Degree |

German Stufe, Tonstufe, Klangstufe; English degree; French degree; ital. grado; imwe dhigirii yeRussia

Nzvimbo yeinzwi (inzwi) sechinhu chinongedzo muchiyero system (gamma, tuning, modhi, tonality), pamwe neiyo toni pachayo.

Pfungwa ye "S." inobatanidzwa nepfungwa yechiyero se "manera" (Italian scala, German Leiter, Tonleiter), kufamba kwacho kunoonekwa senhanho pamusoro, kureva, kushanduka kwechimbichimbi kubva kune chimwe hunhu (kubva pane chimwe chinhu) kuenda kune chimwe ( semuenzaniso, c – d, d – e, e – f). S.'s shifts ndeimwe yezviratidzo zvekufamba, budiriro, nenzira yekumisikidza. Set S. ye k.-l. system, inoratidza kurongeka kwekuchinja kubva kune imwe S. kuenda kune imwe; mune izvi pane kumwe kufanana pakati pepfungwa dzeS. uye tonal basa. In harmonic. tonality maererano nemusiyano pakati peDOS mbiri. marudzi e-sound-altitude organisation - one-headed. uye polygon. - pasi pezwi rokuti "S." hairevi chete ruzha rwakasiyana rwechiyero, asi zvakare rakavakwa pairi sepamusoro. chord tone (vanoti, semuenzaniso, nezvekutaura munhevedzano yematanho: V - VI). Kusarudza S. yeiyi uye mamwe marudzi, G. Schenker kune yechinyakare. zvinyorwa munhamba dzechiRoman akawedzera chiArabic:

S. chord inovhara akati wandei. S.-inonzwika (somuenzaniso, V9 chord inosanganisira 5, 7, 2, 4, 6, uye kuchinja kubva kune imwe "nhanho inonzwika" kuenda kune imwe mukati me "chord access" imwe hainzwisiswi sechinjo mubasa rayo rose, sezvo zvakajairika kune ese anoumba "matanho anonzwika"). In harmonic. tonality S. - nzvimbo yepakati (micromode; somuenzaniso, paV C. 1 inokwevera kune 7 pasinei nehukuru hwesimba), pasi pemukuru (S. se sublad). Imwe yenzira dzinowanzozivikanwa yekureva chords inosanganiswa nepfungwa ye "S.-chord", iyo musimboti iri chiratidzo chehuwandu hwekuwirirana muyero akateedzana (functional notation, mukupesana nenhanho notation, inosarudza zvinoreva chord mune logic ye harmonic process). Mumimhanzi yeEurope yezana ramakore rechi 17-19, zvichibva pane gumi nembiri-nhanho acoustic. system, inotonga diatonic. pahwaro hwayo (ona Diatonic), iyo modes yakakura uye idiki, iyo, zvisinei, yakabvumira chromatism. Iyo 12 "matanho anonzwika" anogoneka mukati meaya mamodhi akashanda akakamurwa kuita 12 makuru (muC-dur anowirirana nemakiyi machena ephp.) uye 7 derivatives (yakashandurwa; inowirirana nekiyi nhema); shanduko yakadaro. chromaticity chiitiko chechipiri kune diatonic. hwaro (F. Chopin, Etude a-moll op. 5 No 25), uye maererano nenheyo huru yemaitiro, frets inofanira kuonekwa se11-nhanho. Mumimhanzi yezana remakore rechi7 pamwe chete ne20-nhanho, 7-danho rinoshandiswawo zvakarongeka (natural chromaticism nemamwe marudzi ayo, somuenzaniso, muA. Webern's Bagatelles, op. 12, piano trio naEV Denisov). Kuwedzera kune 9- uye 7-nhanho masisitimu, kune vamwe vane diki diki yeC. (somuenzaniso, pentatonic) uye ine hombe (microchromatic kubva ku12, 24 C.; pano 36-nhanho dzakatevedzana dzinogona kushanda semukuru).

Zvinodikanwa kusiyanisa pakati pepfungwa: S. uye chaiyo zvinoreva toni (chord). Saka, muchromatic system C (dur) zvinogoneka kushandisa manzwi ces-heses-as uye, kune rumwe rutivi, eis-fis-gis-ais, zvisinei, aya chaiwo mataurirwo ezwi haatungamiri kune. kuwanda kwenhamba chaiyo ye "matanho anonzwika" e12-toni chromatic. gamma.

References: Avraamov A., Pamusoro pevatatu ve2 dhigirii guru, "Music", 1915, No 205, 213; Glinsky M., Chromatic zviratidzo mumimhanzi yeramangwana, "RMG", 1915, No 49; Gorkovenko A., Pfungwa yedanho uye dambudziko rehurongwa, "SM", 1969, No 8; Albersheim G., Die Tonstufe, "Mf", 1963, Jahrg. 16, H. 2. Onawo lit. paArt. Harmony, Mode, Key, Sound system, Diatonic, Chromatic, Microchromatic, Pentatonic, Scale, Temperament.

Yu. N. Kholopov