Glenn Gould (Glenn Gould) |

Glenn gould

Manheru aMay 7, 1957, vanhu vashomanana zvikuru vakaungana nokuda kwekonzati muGreat Hall yeMoscow Conservatory. Zita remuiti wacho rakanga risingazivikanwe kune ani zvake aifarira mimhanzi yeMoscow, uye hapana chero weavo vaivepo aive netarisiro huru manheru ano. Asi zvakazoitika ndezvechokwadi kuti zvichayeukwa nemunhu wese kwenguva yakareba.

Aya ndiwo matsananguriro aakaitwa Purofesa GM Kogan: “Kubva mumabhawa ekutanga ekutanga eArt of Fugue yaBach, apo mutambi wepiyano wekuCanada Glen Gould akatanga nawo konzati yake, zvakava pachena kuti takanga tichitarisana nechiitiko chakatanhamara. munda wekuita zvehunyanzvi papiyano. Chiratidzo ichi hachina kuchinja, asi chakasimbiswa mukonzati yose. Glen Gould achiri mudiki (ane makore makumi maviri nemana). Pasinei neizvi, anenge atove muimbi akakura uye tenzi akakwana ane hunhu hwakanyatsotsanangurwa, hwakanyatsotsanangurwa. Hunhu uhwu hunoratidzwa zvine mutsindo mune zvese - mune repertoire, uye mukududzira, uye muhunyanzvi nzira dzekutamba, uye kunyangwe kunze kwemaitiro ekuita. Hwaro hwerepertoire yaGould imabasa makuru akaitwa naBach (semuenzaniso, yeChitanhatu Partita, Goldberg Variations), Beethoven (semuenzaniso, Sonata, Op. 109, Fourth Concerto), pamwe nevatauri veGerman vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX (sonatas naHindemith. , Alban Berg). Mabasa evaimbi vakadai saChopin, Liszt, Rachmaninoff, tisingarevi mabasa ehunyoro kana saloni, sezviri pachena haakwezve mupiyano wekuCanada zvachose.

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Kusanganiswa kwakafanana kwemaitiro echinyakare uye ekutaura kunoratidzawo dudziro yaGould. Zvinoshamisa kune kukakavara kukuru kwemufungo uye kuda, zvakamisikidzwa zvinoshamisa murhythm, zvirevo, zvine simba rekubatanidza, zvinonyanya kutaura nenzira yayo; asi kutaura uku, kunonyatsoratidza, panguva imwe chete kunozvinyima. Iko kusungirirwa uko mutambi wepiyano "anobvisa" kubva kune zvakamupoteredza, anozvinyudza mumimhanzi, simba raanotaura naro uye "kuisa" zvinangwa zvake zvekuita kune vateereri zvinoshamisa. Izvi zvinangwa mune dzimwe nzira, zvichida, zvinokakavadzana; zvisinei, munhu haakwanisi kutadza kupa mutero kukutenda kunoshamisa kwemuiti, hapana anogona kubatsira asi kuyemura kusatya, kujeka, chokwadi chechimiro chavo, hunyanzvi hwepiyano hwakasimba uye husina kunaka - mutsara wakadaro (kunyanya mupiyano uye pianissimo), yakadai. ndima dzakasiyana, rakavhurika rakadaro, kuburikidza uye kuburikidza ne "tarisa nepakati" polyphony. Zvese zviri mupiyano yaGould zvakasarudzika, zvichidzika kusvika kune matekiniki. Kudzika kwayo kwakadzikira kwakasiyana. Maitiro ake ekuita neruoko rwake akasununguka panguva yemutambo akajairika… Glen Gould achiri pakutanga chaiko kwenzira yake yehunyanzvi. Hapana mubvunzo kuti ramangwana rakajeka rakamumirira.”

Takataura iyi ongororo pfupi inenge yakazara, kwete chete nekuti yaive yekutanga mhinduro yakakomba pakuita kwemuimbi wepiyano wekuCanada, asi zvakanyanya nekuti mufananidzo wakatsanangurwa nenzwisiso yakadaro neanoremekedzwa muimbi weSoviet, zvinokatyamadza, wakachengeta huchokwadi hwawo, zvikurukuru uye gare gare, kunyange zvazvo nguva, chokwadika, yakaita gadziridzo dzakati kwairi. Izvi, nenzira, zvinoratidza izvo tenzi akakura, akaumbwa zvakanaka mudiki Gould akaonekwa pamberi pedu.

Akawana zvidzidzo zvake zvekutanga zvemimhanzi muguta rekumusha kwaamai vake reToronto, kubva pazera remakore gumi nerimwe akaenda kuRoyal Conservatory ikoko, kwaakadzidza piyano mukirasi yaAlberto Guerrero uye kuumbwa naLeo Smith, uye akadzidzawo nevanonyanya kurongeka mukirasi. guta. Gould akaita debut yake semupiyano uye oganist shure muna 11, uye akapedza kudzidza kubva Conservatory chete muna 1947. Hapana chakafanotaura kusimuka kwemeteoric kunyange mushure mokunge aita zvinobudirira muNew York, Washington nemamwe maguta eUnited States muna 1952. Mhedzisiro huru yemitambo iyi. chaive chibvumirano nekambani yekurekodha CBS, iyo yakachengetedza simba rayo kwenguva yakareba. Nenguva isipi rekodhi yekutanga yakakomba yakaitwa - "Goldberg" misiyano yeBach - iyo yakazove yakakurumbira kwazvo (zvisati zvadaro, iye, zvisinei, akange atonyora akati wandei mabhuku naHaydn, Mozart uye vanyori vemazuva ano muCanada). Uye akanga ari manheru iwayo muMoscow akateya nheyo yomukurumbira wenyika yose waGould.

Atora chinzvimbo chepamusoro muboka revanoridza piyano, Gould akatungamira chiitiko chekonzati kwemakore akati wandei. Ichokwadi, akakurumidza kuva nemukurumbira kwete chete nokuda kwekubudirira kwake kweunyanzvi, asiwo nokuda kwekunyanyisa kwemaitiro uye kuoma kweunhu. Pamwe akakumbira imwe tembiricha kubva kuvarongi vemakonti muhoro, akabuda pachikuva akapfeka magirovhosi, akabva aramba kutamba kusvika paita girazi remvura papiyano, akabva atanga nyaya dzinonyadzisa, akadzima makonti, akabva ataura. kusagutsikana neruzhinji, kwakauya kunetsana nemakondakita.

Mutambo wepasi rose wakatenderera, kunyanya, nyaya yekuti Gould, paaidzidzira Brahms Concerto muD diki muNew York, aipesana zvikuru nemuitisi L. Bernstein mukududzirwa kwebasa zvekuti kuita kwakapotsa kwaparara. Pakupedzisira, Bernstein akataura nevateereri vasati vatanga konzati, achiyambira kuti "haagone kutora mutoro wezvese zvanga zvava kuda kuitika", asi acharamba achiitisa, sezvo kuita kwaGould "kwakakodzera kuteerera" ...

Hongu, kubva pakutanga, Gould akatora nzvimbo inokosha pakati pevanyori vemazuva ano, uye akakanganwirwa zvakanyanya nokuda kwekushamisa kwake, nekuda kwekusiyana kweunyanzvi hwake. Iye aisagona kusvikwa nemipimo yetsika, uye iye amene aiziva ikoku. Ihwo hutsika kuti, adzoka kubva kuU.SR, pakutanga aida kutora chikamu mumakwikwi eTchaikovsky, asi, mushure mokufunga, akasiya pfungwa iyi; hazvibviri kuti unyanzvi hwepakutanga hwakadai hunogona kupinda mumakwikwi emakwikwi. Zvisinei, kwete chete yepakutanga, asiwo rimwe divi. Uye iyo yakawedzera Gould yakaitwa mukonti, iyo yakajeka yakava kwete simba rake chete, asiwo zvikanganiso zvake - zvose repertoire uye stylistic. Kana kududzira kwake mumhanzi waBach kana vanyori vemazuva ano - nekuda kwekutanga kwayo - nguva dzose yakagamuchira kukoshesa kwepamusoro, ipapo "kupindira" kwake kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemimhanzi kwakakonzera kukakavara kusingaperi, kusagutsikana, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekukomba kwezvinangwa zvemupiyano.

Hazvina mhosva kuti Glen Gould akazvibata sei, zvisinei, danho rake rekusiya chiitiko chekonzati rakasangana sebhanan'ana. Kubva 1964, Gould haana kuonekwa pamutambo wekonzati, uye muna 1967 akaita kuonekwa kwake kwekupedzisira muChicago. Akabva ataura pachena kuti akanga asingachadi kuita zvekare uye aida kuzvipira zvachose pakurekodha. Kwaiva nerunyerekupe rwekuti chikonzero, shanga rekupedzisira, kwaiva kugamuchirwa kusina ushamwari kwaakapiwa neruzhinji rweItaly mushure mekuitwa kwemitambo yaSchoenberg. Asi muimbi pachake akakurudzira chisarudzo chake nemafungiro ezvinyorwa. Akazivisa kuti muzera rehunyanzvi, hupenyu hwemakonsati hunowanzo kutsakatika, kuti rekodhi regiramufoni chete rinopa muimbi mukana wekugadzira mutambo wakakodzera, uye veruzhinji mamiriro ekuona kwakanaka kwemimhanzi, pasina kukanganiswa kubva kune vavakidzani. horo yekonzati, pasina tsaona. “Horo dzekonzati dzichanyangarika,” Gould akafanotaura. "Marekodhi achavatsiva."

Sarudzo yaGould nekukurudzira kwake kwakakonzera kuita kwakasimba pakati penyanzvi neveruzhinji. Vamwe vakanyomba, vamwe vakaramba zvakanyanya, vamwe - vashoma - vakabvuma nekuchenjera. Nekudaro, chokwadi chinoramba chiripo chekuti kweanoda kusvika makore gumi nehafu, Glen Gould aitaurirana neruzhinji asipo chete, nerubatsiro rwezvinyorwa.

Pakuvamba kwenguva iyi, akashanda zvine muchero uye nesimba; zita rake rakarega kuoneka mumusoro wenyaya inonyadzisa, asi richiri kukwezva ngwariro yevaimbi, vatsoropodzi, uye vanoda mimhanzi. Zvinyorwa zvitsva zveGould zvakaonekwa gore negore, asi nhamba yavo yose idiki. Chikamu chakakosha chezvakarekodhwa ake mabasa naBach: matanhatu Partitas, makonsati muD huru, F minor, G minor, "Goldberg" akasiyana uye "Well-Tempered Clavier", maviri- uye matatu-zvikamu zvigadzirwa, French Suite, Italian Concerto. , “The Art of Fugue” … Pano Gould anoita zvakare uye achiita semuimbi akasarudzika, sepasina mumwe munhu, anonzwa nekugadzira patsva machira epolyphonic emumhanzi waBach nekusimba kukuru, kutaura, uye mweya wepamusoro. Nezvese zvaakarekodhwa, anoratidza zvakare uye anoratidza mukana wekuverenga kwemazuva ano kwemimhanzi yaBach - asingatarise kumashure kune ekare prototypes, asingadzokeri kuchimiro uye chiridzwa chekare, ndiko kuti, anoratidza simba rakadzama uye zvemazuva ano. yemimhanzi yaBach nhasi.

Chimwe chikamu chakakosha cheGould's repertoire ibasa raBeethoven. Kunyangwe pakutanga (kubvira 1957 kusvika 1965) akarekodha makontikiti ese, ndokuzowedzera kune yake runyorwa rwezvakarekodhwa neakawanda sonatas uye matatu makuru ekuchinja kutenderera. Pano anokwezvawo nekutsva kwemafungiro ake, asi kwete nguva dzose - nehupenyu hwavo uye kunyengetedza; dzimwe nguva kududzira kwake kunopesana chose chose, sezvakacherekedzwa nenyanzvi yenziyo yeSoviet uye mutambi wepiyano D. Blagoy, “kwete bedzi netsika, asiwo nenheyo dzokufunga kwaBeethoven.” Nekuzvidira, dzimwe nguva pane fungidziro yekuti kutsauka kubva kune inogamuchirwa tempo, rhythmic pateni, ine simba zviyero hazvikonzerwi nepfungwa yakanyatsofungwa, asi nechido chekuita zvese zvakasiyana kubva kune vamwe. “Marekodhi achangoburwa aGould esonatas aBeethoven kubva mu<em>opus 31,” akanyora kudaro mumwe wavatsoropodzi vokune dzimwe nyika pakati pema70, “haasati achizotongogutsa vose vari vaviri vanoyemura vake navashori vake. Avo vanomuda nokuti anoenda ku studio chete kana akagadzirira kutaura chimwe chinhu chitsva, zvisati zvambotaurwa nevamwe, vachaona kuti izvo zvisipo mumasenata matatu aya idambudziko rokusika; kune vamwe, zvese zvaanoita zvakasiyana kubva kune vaanoshanda navo hazvizoite sepakutanga.

Mafungiro aya anotidzosera kumashoko aGould pachake, uyo akambotsanangura chinangwa chake seizvi: “Chokutanga, ndinoedza kunzvenga chirevo chendarama, chisingafi parekodhi nevatambi vepiyano vakawanda vakanaka kwazvo. Ini ndinofunga zvakakosha kuratidza iwo maficha ekurekodha anovhenekera chidimbu kubva kune akasiyana zvachose maonero. Kuurayiwa kunofanira kunge kuri pedyo sezvinobvira kune chiito chekugadzira - ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru, ichi ndicho chigadziro chechinetso. Dzimwe nguva musimboti uyu wakatungamira kubudiriro dzakatanhamara, asi mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kugona kwekugadzira kwehunhu hwake kwakapesana nemhando yemimhanzi, kukundikana. Vatengi vakarekodha vajaira chokwadi chekuti kurekodha kwega kwega kweGould kwakatakura kushamisika, kwakaita kuti zvibvire kunzwa basa rakajairika muchiedza chitsva. Asi, sezvakataurwa nemumwe wevatsoropodzi, mukududzira kusinganzwisisike zvachose, mukuvavarira kusingaperi kwekutanga, kutyisidzira kwemaitiro zvakare kunovanda - vese muiti nemuteereri vanovajaira, uyezve vanova "zvitambi zvepakutanga".

Gould's repertoire yakagara yakanyatsojeka, asi kwete yakatetepa. Haana kumboridza Schubert, Chopin, Schumann, Liszt, akaita mimhanzi yakawanda yezana remakore re3 - sonatas naScriabin (No. 7), Prokofiev (No. 7), A. Berg, E. Ksheneck, P. Hindemith, vose mabasa aA. Schoenberg, umo aibatanidza piyano; akamutsidzira mabasa evanyori vekare - Byrd naGibbons, vakashamisika vatevedzeri venziyo yepiyano nechikumbiro chisingatarisirwi kune chinyorwa chaLiszt cheBeethoven's Fifth Symphony (akagadzirazve ruzha ruzere neropa rweochestra papiyano) uye zvimedu zveWagner operas; akarekodha zvisingatarisirwi mienzaniso yakakanganwa yemimhanzi yerudo - Grieg's Sonata (Op. XNUMX), Wiese's Nocturne uye Chromatic Variations, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange Sibelius sonatas. Gould akagadzirawo cadenza dzake dzemakonzati aBeethoven uye akaita chikamu chepiyano muR. Strauss 'monodrama Enoch Arden, uye pakupedzisira, akarekodha Bach's Art of Fugue paogani uye, kekutanga kugara pa harpsichord, akapa vanoyemura kududzira kwakanakisa kweHandel's Suite. Kune zvose izvi, Gould akashanda nesimba semuzivisi, munyori wezvirongwa zveterevhizheni, zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa kune zvinyorwa zvake, zvose zvakanyorwa uye nemuromo; dzimwe nguva zvirevo zvake zvaivawo nekurwisa kwakatsamwisa vaimbi vakakomba, dzimwe nguva, pane kudaro, zvakadzika, kunyange zvazvo pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki. Asi zvakaitikawo kuti akaramba zvirevo zvake zvekunyora uye zvekupokana nekududzira kwake.

Ichi chiitiko chinogoneka uye chine chinangwa chakapa chikonzero chetariro yekuti nyanzvi yakanga isati yataura izwi rekupedzisira; kuti mune ramangwana tsvakiridzo yake ichatungamira kune yakakosha mibairo yehunyanzvi. Mune mamwe marekodhi ake, kunyangwe zvisina kujeka kwazvo, pakanga pachine tsika yekuenda kure nekunyanyisa kwakamuita iye zvino. Zvinhu zvekupfava kutsva, kurambwa kwemaitiro uye kuwedzeredza, kudzoka kune runako rwepakutanga rweruzha rwepiyano zvinonyanya kuoneka mumarekodha ake akawanda sonatas naMozart uye gumi intermezzos naBrahms; kuita kwemuimbi hakuna kana kumborasikirwa nekutsva kwayo uye mavambo.

Chokwadika, zvakaoma kutaura kuti muitiro uyu ungakura kusvika papi. Mumwe wevacherechedzi vekune dzimwe nyika, "kufanotaura" nzira yekuvandudzwa kweramangwana raGlenn Gould, akataura kuti aizopedzisira ave "muimbi akajairika", kana kuti aizotamba mumakwikwi nemumwe "anonetsa" - Friedrich Gulda. Hapana zvimwe zvingaita sezvisingabviri.

Mumakore achangopfuura, Gould - uyu "mumhanzi Fisher", sekumudana kwevatori venhau - akaramba ari kure nehupenyu hwehunyanzvi. Akagara muToronto, muimba yehotera, kwaakagadzira diki studio yekurekodha. Kubva pano, zvinyorwa zvake zvakapararira pasi rose. Iye pachake haana kubva pamba pake kwenguva yakareba uye aingofamba nemotokari usiku. Pano, muhotera iyi, rufu rwaisatarisirwa rwakabata nyanzvi. Asi, hongu, nhaka yaGould inoramba ichirarama, uye kutamba kwake kunorova nhasi nemavambo ayo, kusafanana nemienzaniso ipi neipi inozivikanwa. Zvinofadza zvikuru mabhuku ake ekunyora, akaunganidzwa uye akatsinhirwa naT. Page uye akadhindwa mumitauro yakawanda.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.