzirwa. music-theoretical. zvinyorwa (Glarean muSwitzerland, G. Tsarlino uye V. Galilei muItaly, nezvimwewo).
MuRussia, mushure mekusunungurwa kubva kuMong.-Tat. joko rinotumbuka M., muna prof. M. inosvika pakukura kukuru kwekuimba kweZnamenny, inoburitsa hunyanzvi. mabasa evanyori vakatanhamara-"vaimbi" (Fyodor Krestyanin), iyo yepakutanga polyphony ("mitsetse mitatu") inoberekwa, mikuru mikuru inoshanda. mapoka (kwaya ye "changamire singing clerks", 16th century).
Maitiro ekuchinja muEurope kubva kumamuse. tsika yemhando yefeudal kune bourgeois inoenderera mberi muzana remakore rechi17. uye 1st floor. 18th century Hutongi hwese hweM. yenyika hunozotemerwa (kunyangwe muGermany nedzimwe nyika, chechi M. inochengeta kukosha kukuru). Izvo zvirimo zvinovhara huwandu hwakasiyana hwemisoro nemifananidzo, kusanganisira. uzivi, nhoroondo, zvemazuva ano, magariro. Pamwe chete nekuridza mimhanzi mune aristocratic. salons uye nzvimbo dzakanaka, mudzimba dzevamiririri ve "third estate", uyewo munhoroondo. masangano (mayunivhesiti) anoiswa zvakanyanya kuruzhinji. hupenyu hwemimhanzi. Midziyo yaro minyuziyamu isingaperi. masangano emhando yakavhurika: opera dzimba, philharmonic. (konsati) pamusoro-va. Violas vari kutsiviwa nemazuva ano. akakotama tambo zviridzwa (violin, cello, nezvimwewo; shasha dzekugadzira kwavo - A. uye N. Amati, G. Guarneri, A. Stradivari kubva kuCremona, Italy), pianoforte yekutanga yakagadzirwa (1709, B. Cristofori, Italy) ) Mimhanzi yokudhinda (iyo yakatanga pakuvamba sokupera kwezana ramakore rechi 15) iri kusimukira. Mimhanzi iri kuwedzera. dzidzo (conservatories muItaly). Kubva mumisi. sainzi inomira kutsoropodza (I. Mattheson, Germany, kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 18).
Mukuvandudzwa kwekusika kwemunyori, nguva iyi yakaratidzwa nekuyambuka kwemaitiro akadaro. masitayera, akadai sebaroque (yeItaly neGerman instr. uye chorus M.), classicism (chiItalian neFrench opera), rococo (French instr. M.) uye zvishoma nezvishoma shanduko kubva kumhando dzakambotangwa, masitayipi uye mafomu kuenda kutsva, inochengetedza kutonga. . chinzvimbo muEurope M. kusvika nhasi. Pakati pemhando dzemhando, pedyo nekuenderera mberi kwe "chishuwo" (chishuwo) pachitendero. madingindira uye kuwanda, opera uye oratorio zvinokurumidza kuuya kumberi. Cantata (solo uye choral), instr. konzati (solo uye orchestral), chamber-instr. ensemble (vatatu, nezvimwewo), rwiyo rumwechete ne instr. escort; iyo suite inotora chitarisiko chitsva (yakasiyana-siyana ndiyo partita), iyo inosanganisa matambiro ezuva nezuva. Pakupera kwenguva, kuumbwa kwemazuva ano. symphonies uye sonatas, pamwe ne ballets seyakazvimirira. genre. Zvichienderana nekutevedzera polyphony ye "free style", iyo inosvika pakakwirira, nekushandiswa kwakakura kwechromatism, pahwaro hwemamodhi akafanana (makuru uye madiki), iyo yakakura kunyangwe kare, mukati mepolyphony uye mukati. kutamba kwemazuva ose, kunosimbiswa. M., homophonic-harmonic. imba yekuchengetera zvinhu (izwi repamusoro ndiro guru, mamwe ese anoperekedza chord, ona Homophony), harmonic crystallize. mabasa uye rudzi rutsva rwerwiyo rwakavakirwa pazviri, tsika yedhijitari bass, kana general bass, inopararira zvakanyanya (kuvandudzwa nemuiti paogani, harpsichord kana lute yeharmonic inoperekedza kuimba kana kudzokorora kunoenderana neizwi rezasi rakanyorwa. kunze nemunyori - mabhesi ane mamiriro, dhijitari notation yekubatana) . Panguva imwe chete nemhando dzepolyphonic (passacaglia, chaconne, fugue) wedzera mamwe ehomophonic: rondo, old sonata.
Munyika umo panguva ino nzira yekuumbwa kwemarudzi akabatana (Italy, France, England, chikamu Germany) inoitika (kana kuguma), nyika yakabudirira zvikuru. music culture. Pakati pazvo pane kutonga. basa rinochengetwa neItaly. Yakanga iri muItaly iyo opera yakazvarwa (Florence, pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 16 nerechi17), uye yekutanga maoperasi ekutanga akagadzirwa. mienzaniso yerudzi urwu rutsva (hafu yekutanga yezana remakore rekutanga, chikoro cheVenetian, C. Monteverdi), marudzi ayo akagadzikana anoumbwa, ayo anopararira muEurope yose: opera yakakomba, kana opera seria, heroic. uye zvinosiririsa. hunhu, pangano. uye zvirongwa zvenhoroondo (hafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 1, Neapolitan chikoro, A. Scarlatti), uye komiki, kana opera buffa, pazvidzidzo zvezuva nezuva (hafu yokutanga yezana ramakore rechi 17, Neapolitan chikoro, G. Pergolesi). Munyika imwe cheteyo, oratorio (2) uye cantata yakaonekwa (mienzaniso yakatanhamara yemarudzi ose ari maviri anobva kuna G. Carissimi naA. Stradella). Pakupedzisira, pazasi peheyday rudo. uye conc. performance (iyo huru violin virtuosos - J. Vitali, A. Corelli, J. Tartini) iri kuwedzera zvakanyanya nekuvandudza instr. M .: nhengo (17st hafu yezana remakore rechi1, G. Frescobaldi), orchestral, ensemble, solo yetambo. zvishandiso. Mune 18nd floor. 1600 – kupemha. 1th century marudzi econcerto grosso (Corelli, Vivaldi) uye solo instr. concerto (Vivaldi, Tartini), marudzi ("chechi" uye "chamber") trio sonata (yetambo mbiri kana zviridzwa zvemhepo uye clavier kana organ - naVitali) uye solo sonata (yeviolin kana ye solo violin uye clavier - naCorelli, Tartini, nokuda kwe clavier naD. Scarlatti).
MuFrance, kune yakakosha yenyika. mhando op. zvemumhanzi t-ra: “lyric. dambudziko ”(rudzi rukuru rweopera) uye opera-ballet (J. B. Lully, J. F. Rameau), komedhi-ballet (Lully mukubatana naMoliere). Gwara renzou revaimbi ve<em>harpsichord vakatanhamara—vaimbi nevaimbi (mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 17—kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 18, F. Couperin, Rameau)—avo vakagadzira mafomu e<em>rondo (kazhinji mumitambo yechimiro chepurogiramu) uye misiyano, yakauya pamberi. MuEngland, mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 16 nerechi 17, munguva yaShakespeare, kwakamuka chikoro chekutanga muEurope chevaimbi venziyo dzepiyano—vasina mhandara (W. Bird uye J. Nzombe). M. inotora nzvimbo huru muShakespearean theatre. Mu 2nd floor. Mienzaniso yakaisvonaka yezana remakore rechi17 nat. opera, korasi, nhengo, chamber-instr. uye clavier M. (G. Purcell). Mu 1st floor. Kusika kwezana ramakore rechi 18 kuri kuitika muUK. mabasa eG. F. Handel (oratorios, opera seria), panguva imwe chete. kuzvarwa kwerudzi rwekomiki yenyika. opera - ballad opera. MuGermany muzana remakore rechi17 oratorio yepakutanga inoshanda ("zvido", nezvimwewo) uye mienzaniso yekutanga yemadzibaba inooneka. opera uye ballet (G. Schutz), inobudirira org. art (D. Buxtehude, I. Froberger, I. Pachelbel). Mu 1st floor. 18th century zvinoreva. prod. mumhando dzakawanda (“chishuwo”, mamwe marudzi eoratorio; cantatas; fantasies, preludes, fugues, sonatas for organ and clavier, suites for clavier; concertos for orchestra and for different instruments, etc.) anogadzira J. S. Bach, ane basa raive mhedzisiro uye nhanho yekukura kwese kwekutanga kweEuropean. polyphony uye zvese M. baroque. MuSpain, mabhaisikopo ekutanga emimhanzi anozvarwa. opera-mhando yemhando dzine nhaurirano dzekukurukurirana: zarzuela (zvinoshamisa zvemukati), tonadilla (comic). MuRussia, polyphony mumimhanzi yechitendero iri kuwedzera (kuimba kwezvikamu zvekupera kwezana ramakore rechi 17 nekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 18- kwaya concertos naV. Titov uye N. Kalachnikov). Panguva imwecheteyo munguva yekuvandudzwa kwaPeter I, mimhanzi yezvenyika yakazvarwa (panegyric cantes), uye kukwidziridzwa kwemimhanzi yemazuva ese yemudhorobha (lyric cantes, mapisarema). Kuvandudzwa kweEuropean M. 2nd floor. Zana remakore rechi18 uye kutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 rinopfuurira pasi pesimba remafungiro eChiedza, uyezve Great French. chimurenga, icho chisina kungoita kuti pave nemimhanzi mitsva yemazuva ese (kufora, nziyo dzechigamba, kusanganisira Marseillaise, mitambo yakawanda uye tsika dzechimurenga), asi yakawanawo mhinduro yakananga kana isina kunanga mune mimwe mimhanzi. marudzi. Baroque, "gallant style" (rococo) uye noble classicism inopa nzira kune inotonga nzvimbo ye bourgeois. (kuvhenekerwa) classicism, iyo inosimbisa pfungwa dzekufunga, kuenzana kwevanhu, kushandira nzanga, hunhu hwepamusoro. MuchiFrench Chiratidzo chepamusoro-soro chezvishuvo izvi chaiva basa rekushanda raK. Gluck, muAustro-German - symphonic, operatic uye kamuri mabasa evamiriri veViennese classical chikoro J. Haydn, W. A. Mozart uye L.
Kuitika zvinoreva. kufambira mberi munzvimbo dzese Prof. M. Gluck naMozart, mumwe nomumwe nenzira yake, vari kuvandudza rudzi rweopera, vachiedza kukurira muitiro wokuzvidza wevanokudzwa. "Serious" opera. Munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, pedyo nepedyo mademokrasi ari kukurumidza kukura. mhando: opera buffa (Italy - D. Cimarosa), komiki. opera (France – JJ Rousseau, P. Monsigny, A. Gretry; Russia – VA Pashkevich, EI Fomin), Singspiel (Austria – Haydn, Mozart, K. Dittersdorf). Munguva yeChimurenga chikuru cheFrance chinooneka "opera yeruponeso" pane heroic. uye melodrama. mapundu (France – L. Cherubini, JF Lesueur; Austria – Beethoven’s Fidelio). Vakaparadzana vakazvimirira. mhando ye ballet (Gluck, Beethoven). Mune basa raHaydn, Mozart, Beethoven, inogadziriswa uye inogamuchira yekare. mufananidzo weiyo genre ye symphony mune yayo yazvino. kunzwisisa (4-chikamu kutenderera). Izvi zvisati zvaitika, pakusikwa kwe symphony (pamwe chete nekugadzirwa kwekupedzisira kwe symphony orchestra yemhando yemazuva ano), Czech (J. Stamitz) neGermany vakaita basa rinokosha. vaimbi vakashanda muMannheim (Germany). Mukufanana, yekare yakakura sonata mhando uye chamber-instr. ensemble (vatatu, quartet, quintet). Chimiro che sonata allegro chiri kuvandudzwa uye itsva, dialectical imwe iri kuumbwa. nzira yekufunga kwemimhanzi ndeye symphonism, iyo yakasvika pakakwirira mubasa raBeethoven.
Muvanhu veM. Slavic (Russia, Poland, Czech Republic), kukura kwewok kunoenderera mberi. genres (kwaya. konzati muRussia - MS Berezovsky, DS Bortnyansky, rudo rwemazuva ose), yekutanga nyika dzemadzibaba dzinoonekwa. opera, ivhu riri kugadzirirwa kugadzirwa kwenat. music classics. MuEurope yose. Prof. M. polyphonic. zvitayera zvinonyanya kutsiviwa nehomophonic-harmonic ndivo; iyo inoshanda sisitimu yekubatana inozoumbwa uye yakabatanidzwa.
Muzana remakore rechi19 munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope uye kuNorth. America inopedza dzidzo yemamuses. tsika "classic". bourgeois type. Iyi nzira inoitika pakatarisana uye pasi pesimba rekuita demokrasi kwese nharaunda. uye mumhanzi. hupenyu uye kukunda zvipingamupinyi zvekirasi zvakagarwa nhaka kubva kune feudalism. Kubva kuma salons akasarudzika, nhandare dzematare uye machapel, madiki conc. mahoro akaitirwa denderedzwa rakavharwa reruzhinji rwevanhu, M. anoenda munzvimbo huru (uye kunyangwe pachikwere), akavhurika kune democracy. vateereri. Kune mitsva mitsva yakawanda. theatre, conc. masangano, vhenekera. masangano, vabudisi vemimhanzi, mimhanzi. uch. masangano (kusanganisira maconservatories muPrague, Warsaw, Vienna, London, Madrid, Budapest, Leipzig, St. Petersburg, Moscow, nemamwe; zvishoma kare, pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18, nzvimbo yekuchengetedza yakavambwa muParis). Muses anooneka. magazini nemapepanhau. Maitiro ekuita anozopatsanurwa kubva pakusikwa sekuzvimiririra. mhando yemitambo yemimhanzi, inomiririrwa nenhamba huru ye ensembles uye soloists (vatambi vakatanhamara vezana ramakore rechi 19 uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20: piano - F. Liszt, X. Bulow, AG na NG Rubinstein, SV Rachmaninov; violinists – N. Paganini, A. Vieton, J. Joachim, F. Kreisler; vaimbi – G. Rubini, E. Caruso, FI Chaliapin; cellist P. Casals, conductors – A. Nikish, A. Toscanini). Delimitation Prof. kusika nekuita uye kukwezva kune vateereri vazhinji zvinobatsira mukukura kwavo nekukurumidza. Panguva imwecheteyo, stratification yeimwe neimwe yenat. tsika nemagariro kuva mabhubhurari uye demokrasi. Kutengeswa kwemimhanzi kuri kukura. hupenyu huri kurwisana nevaimbi vanofambira mberi. M. inotora nzvimbo inowedzera kukosha mune zvemagariro uye zvematongerwo enyika. hupenyu. Hutongi hwejekerere uyezve shanduko yevashandi inotanga. rwiyo. Sampuli dzayo dzakanakisa ("International", "Red Banner", "Varshavyanka") inotorwa nenyika dzese. zvinoreva. Pedyo neyakaumbwa kare nat. Zvikoro zvevanyori vechidiki zvemhando itsva zviri kubudirira: Russian (yakatangwa naMI Glinka), Polish (F. Chopin, S. Moniuszko), Czech (B. Smetana, A. Dvorak), Hungarian (F. Erkel, F. Liszt) , chiNorwegian (E. Grieg), chiSpanish (I. Albeniz, E. Granados).
Mune basa remunyori wevakawanda vekuEurope. nyika dziri muhafu yekutanga. 1th century romanticism inosimbiswa (German neAustria M. - ETA Hoffmann, KM Weber, F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann; French - G. Berlioz; Hungarian - Liszt; Polish - Chopin , Russian - AA Alyabiev, AN Verstovsky). Hunhu hwayo muM. (zvichienzaniswa neclassicism): kukwidziridza kutarisisa kune nyika yemanzwiro emunhu, hunhu uye dramatization yemazwi, kusimudzirwa kwedingindira rekusawirirana pakati pemunhu nenzanga, pakati pechakanaka neicho chaicho, uye kukwezva. kunhoroondo. (pakati pezana remakore), folk-legendary uye vanhu-mazuva ese zviitiko nemifananidzo yezvakasikwa, kufarira munyika, nhoroondo. uye geographic mavambo echokwadi chinoratidzwa, chimiro chechokwadi chenyika pahwaro hwenziyo dzevanhu vakasiyana, kusimbiswa kwebasa rezwi, rwiyo rwekutanga, pamwe neruvara (mukuwirirana uye orchestration), dudziro yakasununguka. zvetsika. marudzi uye mafomu uye kusikwa kwezvitsva (symphonic poem), chishuwo chekubatanidza kwakasiyana kweM. nehumwe hunyanzvi. Mimhanzi yakarongwa iri kugadzirwa (yakavakirwa pazvirongwa uye misoro kubva kufolk epos, mabhuku, pendi, nezvimwewo), instr. miniature (prelude, nguva yemimhanzi, impromptu, nezvimwewo) uye kutenderera kwezvirongwa zviduku, zverudo uye chamber wok. cycle, "grand opera" yemhando yekushongedza pane yengano uye nhoroondo. madingindira (France – J. Meyerbeer). MuItaly, opera buffa (G. Rossini) inosvika kumusoro, nat. zvakasiyana-siyana zvemitambo yerudo (lyrical - V. Bellini, G. Donizetti; heroic - kutanga G. Verdi). Russia iri kuumba yayo mimhanzi yekare mimhanzi, inowana kukosha kwenyika, marudzi ekutanga emhando dzenhoroondo anoumbwa. uye epic. operas, uyewo symphonies. M. pamubhedha. madingindira (Glinka), rudzi rwerudo rwunosvika padanho repamusoro rekusimudzira, umo pfungwa dzepfungwa dzinokura zvishoma nezvishoma. uye zuva nezuva realism (AS Dargomyzhsky).
Zvose R. uye 2nd floor. Muzana remakore rechi19 vamwe vanyori vekuWestern Europe vanoramba vachidanana. kutungamira mune opera (R. Wagner), symphony (A. Bruckner, Dvorak), software instr. M. (Liszt, Grieg), rwiyo (X. Wolf) kana kutsvaga kubatanidza stylistic nheyo dzerudo uye classicism (I. Brahms). Kuramba uchibatana netsika dzerudo, nzira dzepakutanga iItaly. opera (yepamusoro payo ibasa reVerdi), French. opera (Ch. Gounod, J. Wiese, J. Massenet) uye ballet (L. Delibes), Polish uye Czech opera (Moniuszko, Smetana). Mune basa rehuwandu hweWestern Europe. vanyori (Verdi, Bizet, Wolf, nezvimwewo), maitiro echokwadi ari kuwedzera. Vanozviratidza kunyanya zvakajeka uye zvakanyanya muRussia M. yenguva ino, iyo ideologically yakabatana nedemocracy. societies. kufamba uye mabhuku epamusoro (mukupedzisira Dargomyzhsky; vanyori veThe Mighty Handful ndiMA Balakirev, AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov uye Ts. A. Cui; PI Tchaikovsky). Kubva pachiRussian nar. nziyo, pamwe chete neM. East rus. vanyori (Mussorgsky, Borodin uye Rimsky-Korsakov) vari kugadzira mitsindo mitsva, mutinhimira. uye harmonic. mari inopfumisa Europe zvakanyanya. fret system.
Kubva kuSer. 19th century muZap. Europe, imba yemitambo itsva iri kuumbwa. rudzi - operetta (France - F. Herve, J. Offenbach, Ch. Lecoq, R. Plunket; Austria - F. Suppe, K. Millöker, J. Strauss-son, gare gare Hung. vanyori, vamiririri ve "neo-Viennese ” chikoro chaF. Legar naI. Kalman). Muprof. kusika kunomira pachena kwega. mutsara we "chiedza" (kutamba kwemazuva ose) M. (waltzes, polkas, gallops naI. Strauss-son, E. Waldteuffel). Nzvimbo yevaraidzo inozvarwa. M. sekuzvimiririra. music industry. hupenyu.
In con. 19th century uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 muEurope Nguva yekuchinja inotanga muMoscow, inoenderana nekutanga kwe imperialism sedanho repamusoro uye rekupedzisira re capitalism. Iyi nguva inoratidzirwa nedambudziko rehuwandu hwevakatangira. ideological uye stylistic maitiro.
Tsika dzakasimbiswa dzinodzokororwa zvakanyanya uye dzinowanzovandudzwa. Maererano nekuchinja kwe "mamiriro ekunze emweya", nzira itsva uye maitiro ari kubuda. Zviwanikwa zvemimhanzi zviri kuwedzera. kutaura, kune kutsvaga kwakadzama kwezvinoreva zvinokwanisa kuburitsa maonero akarodzwa uye akakwenenzverwa echokwadi. Panguva imwecheteyo, maitiro emunhu oga uye aestheticism ari kukura, mune dzakawanda zviitiko kune ngozi yekurasikirwa nehurukuro huru yemagariro (mazuva ano). MuGermany neAustria, mutsara werudo unopera. symphony (G. Mahler, R. Strauss) uye mimhanzi inoberekwa. kutaura (A. Schoenberg). Mamwe maitiro matsva akagadzirwawo: muFrance, impressionism (C. Debussy, M. Ravel), muItaly, verismo (operas naP. Mascagni, R. Leoncavallo, uye, kune imwe nzvimbo, G. Puccini). MuRussia, mitsara inouya kubva ku "Kuchkists" uye Tchaikovsky (SI Taneev, AK Glazunov, AK Lyadov, SV Rakhmaninov) inoenderera mberi uye inokura zvishoma, panguva imwe chete. zviitiko zvitsva zvakare zvinomuka: rudzi rwemimhanzi. chiratidzo (AN Skryabin), kuvandudzwa kwe nar. fabulousness uye "mutorwa" yekare (pakutanga IF Stravinsky uye SS Prokofiev). Nheyo dzemitambo yemimhanzi yenyika muUkraine (NV Lysenko, ND Leontovich), muGeorgia (ZP Paliashvili), Armenia (Komitas, AA Spendiarov), Azerbaijan (U. Gadzhibekov), Estonia (A. Kapp), Latvia (J. Vitol), Lithuania (M. Čiurlionis), Finland (J. Sibelius).
Classic European music system. kufunga, kwakavakirwa pakubatana kukuru kwekushanda, kuri kuita shanduko huru mubasa revanyori vakati wandei. Dep. vanyori, vachichengetedza musimboti wekutaura, kuwedzera hwaro hwayo vachishandisa zvisikwa (diatonic) uye maitiro ekugadzira (Debussy, Stravinsky), anozadza neakawanda alterations (Scriabin). Vamwe kazhinji kazhinji vanosiya iyi nheyo, vachipfuurira kunziyo dzeatonal ( Schoenberg, American C. Ive ). Kupera simba kwekubatana kweharmonics kwakakurudzira kumutsidzirwa kwedzidziso. uye kufarira kwekugadzira mu polyphony (Russia - Taneyev, Germany - M. Reger).
Kubva 1917-18 mimhanzi ye bourgeois. tsika yakapinda munguva itsva yenhoroondo yayo. Kubudirira kwaro kunopesvedzerwa zvakasimba nezvinhu zvenzanga zvakadai sokubatanidzwa kwamamiriyoni avanhu mune zvematongerwe enyika. uye nzanga. hupenyu, kukura kune simba kwevazhinji kunosunungura. mafambiro, kubuda munyika dzinoverengeka, kusiyana neve bourgeois, nzanga itsva. system - socialist. Means. kukanganisa pakuguma kweM. munguva dzazvino. nzanga yebourgeois zvakare yakanga ine kukurumidza kwesainzi uye tekinoroji. kufambira mberi, izvo zvakakonzera kubuda kwevatsva vezvenhau: cinema, redhiyo, terevhizheni, zvinyorwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, metaphysics yakapararira pasi rose, ichipinda mu "pores" yese yenzanga. hupenyu, hwakadzika midzi nerubatsiro rwevazhinji vezvenhau muhupenyu hwemazana emamiriyoni evanhu. Zvitsva zvakakura zvevateereri zvakabatanidzwa. Kugona kwaro kupesvedzera kuziva kwenhengo dzenzanga, maitiro avo ese, akawedzera zvakanyanya. Muses. hupenyu mune yakabudirira capitalist. nyika dzakawana hunhu hwekunze, hunowanzo kuve nefivha. Zviratidzo zvaro zvaive kuwanda kwemitambo uye makwikwi, achiperekedzwa nekushambadzira hype, kukurumidza kushanduka kwemafashoni, kareidoscope yekunzwa kwakakonzeresa kwakakonzerwa.
Munyika dzemacapitalist, tsika mbiri dzakatonyanya kujeka, dzichipikisa mumafungiro avo. mirayiridzo kune mumwe nemumwe: bourgeois uye democratic (kusanganisira socialist. elements). Burzh. tsika inowanikwa mumhando mbiri: elite uye "misa". Yokutanga yeiyi inopesana nedemocracy; kazhinji inoramba capitalist. mararamiro uye anotsoropodza bourgeois. tsika, zvisinei, chete kubva munzvimbo dzepetty-bourgeois. kuzvisarudzira. Burzh. "Misa" tsika ndeyekunyepedzera-democracy uye inoshandira zvido zvekutonga, makirasi, kutsausa ruzhinji kubva mukurwira kodzero dzavo. Kubudirira kwayo kunoenderana nemitemo ye capitalism. kugadzirwa kwezvinhu. “Bhizimisi” rose rehuremu hureru rakagadzirwa, richiunza mhindu huru kuvaridzi varo; M. inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuita kwayo kutsva kwekushambadzira. Mumhanzi weDemocratic tsika inomiririrwa nezviitiko zvevaimbi vakawanda vanofambira mberi vachirwira kuchengetedza. mhosva inosimbisa pfungwa dzevanhu uye nyika. Mienzaniso yetsika yakadaro ndeye, kuwedzera kumabasa emitambo yemitambo. uye conc. mhando, nziyo zhinji dzechimurenga. kufamba uye anti-fascist kurwa kwema1920-40s. (Germany -X. Eisler), yemazuva ano. nziyo dzekupikisa zvematongerwo enyika. Mukukura kwayo, pamwe chete naProf. Mhomho huru yehafu-nyanzvi uye amateurs vakatamba uye vanoramba vachiita basa rakakura sevaimbi.
Muzana remakore rechi20 munyori anosika mune capitalist. nyika dzinosiyaniswa nekusiyana kusati kwamboitika uye kusiyana-siyana kwemaitiro emaitiro. Kutaura kwekutaura kunosvika pakakwirira, kunoratidzwa nekuramba kwakasimba kwechokwadi, kuzviisa pasi kwakakwirira, uye kusimba kwemanzwiro (Chikoro cheNew Viennese-Schoenberg nevadzidzi vake A. Berg naA. Webern, uye munyori weItaly L. Dallapiccola-vakagadzira zvakadzorwa zvakasimba zvakadzorwa system yeatonal melodic dodecaphony). Neoclassicism inopararira zvakanyanya, inoratidzwa nechishuwo chekuenda kure nekupokana kusingawirirane kwemazuva ano. societies. hupenyu munyika yemifananidzo uye muses. mafomu ezana ramakore rechi 16-18, akadudza zvakasimba rationalism (Stravinsky mu20-50s; Germany - P. Hindemith; Italy - O. Respighi, F. Malipiero, A. Casella). Pesvedzero yemaitiro aya kune imwe dhigirii kana imwe yakaonekwawo nevamwe vanyori vakuru, avo, pane zvese, zvisinei, vakakwanisa kukurira miganhu yemhepo nekuda kwekubatana kwavo nedemokrasi. uye ichokwadi. maitiro epanguva yacho uye kubva kuNar. okugadzira zvinhu (Hungary – B. Bartok, Z. Kodai; France – A. Honegger, F. Poulenc, D. Millau; Germany – K. Orff; Poland – K. Shimanovsky; Czechoslovakia – L. Janacek, B. Martinu; Romania – J. Enescu, Great Britain – B. Britten).
Muma50s. kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvemimhanzi. avant-garde (Germany - K. Stockhausen; France - P. Boulez, J. Xenakis; USA - J. Cage; Italy - L. Berio, chikamu L. Nono, uyo anomira akaparadzana nekuda kwenzvimbo dzake dzepamusoro dzezvematongerwo enyika), achiputsa zvachose. pamwe classical. tsika uye kukudziridza mimhanzi chaiyo (montage of ruzha), mimhanzi yemagetsi (montage yemanzwi anowanikwa nehunyanzvi), sonorism (montage yemimhanzi yakasiyana-siyana yemanzwi asina kujairika), aleatorics (musanganiswa wemanzwi akaparadzana kana zvikamu zvemumhanzi fomu pamusimboti wemukana. ) Avant-gardism, sekutonga, inoratidza mafungiro e-petty-bourgeois mubasa. kuzvimiririra, anarchism kana sophisticated aestheticism.
Chimiro chechimiro chenyika M. 20th century. - kumuka kuhupenyu hutsva uye kukura kwakanyanya kwemamuses. tsika dzenyika dzichiri kusimukira dzeAsia, Africa, Lat. America, kudyidzana kwavo uye kuwirirana netsika dzeEurope. type. Iyi miitiro inoperekedzwa nerwisano huru yevaimbi vanofambira mberi, kune rumwe rutivi, mukurwisana nepesvedzero yokudzikamisa yeWestern Europe. uye North America. elitist uye pseudo-mass M., akatapukirwa necosmopolitanism, uye kune rumwe rutivi, achipesana nevanopindura. kuchengetedza maitiro nat. tsika muchimiro chisingazununguki. Kune idzi tsika, nyika dzesocialism dzinoshanda semuenzaniso wekugadzirisa dambudziko renyika nepasirese muMoldova.
Mushure mekukunda kweGreat October Socialist. chimurenga munyika yeSoviet (mushure meHondo Yenyika yechipiri ya2-1939 uye mune dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka dzakatanga nzira yesocialism), mimhanzi yemimhanzi yakaumbwa. tsika yerudzi rutsva chose—socialist. Inosiyaniswa nemunhu anogara ane demokrasi, nyika yese. Iyo yakakura uye yakasimudzwa network yemimhanzi yeruzhinji yakagadzirwa munyika dzesocialist. masangano (theatre, philharmonic societies, masangano edzidzo, nezvimwewo), opera uye mapoka emakonzati ari kuita mimhanzi uye aesthetic. kujekerwa uye dzidzo yevanhu vese. Mukubatana naProf. kumhan'ara kusimudzira mimhanzi yakawanda. kusika uye kuita mumhando dzeamateur kuita uye ngano. Marudzi ese nemarudzi, kusanganisira. uye ndakanga ndisina kumbonyora mimhanzi. tsika, vakawana mukana wekuburitsa zvizere uye kukudziridza maitiro ekutanga evanhu vavo. M. uye panguva imwe chete vanobatana nepamusoro penyika prof. art, kugona mhando dzakadai seopera, ballet, symphony, oratorio. Tsika dzemimhanzi yenyika dzinodyidzana, dzichichinjana vashandi, mazano ekugadzira uye kubudirira, izvo zvinotungamira kumusangano wavo wepedyo.
Kutungamira mumhanzi wenyika. vanoti makore 20. ndezvamazizi. M. Vazhinji vanyori vakatanhamara vakauya pamberi (kusanganisira vokuRussia - N. Ya. Myaskovsky, Yu. A. Shaporin, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, V. Ya. Shebalin, DB Kabalevsky, TN Khrennikov, GV Sviridov, RK Shchedrin; Tatar – N. Zhiganov; Dagestan – G. Gasanov, Sh. Chalaev; Ukrainian – LN Revutsky, BN Lyatoshinsky; Belarusian – EK Tikotsky, AV Bogatyrev, Georgian – Sh. Harutyunyan, AA Babadzhanyan, EM Mirzoyan; Azerbaijani – K. Karaev, F. . B. Dvarionas, E. Balsis), pamwe chete nevatambi (EA Mravinsky, EP Svetlanov, GN Rozhdestvensky, KN Igumnov, VV Sofronitsky, ST Richter, EG Gilels, DF Oistrakh, LB Kogan, LV Sobinov, AV Nezhdan ova, IS Kozlovsky , S. Ya. Lemeshev, ZA Dolukhanova), nyanzvi dzemimhanzi (BV Asafiev) nemimwe mimhanzi. figures.
Ideological uye aesthetic. hwaro hwezizi. Masvomhu inoumbwa nemisimboti yekudyidzana uye nyika mune art, nzira yesocialist realism, iyo inopa akasiyana emhando, masitayipi, uye hunhu hwemunhu. Mumazizi M. akawana hupenyu hutsva, tsika dzakawanda. mhando dzemimhanzi. Opera, ballet, symphony, kuchengetedza classic. hombe, monumental fomu (yakanyanya kurasika kuMadokero), yakagadziridzwa kubva mukati pasi pesimba remadingindira echimurenga uye zvechizvino-zvino. Pahwaro hwechimurenga chenhoroondo. uye vanhu-vanoda nyika. theme blossomed choir. uye wok.-symp. M. (oratorio, cantata, nhetembo). Mazizi. nhetembo (pamwe chete nedzechinyakare uye ngano) zvakakurudzira kukudziridzwa kwerudzi rwerudo. New Genre Prof. kuumbwa kwekugadzira yaive rwiyo - misa uye mazuva ese (AV Aleksandrov, AG Novikov, AA Davidenko, Dm. Ya. uye Dan. Ya. Pokrassy, IO Dunaevsky, VG Zakharov, MI Blanter, VP Solovyov-Sedoy, VI Muradeli, BA Mokrosov, AI Ostrovsky, AN Pakhmutova, AP Petrov). Mazizi. rwiyo rwacho rwakaita basa guru muupenyu uye kurwisana kwaNar. ruzhinji uye aive nesimba rakasimba pane mamwe mamisi. marudzi. Mune zvese muses. tsika dzevanhu veUSSR dzakagamuchira zvemazuva ano. kuramba uye kusimudzira tsika dzengano, uye panguva imwe chete pahwaro hwesocialist. zvemukati zvakapfumiswa uye zvakashandurwa nat. zvitayera zvakatora matauriro matsva akawanda uye dzimwe nzira dzekutaura.
Means. kubudirira mukuvaka mimhanzi. Tsika dzakawanwawo mudzimwe nyika dzesocialist, umo vanyori vakatanhamara vakawanda vakashanda uye vanopfuurira kushanda ( GDR—H. Eisler naP. Dessau; Poland—V. Lutoslawski; Bulgaria—P. Vladigerov naL. Pipkov; Hungary—Z . Kodály, F. Sabo, Czechoslovakia – V. Dobiash, E. Suchon).
References: Serov AN, Mimhanzi, sainzi yemimhanzi, dzidziso yemimhanzi, Epoch, 1864, No 6, 12; kuburitsa - Fav. zvinyorwa, vol. 2, M., 1957; Asafiev B., Mumhanzi fomu senzira, bhuku. 1, L., 1928, bhuku. 2, M., 1947 (mabhuku 1 ne2 pamwe chete) L., 1971; Kushnarev X., Padambudziko rekuongorora mimhanzi. mabasa, “SM”, 1934, No 6; Gruber R., Nhoroondo yemimhanzi tsika, vol. 1, chikamu 1, M., 1941; Shostakovich D., Kuziva uye kuda mimhanzi, M., 1958; Kulakovsky L., Mimhanzi sehunyanzvi, M., 1960; Ordzhonikidze G., Kumubvunzo wezvakananga zvemimhanzi. kufunga, muna Sat: Questions of Musicology, vol. 3, M., 1960; Ryzhkin I., Chinangwa chemimhanzi uye zvingaitika, M., 1962; ake, Pane zvimwe zvakakosha zvemimhanzi, muna Sat.: Aesthetic essays, M., 1962; Inzwi uye mumhanzi mufananidzo. Sat. zvinyorwa, ed. Yakagadziriswa naBM Yarustovsky. Moscow, 1965. Kon Yu., Panyaya yepfungwa ye "mutauro wemimhanzi", muunganidzwa: Kubva kuLully kusvika nhasi, M., 1967; Mazel L., Zuckerman V., Ongororo yebasa remimhanzi. Zvinhu zvemimhanzi uye nzira dzekuongorora mafomu maduku, chikamu 1, M., 1967; Konen V., Theater and Symphony, M., 1975; Uifalushi Y., Logic yekuratidzira mumhanzi. Essay pamatambudziko ayo, "Mibvunzo yePhilosophy", 1968, Nha. 11; Sohor A., Mumhanzi sechimiro cheunyanzvi, M., 1970; yake pachake, Mimhanzi nenzanga, M., 1972; yake, Sociology netsika dzemimhanzi, M., 1975; Lunacharsky AV, Munyika yemimhanzi, M., 1971; Kremlev Yu., Essays pamusoro peaesthetics yemimhanzi, M., 1972: Mazel L., Matambudziko echinyakare kuwirirana, M., 1972 (Sumo); Nazaikinsky E., Papfungwa yekuona kwemimhanzi, M., 1972; Matambudziko ekufunga kwemimhanzi. Sat. zvinyorwa, ed. MG Aranovsky, M., 1974.
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