Theodor W. Adorno |

Theodor W. Adorno

Muzivi weGermany, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu, nyanzvi yemimhanzi uye munyori. Akadzidza kuumbwa naB. Sekles naA. Berg, piyano naE. Jung naE. Steuermann, pamwe chete nenhoroondo uye dzidziso yemimhanzi paYunivhesiti yeVienna. Muna 1928-31 akanga ari mupepeti weViennese music magazine "Anbruch", muna 1931-33 aiva mubatsiri wepurofesa paYunivhesiti yeFrankfurt. Akadzingwa kubva kuyunivhesiti nevaNazi, akatamira kuEngland (mushure me1933), kubva muna 1938 akagara muU.SA, muna 1941-49 - muLos Angeles (mushandi weInstitute of Social Sciences). Akabva adzokera kuFrankfurt, kwaakanga ari purofesa weyunivhesiti, mumwe wevatungamiriri veInstitute for Sociological Research.

Adorno inyanzvi inosiyana-siyana uye mushambadziri. Mabasa ake ehuzivi uye ezvemagariro mune dzimwe nguva zvakare zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi. Nechekare muzvinyorwa zvekutanga zveAdorno (makore ekuma20 ekupedzisira) maitiro emagariro evanhu akanyatsoratidzwa, izvo zvakanga zvakaoma, zvisinei, nekuratidzwa kwehupenzi hwemagariro evanhu. Mumakore ekutama kweAmerica, kusimba kwekupedzisira kwemweya kwaAdorno kwakauya, misimboti yake yekunaka yakaumbwa.

Munguva yebasa remunyori T. Mann pabhuku rinonzi Doctor Faustus, Adorno akanga ari mubatsiri wake uye mupi wezano. Tsanangudzo yehurongwa hwemimhanzi ye serial uye kutsoropodza kwayo muchitsauko che22 chebhuku, pamwe chete nemashoko pamusoro pemutauro wemimhanzi waL. Beethoven, anobva zvachose pakuongorora kwaAdorno.

Pfungwa yekuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi hwemimhanzi hwakaiswa mberi naAdorno, kuongororwa kwetsika yeWestern Europe yakatsaurirwa kune akati wandei mabhuku uye kuunganidzwa kwezvinyorwa: "Essay on Wagner" (1952), "Prisms" (1955), "Dissonances" (1956), "Introduction to Musical Sociology" (1962) uye etc. Mavari, Adorno anoonekwa semusayendisiti anopinza mukuongorora kwake, uyo, zvisinei, anouya kumagumo asina tariro pamusoro pekuguma kweWestern European musical culture.

Denderedzwa remazita ekugadzira mumabasa eAdorno ishoma. Anonyanya kutarisisa nezvebasa raA. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webrn, asingambotauri nezvevanyori vakakosha zvakaenzana. Kurambwa kwake kunotambanukira kuvanyori vose munzira ipi neipi yakabatana nemafungiro echinyakare. Anoramba kupa kuongorora kwakanaka kwekugadzira kunyange kune vanyori vakuru vakadai sa SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, P. Hindemith, A. Honegger. Kutsoropodza kwake kunotungamirirwawo kune mushure mehondo avant-gardists, avo Adorno anopomera kurasikirwa kwechisikigo chemutauro wemimhanzi uye chimiro chechimiro chechimiro cheunyanzvi, kubatanidzwa kwemasvomhu kuverenga, izvo mukuita zvinotungamirira kumhirizhonga inonzwika.

Nekusagadzikana kwakanyanya, Adorno anorwisa iyo inonzi "misa" art, iyo, mumaonero ake, inoshumira huranda hwemweya hwemunhu. Adorno anotenda kuti hunyanzvi hwechokwadi hunofanirwa kugara huchipesana nehukuru hwevatengi uye midziyo yesimba rehurumende rinotonga uye rinotungamira tsika dzepamutemo. Zvisinei, unyanzvi, hunopikisa hutsika hwekutonga, hunobuda, mukunzwisisa kwaAdorno, kuva neunyanzvi hwepamusoro, hunosuruvarisa huri kure, huchiuraya zvinyorwa zvinokosha zvekusika mukati mazvo.

Iyi antithesis inoratidza kuvharika uye kushaya tariro kweAdorno's aesthetic and sociological concept. Huzivi hwake hwetsika hune hukama hunotevedzana nehuzivi hwaF. Nietzsche, O. Spengler, X. Ortega y Gasset. Zvimwe zvezvirongwa zvayo zvakaumbwa semhinduro kune demagogic "tsika yetsika" yeNational Socialists. The schematism uye paradoxical chimiro chepfungwa yaAdorno zvakaratidzwa zvakajeka mubhuku rake rinonzi The Philosophy of New Music (1949), rakavakirwa pakuenzanisa kwebasa raA. Schoenberg naI. Stravinsky.

Schoenberg's expressionism, maererano naAdorno, inotungamirira pakuparara kwechimiro chemimhanzi, kuramba kwemunyori kugadzira "opus yakapera". Basa rakazara rakavharwa reunyanzvi, maererano naAdorno, rinotokanganisa chokwadi nekurongeka kwayo. Kubva pakuona uku, Adorno anotsoropodza Stravinsky's neoclassicism, iyo inonzi inoratidzira kunyengera kwekuyananisa kwemunhu oga uye nzanga, kushandura unyanzvi kuva pfungwa yenhema.

Adorno aiona hupenzi husina musoro sechisikigo, achiruramisa kuvapo kwahwo nehutsinye hwenzanga yaakamuka. Basa rechokwadi reunyanzvi muchokwadi chemazuva ano, maererano naAdorno, rinogona kuramba rakavhurika "seismogram" yekuvhunduka kwekutya, mafungiro asina ruzivo uye kufamba kusinganzwisisike kwemweya.

Adorno ichiremera chikuru mune zvemazuva ano zvekuMadokero mumhanzi aesthetics uye sociology, akasimba anopokana nefascist uye anotsoropodza tsika yebourgeois. Asi, achitsoropodza bourgeois chokwadi, Adorno haana kubvuma pfungwa socialism, vakaramba vari vatorwa kwaari. Maonero ehutsinye kune tsika yemimhanzi yeUSSR nedzimwe nyika dzesocialist dzakazviratidza mune akati wandei maitiro naAdorno.

Kupikisa kwake kunopesana nekugadzirisa uye kutengeserana kwehupenyu hwemweya kunonzwika kunopinza, asi kutanga kwakanaka kweAdorno's aesthetic and sociological pfungwa yakanyanya kusimba, isinganyanyi kugutsikana pane yekutanga yakaoma. Achiramba zvose zviri zviviri zvechizvino-zvino bourgeois ideology uye socialist ideology, Adorno haana kuona nzira chaiyo yekubuda mune zvemweya nemagariro ezvechokwadi zvemabhunu uye, kutaura zvazviri, akaramba ari mukubata kwekufungidzira uye utopian illusions nezve "nzira yechitatu", nezverumwe rudzi rwe. "zvimwe" zvemagariro echokwadi.

Adorno ndiye munyori wemabasa emimhanzi: romances uye kwaya (kune zvinyorwa naS. George, G. Trakl, T. Deubler), zvidimbu zve orchestra, gadziriro dzenziyo dzechiFrench, kuridzwa kwepiyano zvidimbu naR. Schumann, nezvimwewo.