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nope kusununguka kufamba, harmonic counterpoint
1) Pfungwa inosanganiswa kuita nhoroondo yakazara polyphony, mimhanzi (ona Polyphony) decomp. mazano ekugadzira, ayo akatsiva chimiro chakasimba - iyo polyphony yeHigh Renaissance. In musicology 19-kutanga. Muzana remakore rechi20 shoko rokuti “S. Pamwe.” polyphonic yakatemwa. mhosva 17 - ser. 18th century; kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kududzirwa kwakafara kweshoko rokuti “S. s", iyo zvino inoreva zviitiko zvepolyphonic kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi17. kusvika nhasi uno.
Mvumo yeS.'s tsika ne. muzana ramakore rechi 17 rakanga rakabatanidzwa nechinjo huru mukuvandudzika kweWestern Europe yose. mhosva inokonzerwa nehuwandu hwezvakaitika kare. zvikonzero (ona Baroque, Renaissance). Chimiro chitsva chekufananidzira chemimhanzi chiri kutora chimiro: vanyori vanowana mikana yayo isingagumi mukuenzanisira kwemukati. nyika yevanhu. Hazvibviri kupa nguva chaiyo. muganhu pakati penguva dzeS. s. uye maitiro akaoma. S. s. yakagadzirwa nezvakaitwa nevekare wok masters. polyphony, uye zvimwe zvisikwa zvayo. maficha (semuenzaniso, kuwanda kwevakuru nevadiki, kufarira mumhanzi we instr.) anowanikwa mune zvakawanda. prod. chimiro chakasimba. Kune rumwe rutivi, vatenzi veS. shandisa ruzivo uye hunyanzvi hwevakavatangira (semuenzaniso, tekinoroji yekutevedzera, yakaoma counterpoint, nzira dzekushandura thematic material). T. o., S. s. haibvise chimiro chakasimba, asi chinoitora, ichigadzirisa polyphony yezana ramakore rechi 15-16. maererano Art. mabasa enguva.
S. s. inoratidza nhoroondo yaro. kuzvimiririra kunyanya sechishandiso chepolyphony. Kunyangwe kwenguva yakati mu instr. prod. kuvimba nekwaya yakasimba yakaramba iripo (inocherekedzwa, semuenzaniso, mumanyorerwo emabasa enhengo yaJ. Sweelinka), vanyori vakatanga kushandisa mimhanzi yepolyphonic yavakanga vawana. mudziyo kugona. Free instr. iyo element inosarudza kuda kwemuses. Hurukuro dzaJ. Frescobaldi mune fugues dzecembalos, inofanosarudzira oratorical pathos yeorgan op. D. Buxtehude, inofungidzirwa zviri nyore mupurasitiki yakakosha yemakonsati aA. Vivaldi. Iyo yepamusoro poindi yekusimudzira polyphonic. instrumentalism 17-18 mazana emakore. inosvika mumabasa aJS Bach - mune yake Op. ye solo violin uye ne clavier, mune fugues yeWell-Tempered Clavier (vol. 1, 1722, vol. 2, 1744), iyo inoshamisa yakasiyana-siyana maererano nekuzarura polyphony, zvingaita zvechiridzwa. Mubasa revatenzi veS. s. wok. nzira dzekutaura dzakapfumiswa pasi pesimba rezviridzwa; saka maitiro akadaro, semuenzaniso, op. saGloria (No 4), Sanctus (No 20) kana Agnus Dei (No 23) muhuwandu hweBach muh-moll, uko wok. mapato, mumusimboti, haana kusiyana nezviridzwa, anonzi musanganiswa wok.-instrumental.
Kuonekwa kwaS.s. inonyanya kutema mutinhimira. Kune polyphony yekwaya yekunyora kwakasimba, ruzha rwenziyo rwakaganhurirwa nekusiyana kwekwaya. mavhoti; nziyo, rhythmically ordered and free from squareness, dzaiumbwa nezvirevo decomp. urefu; kuendeswa kwavo kwakayerwa kwakadzorwa nekufamba kwakatsetseka pamwe nematanho ediatonic. chikero, apo mitsindo yaiita seyapfachukira ichienda kune imwe. Mukupesana, murwiyo rweS. (zvese mumafugues uye mumhando dzakasiyana dzeasiri-fugue polyphony) huwandu hwemazwi hahuna kuganhurirwa, chero kutevedzana kwepakati kunogona kushandiswa munziyo, kusanganisira. inosvetukira kune yakaoma-kune-toni yakafara uye dissonant intervals. Kuenzanisa kwemienzaniso kubva kuna Op. Palestrina uye kubva kumabasa ane hukama naS. inoratidza kusiyana uku:
Palestrina. Benedictus kubva kuMisa "O magnum misterium" (inzwi repamusoro).
C. Monteverdi. "The Coronation of Poppea", 2nd chiito (dingindira rekwaya yeimba).
D. Buxtehude. Organ chacona muC huru (bass voice).
A. In Stanchinsky. Canon yefp. (kutanga kweproposta)
Zvenziyo dzeS. inoratidzirwa nekutsamira pane harmonics. imba yekuchengetera zvinhu, iyo inowanzoratidzwa mumufananidzo (kusanganisira sequential chimiro); rwiyo, kufamba kunotungamirirwa kubva mukati me harmonica. zvinoteverana:
JS Bach. Suite Nhamba 3 ye cello solo. Courant.
JS Bach. Fugue theme G-dur kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu yeWell-Tempered Clavier.
Kufamba kwemhando iyi kunozivisa mutinhimira waS. harmonic yakazara sonority: munziyo dzinonzi. manzwi akavanzika, uye maratidziro ezvinopindirana anobuda nyore kubva pakusvetuka mumanzwi echord. kutevedzana.
GF Handel. Trio Sonata g-moll op. 2 Kwete 2, yekupedzisira (zvikamu zvinoenderera zvakasiiwa).
JS Bach. Organ fugue a-moll, theme.
Harmonic chirongwa chekutaura kwakavanzika mudingindira reorgan fugue a-moll naJS Bach.
Manzwi akavanzika "akanyorwa" murwiyo anogona kupokana (uye mumuenzaniso uri pazasi), dzimwe nguva achitora chimiro chemetric-reference mutsara (yakajairika kune akawanda madingindira eBach's fugues; ona b) uye kunyange kutevedzera (c):
JS Bach. Partita No 1 ye solo violin. Courant.
JS Bach. Fugue theme Cis-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeWell-Tempered Clavier.
WA Mozart. "Magic Flute", overture (kutanga kweAllegro).
Kuzara kwemanzwi akavanzika kwakapesvedzera kugadzwa kwe3- uye 4-manzwi sechinyakare cheS. ne.; kana munguva yemaitiro akasimba vaiwanzonyora mumanzwi mashanu kana kupfuura, zvino munguva yeS. Iro 5-izwi harina kushomeka (semuenzaniso, pakati pemakumi mana nemasere fugues eBach's Well-Tempered Clavier, pane maviri chete-manzwi mashanu - cis-moll uye b-moll kubva ku5st vhoriyamu), uye mamwe mazwi anenge kunze.
Kusiyana netsamba yakasimba ye ilk mumienzaniso yekutanga yeS. kuzorora kwakaiswa zvakasununguka kwakashandiswa, kushongedza manhamba, akasiyana syncopations. S. s. inobvumira kushandisa chero nguva uye mune chero zviyero. Kuitwa chaiko kwechipo ichi kunoenderana nemetrorhythm. tsika dzemumhanzi uyu wenhoroondo. nguva. Iyo yakarongedzerwa polyphony ye baroque uye classicism inoratidzirwa nekujeka rhythmic. kudhirowa neyakajairwa (yakaenzana) metric. Zverudo. nekukasira kwechirevo mukuda-ve 19 - kutanga. Muzana remakore rechi20 Inoratidzwawo mukusununguka kwekuiswa kwemazwi ane chokuita nebarline, hunhu hwepolyphony yaR. Schumann, F. Chopin, R. Wagner. Kune polyphony yezana ramakore rechi20. zvakajairika ndezvekushandiswa kwemamita asina kujairika (dzimwe nguva mumisanganiswa yepolymetric yakaoma kwazvo, semuenzaniso, mumhanzi wepolyphonic weIF Stravinsky), kurambwa kwekusimbisa (semuenzaniso, mune mamwe mabasa epolyphonic nevanyori vechikoro chitsva cheViennese) , kushandiswa kwakakosha mafomu epolyrhythm uye polymetry (semuenzaniso, O. Messiaen) uye mamwe metrorhythmic. zvitsva.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zveS. s. - ukama hwake hwepedyo naNar. mhando dzemimhanzi. Nar. mimhanzi yakawanawo kushandiswa mupolyphony yekunyora kwakasimba (semuenzaniso, se cantus firmus), asi masters ainyanya kuenderana mune izvi. Kuna Nar. nziyo dzakagadziriswa nevanyori vakawanda vezana remakore rechi17 nerechi18 (kugadzira, kunyanya, kusiyana kwepolyphonic pamadingindira evanhu). Kunyanya akapfuma uye akasiyana ndiwo emhando masosi - German, Italian, Slavic - muBach's polyphony. Aya mabatanidzo ndiwo hwaro hwaro hwechokwadi chekufananidzira chepolyphonic. thematism yeS. s., kujeka kwemutinhimira wake. mutauro. Concrete polyphonic. avo vari muS. with. yakatemerwawo nekushandisa melodic-rhythmic, yakajairika yenguva yayo. nhamba, "mafomula" emutauro wenyika. Mukutsamira padhuze nemhando yemhando ndechimwe chimiro cheS. s. - kusimudzira mukati megadziriro yayo yekusiyanisa polyphony. Mune chimiro chakasimba, mikana yekusiyanisa polyphony yaive shoma, muS. s. ndeyekukosha kwakanyanya, iyo inosiyanisa zvakanyanya kubva kune yakasimba maitiro. Kusiyanisa polyphony chimiro chemimhanzi. Bach's dramaturgy: mienzaniso inowanikwa mu org. hurongwa hwemakwaya, muarias panounzwa kwaya, uye musiyano wemanzwi unogona kusimbiswa nekubatana kwavo kwemhando dzakasiyana (semuenzaniso, muN. 1 kubva kuCantata Nha. 68, rwiyo rwekwaya runoperekedzwa neorc. dingindira muhunhu hweItalian Siciliana); mu dram. Zvikamu, kupikisa kwemapato kunosvika kumagumo (semuenzaniso, muNo. 1, muchikamu chekutanga cheNo. 33 yeMateu Passion). Gare gare, kusiyanisa polyphony inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kweopera. (semuenzaniso, mumakwikwi emitambo naW. A. Mozart). Humbowo hwekukosha kwekusiyanisa polyphony muS. s. ndiko kutevedzera. mafomu, kushorwa kunoita basa reizwi rinoperekedza, rinopindirana. Munguva yemaitiro akasimba, pakanga pasina pfungwa yepolyphony. madingindira, akaiswa muinzwi rimwe, uye polyphony akaumbwa achitevedzana. kutumirwa kune kwazvakarerekera mukutaura. nezvenyaya yacho. Mumwe munhu mune zvese zvinoratidzwa zvemimhanzi yeS. s. yakavakirwa padingindira rokuyamura, rinooneka zviri nyore pamharidzo imwe neimwe. Dingindira rine mataurirwo echiito, rine chikuru. mimhanzi inofunga, iyo thesis ichakudziridzwa, inoshanda sehwaro hwepolyphonic. prod. Mumimhanzi yevanyori vezana remakore rechi17-18. (zvichireva kunyanya fugue) Mhando mbiri dzemadingindira dzakagadzirwa: dzakafanana, zvichibva mukusimudzirwa kweimwe kana kupfuura isingasiyanise uye yakanyatsoenderana motifs (semuenzaniso, madingindira e-c-moll fugues kubva ku2st uye 1nd vhoriyamu yeBach's Well. -Tempered Clavier ), uye kusiyanisa, zvichienderana nekupikisa kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana (somuenzaniso, dingindira re g-moll fugue kubva ku2 vhoriyamu yekutenderera kwakafanana). Mumisoro inosiyana, iye achataura zvakanyanya. kutendeuka uye kuoneka rhythmic. nhamba dzinowanzowanikwa pakutanga, dzichigadzira mutinhimira. theme core. Mukusiyana uye homogeneous madingindira zvinoreva.
IS Bach. Organ fugue muC huru, dingindira.
Tsanangudzo yemadingindira nenziyo dzawo. kusunungurwa pakati pevanyori vezana remakore rechi17-18. zvakanyanya zvinoenderana nekusagadzikana (kazhinji kuderedzwa) nguva, izvo zvinowanzoitika pakutanga kwekuvaka:
JS Bach. A-moll fugue theme kubva kuvhoriyamu yechipiri yeWell-Tempered Clavier.
JS Bach. Fugue theme cis-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeWell-Tempered Clavier.
JS Bach. Misa muh mudiki, Kyrie, Nha 3 (fugue theme).
JS Bach. Matthew Passion, No 54 (dingindira).
Kana mune yakaomesesa dhizaini mharidzo yakakunda, saka vanyori vezana ramakore rechi 17-18. dingindira rinonyatsotaurwa nezwi rimwe chete, uye mushure meizvozvo izwi rekutevedzera rinopinda, uye anotanga anoenda kune inopikisa. Hukuru hwesemantic hwedingindira hunotonyanya kuoneka kana vavariro dzayo dziri pasi pezvimwe zvinhu zvese zvefugue-zvinopesana, zvinopindirana; chinzvimbo chikuru chemusoro wenyaya muS. s. zvinomisikidzwa nezvinopindirana, izvo zvinotora nzvimbo yepasi kana zvichienzaniswa nemafambiro edingindira uye kazhinji anotsamira pairi nenyika.
Ese akakosha hunhu hweS.s. - melodic, harmonic maitiro, maitiro ekuumbwa - tevera kubva kune iripo tonal system, kunyanya huru uye diki. Madingindira, sekutonga, anosiyaniswa neakazara tonal chokwadi; kutsauka kunoratidzwa melodic-chromatic. harmonic turnovers; kupfuura chromatisms inowanikwa mu polyphony yenguva yakazotevera pasi pesimba remazuva ano. harmonic pfungwa (somuenzaniso, mu piyano fugue cis-moll op. 101 No 2 Glazunov). Iyo dhizaini yemamodulation mumisoro inoganhurirwa neanotonga; modulation mukati medingindira kuita makiyi ari kure - kubudirira kwezana ramakore rechi20. (somuenzaniso, mune fugue kubva pakuvandudzwa kweMyaskovsky's Symphony No. 21, musoro unotanga muC maduku neDorian tinge, uye unopera mu gis minor). Kuratidzwa kwakakosha kwesangano remodal reS. inopindura tonal, iyo nheyo dzayo dzakatotemerwa mu ricercar uye mienzaniso yekutanga yefugue.
JS Bach. "Iyo Art of the Fugue", Contrapunctus I.
JS Bach. Fugue Es-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeWell-Tempered Clavier.
Iyo modal system yezvikuru uye zvidiki muS. s. inotonga, asi haisi iyo yoga. Vanyori havana kusiya iyo yakasarudzika kutaura kwechisikigo diatonic. frets (ona, semuenzaniso, the fugue Credo No 12 kubva kuBach's mass mu h-moll, iyo 3rd movement "in der lydischer Tonart" yeL. Beethoven's quartet No 15, yakaratidzirwa nesimba remaitiro akaoma). Vanonyanya kufarira mavari ndivo vatenzi vezana remakore rechi20. (semuenzaniso, fugue kubva kuRavel's suite "The Tomb of Couperin", akawanda fugues naDD Shostakovich). Polyphonic prod. zvinogadzirwa pane modal hwaro, hunhu hwekuora. nat. tsika dzemumhanzi (semuenzaniso, polyphonic episodhi ye symphony yetambo uye timpani naEM Mirzoyan zvinoburitsa ruvara rweArmenian rwenyika, piyano uye fugues dzesangano naGA Muschel zvine hukama neUzbek national musical art). Mune basa revanyori vakawanda vezana remakore rechi20 sangano rezvikuru uye zviduku rinowedzera kuoma, mafomu anokosha etoni anomuka (somuenzaniso, iyo yose-tonal system yeP. Hindemith), zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandiswa. mhando dze poly- uye atonality.
Vanyori vezana 17th-18th mafomu akashandiswa zvakanyanya, chikamu chakaumbwa kumashure munguva yekunyora kwakasimba: motet, misiyano (kusanganisira iyo yakavakirwa pane ostinato), canzona, ricercar, decomp. mhando yekutevedzera. mafomu ekwaya. Kuti chaizvoizvo S. pamwe. zvinosanganisira fugue uye dzakawanda. mafomu, umo polyphonic. mharidzo inopindirana nehomophonic. Mune fugues yezana remakore rechi17-18. nehukama hwavo hwakajeka hwe modal-functional, chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvepolyphony yeS. - kureba kwepedyo kutsamira kwemanzwi, kuwirirana kwavo. kukwevera kune mumwe nemumwe, chishuwo chekubatanidza kuita chord (rudzi urwu rwekuenzanisa pakati pepolyphonic kusununguka kwemanzwi uye inowirirana yakakosha vertical maitiro, kunyanya, maitiro eJS Bach). Uyu S. s. 17th-18th mazana emakore anosiyana zvakanyanya kubva papolyphony yekunyora kwakasimba (apo inoshanda isina kusimba yakabatana inonzwika verticals inomiririrwa nekuwedzera kwepakati akati wandei emanzwi anopindirana), uye kubva kutsva polyphony yezana ramakore rechi20.
Chimiro chakakosha chekuumbwa mumimhanzi yezana remakore rechi17-18. - kutevedzana kwezvikamu zvakasiyana. Izvi zvinotungamira mukubuda kwenhoroondo yakagadzikana kutenderera kwe prelude - fugue (dzimwe nguva panzvimbo pekutanga - fantasy, toccata; mune dzimwe nguva, kutenderera kwezvikamu zvitatu kunoumbwa, semuenzaniso, org. toccata, Adagio uye Bach's C-dur fugue. ) Nekune rimwe divi, mabasa anomuka apo zvikamu zvinosiyanisa zvakabatanidzwa pamwechete (semuenzaniso, mune org. basa. Buxtehude, mumabasa eBach: a three-part org. fantasy G-dur, a triple 5-voice org. fugue Es-dur chaizvoizvo marudzi akasiyana-anoumbwa fomu).
Mumimhanzi yeViennese classics, iyo polyphony yeS. s. inotamba yakakosha, uye mumabasa akazotevera aBeethoven - basa rinotungamira. Haydn, Mozart naBeethoven vanoshandisa polyphony kuratidza hunhu uye chirevo chehomophonic theme, dzinosanganisira polyphony. mari mukuita symphony. development; kutevedzera, yakaoma counterpoint inova nzira dzakanyanya kukosha dzedingindira. work; mumimhanzi yaBeethoven, polyphony inova imwe yenzira dzakasimba dzekumanikidza mutambo. kukakavara (somuenzaniso, fugato mu "Funeral March" kubva ku3rd symphony). Mimhanzi yeViennese classics inoratidzirwa ne polyphonization yemavara, pamwe nekusiyana kwehomophonic uye polyphonic. presentation. Polyphonization inogona kusvika padanho repamusoro zvekuti yakasanganiswa homophonic-polyphonic inoumbwa. rudzi rwemimhanzi, umo boka rinoonekwa rinotsanangurwa. polyphonic tension line zvikamu (iyo inonzi yakakura polyphonic fomu). Polyphonic zvikamu "zvakaputirwa" muhomophonic kuumbwa zvinodzokororwa ne tonal, contrapuntal, uye dzimwe shanduko, uye nokudaro kugamuchira unyanzvi. kuvandudzwa mukati megadziriro yese sechimiro chimwe chete, “kupikisa” homophonic (muenzaniso wekare ndiwo wekupedzisira weG-dur quartet yaMozart, K.-V. 387). Yakakura polyphonic fomu mune akawanda akasiyana anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu19-20 mazana emakore. (semuenzaniso, overture kubva kuWagner's The Mastersingers of Nuremberg, Myaskovsky's Symphony No. 21). Mubasa raBeethoven renguva yekupedzisira, rudzi rwakaoma rwepolyphonised sonata allegro rwakatsanangurwa, apo kuratidzwa kwehomophonic kunenge kusipo zvachose kana kusave nemhedzisiro inooneka pamamuse. imba yekuchengetera zvinhu (zvikamu zvekutanga zve pianoforte sonata Nha 32, 9th symphony). Iyi tsika yeBeethovenian inotevera mune yakaparadzana Op. I. Brahms; inoberekwazve zvizere munzira dzakawanda. zvigadzirwa zvakanyanya kuoma muzana ramakore rechi20: mukwaya yekupedzisira Nha. Shostakovich. Iyo polyphonization yefomu zvakare yakave nemhedzisiro pakurongeka kwekutenderera; iyo yekupedzisira yakatanga kuonekwa senzvimbo yepolyphonic synthesis. zvinhu zvemharidzo yapfuura.
Mushure meBeethoven, vanyori vaisawanzoshandisa mimhanzi yechinyakare. polyphonic. mafomu C. s., asi yakabhadharwa nekuda kweizvi nekuvandudzwa kwekushandiswa kwepolyphonic. mari. Saka, maererano nehuwandu hwemimhanzi muzana remakore rechi19. kune yekufananidzira kongiri uye kuyevedza, fugue uye fugato inoteerera mabasa emuse. kufananidzira (somuenzaniso, "Hondo" pakutanga kweiyo symphony "Romeo naJuliet" naBerlioz), dzimwe nguva inodudzirwa nenzira inoshamisa. (semuenzaniso, mune opera The Snow Maiden naRimsky-Korsakov, fugato inoratidza sango rinokura; ona p. nhamba 253), koma. chirongwa (comic. fugue mu "Fight Scene" kubva kumagumo e2nd chiitiko cheWagner's "Mastersingers of Nuremberg", iyo inotyisa fugue mumagumo eBerlioz's "Fantastic Symphony", nezvimwewo). Kune mhando nyowani dzakaoma hunhu hwe2nd floor. 19 in. synthesis yemafomu: semuenzaniso, Wagner mukusuma kune opera Lohengrin anosanganisa maficha epolyphonic. kusiyana uye fugues; Taneyev inobatanidza zvinhu zve fugue uye sonata muchikamu chekutanga che cantata "John weDhamasiko". Chimwe chezvakabudirira zvepolyphony muzana remakore rechi19. yaive symphonization ye fugue. Nheyo yefugue (zvishoma nezvishoma, pasina kuenzanisa kwakapinza kwekufananidzira, kubudiswa kwekutaura kwekufananidzira. zviri mukati medingindira, rakanangana nekubvumidzwa kwayo) yakadzokororwa naTchaikovsky muchikamu chekutanga chesutu Nha. Mumimhanzi yeRussia, tsika iyi yakagadzirwa naTaneyev (ona, somuenzaniso, fugue yekupedzisira kubva kuCantata "John weDhamasiko"). Inherent mumhanzi. art-wu muzana remakore rechi19. chishuwo chekunyatsojeka, mavambo echifananidzo akatungamira kune polyphony yeS. with. pakushandiswa kwakapararira kwemisanganiswa yemadingindira akasiyana. Iko kusanganiswa kwe leitmotifs ndiyo inonyanya kukosha chikamu chemimhanzi. Wagner's dramaturgy; mienzaniso mizhinji yemusanganiswa wemhando dzakasiyana siyana inogona kuwanikwa muOp. Vaimbi veRussia (semuenzaniso, "Polovtsian Dances" kubva ku opera "Prince Igor" naBorodin, "Hondo paKerzhents" kubva kuopera "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh uye Maiden Fevronia" naRimsky-Korsakov, "Waltz ” kubva kuBallet "Petrushka" naStravinsky, nezvimwe. ). Kuderedza kukosha kwemafomu ekufananidza mumimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi 19. yakaenzana nekuvandudzwa kwepolyphonic itsva. receptions (muzvinhu zvose zvakasununguka, zvichibvumira kuchinja kwenhamba yevhoti). Pakati pavo - polyphonic. "kuumba" madingindira emhando ine mutsindo (semuenzaniso, mune etude XI gis-moll kubva kuSchumann's "Symphonic etudes", mune nocturne cis-moll op. 27 Kwete 1 naChopin); mupfungwa iyi b. A. Zuckerman anotaura nezve "lyric. polyphony" naTchaikovsky, achireva melodic. coloring lyric. madingindira (somuenzaniso, muchikamu chechikamu chechikamu chechina chesymphony kana panguva yekuvandudzwa kwemadingindira ekufamba kunononoka kwe1 symphony); Tsika yaTchaikovsky yakagamuchirwa naTaneyev (somuenzaniso, zvikamu zvishoma zve symphony mu c-moll uye piyano. quintet g-moll), Rachmaninoff (semuenzaniso, piano. prelude Es-dur, inononoka chikamu chedetembo "The Bells"), Glazunov (main. madingindira echikamu chekutanga chekonsati yeviolin uye orchestra). New polyphonic reception yaivewo "polyphony yezvikamu", uko counterpoint haina kuparadzaniswa. manzwi emimhanzi, asi melodic uye harmonic. complexes (semuenzaniso, mune etude II kubva kuSchumann's "Symphonic etudes"). Iyi mhando yemachira epolyphonic yakazogamuchira akasiyana ekushandisa mumhanzi, achitevera ruvara uye ruvara. mabasa (ona, semuenzaniso, fp. prelude "The Sunken Cathedral" naDebussy), uye kunyanya mupolyphony yezana ramakore rechi20. Harmony rwiyo. mavhoti haasi matsva chaiwo kuna C. with. kugamuchira, asi muzana remakore rechi19. inoshandiswa kakawanda uye nenzira dzakasiyana. Saka, Wagner nenzira iyi anowana yakakosha polyphonic - melodic - kukwana mukupedzisa. kuvakwa kweCh. Zvikamu zvekupfuura kune opera "The Mastersingers yeNuremberg" (meta 71 et seq.). Harmony rwiyo. kutevedzana kungave kwakabatana nekugarisana kwe decomp. rhythmic izwi sarudzo (semuenzaniso, musanganiswa wekota uye masere musumo "Ocian-gungwa bhuruu", musanganiswa weorc. uye kwaya. zvakasiyana-siyana zvezwi repamusoro pakutanga kwechiitiko chechina che opera epic "Sadko" naRimsky-Korsakov). Ichi chimiro chiri kusangana ne "musanganiswa wenhamba dzakafanana" - hunyanzvi hwakagamuchira hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza mumhanzi we con. 19 - kupemha. 20 cc (semuenzaniso
Mazuva ano "polyphony itsva" iripo mukurwisana pakati pehupenzi, chido, hunyanzvi hwakazadzwa nehunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi, umo hungwaru hwechisikigo hwepolyphony hunodzikira muhungwaru, uye huchenjeri huve hune njere. Polyphony S. s. muzana remakore rechi20 - nyika inopesana, kazhinji inosiyana zviitiko. Mafungiro akajairika ndeokuti polyphony muzana remakore rechi20. yakava hurongwa hwakanyanya uye hwakadzikama hwemamuses. kufunga kunongova kwechokwadi. Vamwe vatenzi vezana remakore rechi20 kazhinji havanzwi kudiwa kwekushandisa polyphonic. zvinoreva (somuenzaniso, K. Orff), asi vamwe, vane yavo yose yakaoma, vanoramba vari "homophonic" vanyori (somuenzaniso, SS Prokofiev); kune vatenzi vanoverengeka (somuenzaniso, P. Hindemith), polyphony ndiyo inotungamirira, asi kwete imwe chete. nzira yekutaura. Zvisinei, zvakawanda zvemimhanzi uye zvekugadzira zviitiko zvezana remakore rechi20. simuka uye gadzira zvinoenderana nepolyphony. Saka, semuenzaniso, mutambo usina kumboitika. kutaura mu symphonies yeShostakovich, "kusunungurwa" kwesimba remamita muStravinsky kunonyanya kutsamira papolyphonic. chimiro chemimhanzi yavo. Dzimwe nzira. polyphonic prod. 20th yezana yakabatana neimwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha dze1st floor. zana remakore - neoclassicism nekutarisa kwayo pane chinangwa chemhando yemamuses. zviri mukati, kukwereta misimboti yekuumba uye matekiniki kubva kumapolyphonist echimiro chakasimba uye yekutanga baroque ("Ludus tonalis" naHindemith, akati wandei mabasa naStravinsky, kusanganisira "Symphony yeMapisarema"). Dzimwe nzira dzakagadzirwa mumunda wepolyphony dzinoshandiswa nenzira itsva mu dodecaphony; pl. hunhu hwemimhanzi. mutauro wezana remakore rechi20 zvinoreva, zvakadai se polytonality, maitiro akaoma epolymetry, anonzi. tepi voicing ndiwo mabviro asina kupokana epolyphony.
Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chepolyphony yezana remakore rechi20. - dudziro itsva ye dissonance, uye yemazuva ano. counterpoint kazhinji dissonant counterpoint. Mutauro wakaomarara unobva pamakonzonenzi: dissonance inoitika chete muchimiro chezwi rinopfuura, rebetsero kana kunonoka zvirokwazvo rakakomberedzwa nemakonzonenzi kumativi ose. Kusiyana kwakakosha pakati peS. with. nhema mukuti ma dissonances anotorwa zvakasununguka anoshandiswa pano; hazvidi gadziriro, kunyange zvazvo vachifanira kuwana imwe kana imwe mvumo, kureva dissonance inoreva consonance chete kune rimwe divi - shure kwayo. Uye, pakupedzisira, mumhanzi pl. vanyori vezana remakore rechi20 dissonance rinoshandiswa nenzira imwecheteyo se consonance: haina kusungwa nemamiriro ekugadzirira kwete chete, asiwo mvumo, kureva. chiripo sechiitiko chakazvimiririra chisingaenderane nekonsonanti. Dissonance kusvika pamwero mukuru kana mudiki inonetesa hukama hwehukama uye inodzivirira "kuunganidza" kwepolyphonic. manzwi achiita seanonzwika, kuita seanonzwika sekubatana. Chord-functional succession inomira kutungamirira kufamba kwedingindira. Izvi zvinotsanangura kusimbiswa kwe melodic-rhythmic (uye tonal, kana mimhanzi iri tonal) kusununguka kwepolyphonic. manzwi, mutsara hunhu hwepolyphony mumabasa evamwe vazhinji. vanyori vemazuva ano (umo zviri nyore kuona fananidzo neinopikisa yenguva yekunyora kwakasimba). Semuenzaniso, melodic (yakachinjika, mutsara) inotanga inotonga zvakanyanya mukupedzisira kanoni kaviri kubva pakuvandudzwa kwekutanga kufamba kwe1th symphony (nhamba 5) naShostakovich zvekuti nzeve haicherechedze kuwirirana, kureva. hukama hwakamira pakati pemanzwi. Vanyori vezana remakore rechi20 vanoshandisa tsika. zvinoreva polyphonic. mutauro, zvisinei, izvi hazvigoni kuonekwa sechinyorwa chiri nyore chemaitiro anozivikanwa: pane kudaro, tiri kutaura nezvemazuva ano. kusimbiswa kwemaitiro echinyakare, semhedzisiro yavanowana hunhu hutsva. Semuenzaniso, mune yambotaurwa Shostakovich symphony, fugato pakutanga kwekukura (nhamba 17 ne18), nekuda kwekupinda kwemhinduro mune yakawedzera octave, inonzwika isingawanzo hutsinye. Imwe yenzira dzakajairika dzezana ramakore rechi20. inova "polyphony of layers", uye chimiro chedhamu chinogona kunge chisingaverengeki chakaoma. Saka, chitubu dzimwe nguva chinoumbwa kubva pakufamba kana kupesana kwemanzwi mazhinji (kusvika pakuumbwa kwemasumbu), nzira dzealeatoric dzinoshandiswa (semuenzaniso, kuvandudza pamanzwi akapihwa enhevedzano) uye sonoristics (rhythm). canon, semuenzaniso, kune tambo dziri kutamba pachigadziko), nezvimwe. Inozivikanwa kubva ku classic polyphonic music. orc kushorwa. mapoka kana zviridzwa muvanyori vakawanda vezana remakore rechi20 zvinoshandurwa kuva "polyphony ye rhythmic timbres" (somuenzaniso, musumo yeStravinsky's The Rite of Spring) uye yakaunzwa kune zvine musoro. Pakupedzisira, iva "polyphony of sonorous effects" (semuenzaniso, mumitambo yaK. Penderecki). Nenzira imwecheteyo, kushandiswa mumhanzi wedodecaphonic wekufamba kwakananga uye kumativi ekufamba neinversions yavo kunobva kumaitiro echimiro chakasimba, asi kushandiswa kwakarongeka, pamwe chete nekuverenga chaiko muhurongwa hwese (kwete nguva dzose mukufarira. expressiveness) vape humwe hunhu. Mune polyphonic. mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi20 mafomu echinyakare anogadziridzwa uye mafomu matsva anozvarwa, iwo maficha akabatana zvisingaite nechimiro cheiyo thematism uye general ruzha sangano (semuenzaniso, dingindira rekupedzisira kweiyo symphony op.
Polyphony 20th century inoumba chimiro chitsva. rudzi runopfuura pfungwa inorondedzerwa neshoko rokuti “S. Pamwe.” Inotsanangurwa zvakajeka miganhu yeiyi "super-free" maitiro e2nd floor. 20th century haina, uye hapana izwi rinowanzo gamuchirwa retsanangudzo yaro (dzimwe nguva tsananguro yekuti "polyphony nyowani yezana ramakore rechi20" inoshandiswa).
S. ari kudzidza na. kwenguva yakareba aitevera chete zvinoshanda. uch. zvinangwa (F. Marpurg, I. Kirnberger, nezvimwewo). Nyanzvi. Zvidzidzo zvenhoroondo uye zvedzidziso zvakaonekwa muzana remakore rechi19. (X. Riemann). Generalizing mabasa akagadzirwa muzana remakore rechi20. (semuenzaniso, "Fundamentals of Linear Counterpoint" naE. Kurt), pamwe neakakosha. aesthetic inoshanda pane yemazuva ano polyphony. Pane mabhuku akawanda echiRussian. lang., yakatsaurirwa S.'s research with. BV Asafiev akadzokorora nyaya iyi; kubva kumabasa echisikigo chakazara, "Misimboti yeArtistic Styles" naSS Skrebkov uye "Nhoroondo yePolyphony" naVV Protopopov inomira pachena. General nyaya dzedzidziso yepolyphony dzakafukidzwawo mune dzimwe dzakawanda. zvinyorwa zve polyphony vanyori.
2) Yechipiri, yekupedzisira (mushure meiyo yakasimba maitiro (2)) chikamu chepolyphony kosi. Mumhanzi Mumayunivhesiti eUSSR, polyphony inodzidzwa paiyo theoretical compositional level uye ichaitwa nevamwe. f-max; muzvikoro zvesekondari. masangano - chete pane zvenhoroondo-theoretical. dhipatimendi (kumadhipatimendi ekuita, kuzivana nemapolyphonic mafomu kunosanganisirwa mune yakajairika kosi yekuongorora mabasa emimhanzi). Zvemukati zvekosi zvinotemwa neakaundi. zvirongwa zvakatenderwa neBazi reTsika reUSSR neRepublic. min-iwe. S.'s course with. kunosanganisira kushandiswa kwezviitwa zvakanyorwa ch. arr. muchimiro chefugue (canons, zvigadzirwa, passacaglia, misiyano, marudzi akasiyana esumo, mitambo yefugues, nezvimwewo) inoumbwawo. Zvinangwa zvekosi zvinosanganisira kuongororwa kwepolyphonic. mabasa evanyori venguva dzakasiyana uye masitayera. Pamadhipatimendi emunyori wevamwe uch. masangano aiita kuvandudza kwehunyanzvi hwepolyphonic. kuvandudza (ona "Matambudziko muPolyphony" naGI Litinsky); pamimhanzi yenhoroondo uye yedzidziso f-max. mayunivhesiti eUSSR akagadzira nzira yekudzidza yezviitiko zvepolyphony munhoroondo. chimiro. Nezve nzira yekudzidzisa mumazizi. uch. masangano anoratidzirwa nekubatana kwepolyphony nemaitiro anoenderana - solfeggio (ona, semuenzaniso, "Kuunganidzwa kwemienzaniso kubva kumabhuku epolyphonic. For 2, 3 uye 4 voice solfeggio" naVV Sokolova, M.-L., 1933, "Solfeggio Mienzaniso kubva mumabhuku epolyphonic "naA. Agazhanov naD. Blum, Moscow, 1972), nhoroondo yemimhanzi, nezvimwewo.
Kudzidzisa polyphony kune yakagara yakamira pedagogical kumashure. tsika. Mumakore 17-18. anenge munyori wese aiva mudzidzisi; yakanga iri tsika kupfuudza ruzivo kuvaimbi vaduku vachiedza namaoko avo pakuimba. S. kudzidzisa na. yaionekwa sechinhu chinokosha nevaimbi vakurusa. Uch. hutungamiriri hwakasiya JP Sweelinck, JF Rameau. JS Bach akagadzira akawanda emabasa ake anoshamisa. - zvigadzirwa, "The Well-Tempered Clavier", "The Art of the Fugue" - sechinhu chinoshanda. mirairo mukunyora nekuita polyphonic. prod. Pakati peavo vakadzidzisa S. s. – J. Haydn, S. Frank, J. Bizet, A. Bruckner. Nyaya dzepolyphony dzinopihwa kutariswa muaccount. vatungamiri P. Hindemith, A. Schoenberg. Kukudziridzwa kwepolyphonic tsika muRussia uye zizi. mimhanzi yakasimudzirwa nemabasa evanyori NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Lyadov, SI Taneev, RM Glier, AV Aleksandrov, N. Ya. Myaskovsky. Mabhuku akati wandei akagadzirwa anopfupikisa ruzivo rwekudzidzisa S. s. muUSSR.
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VP Frayonov
