Leopold Stokowski |

Leopold Stokowski

Iyo ine simba chimiro chaLeopold Stokowski yakasarudzika yepakutanga uye yakawanda. Kweanopfuura hafu yezana ramakore, yakakwira pamusoro penyika yeunyanzvi, ichifadza makumi nemazana ezviuru zvevadi vemimhanzi, ichikonzera kukakavara kunotyisa, kuvhiringidza nezvirahwe zvisingatarisirwi, ichirova nesimba risinganeti uye pwere isingaperi. Stokowski, akajeka, akasiyana nevamwe kondakita, anopisa mukurumbira wehunyanzvi pakati pevazhinji, mugadziri we orchestra, mudzidzisi wechidiki, mushambadziri, gamba remubhaisikopo, akazova munhu ane mukurumbira muAmerica, uye kunze kwemiganhu yayo. Vokunyika yavo vaiwanzomuti “nyeredzi” yepanomira kondakita. Uye kunyange tichifunga nezvemaitiro evaAmerican kune tsananguro dzakadaro, zvakaoma kupokana neizvi.

Mimhanzi yakatekeshera muupenyu hwake hwose, ichiita zvayaireva uye zviri mukati. Leopold Anthony Stanislav Stokowski (iri ndiro zita rakazara remuimbi) akaberekerwa muLondon. Baba vake vaiva Polish, amai vake vari Irish. Kubva pazera remakore masere akadzidza piyano uye violin, ndokuzodzidza ogani uye kuumbwa, uye achiitawo paRoyal College of Music muLondon. Muna 1903, muimbi wechidiki akagamuchira dhigirii reBachelor kubva kuOxford University, mushure mezvo akazvivandudza muParis, Munich, uye Berlin. Semudzidzi, Stokowski akashanda semunyori paSt James's Church muLondon. Pakutanga akatora nzvimbo iyi muNew York, kwaakatamira muna 1905. Asi nokukurumidza muitiro wokushingaira wakamutungamirira kunzvimbo yomuitisi: Stokowski akanzwa kudikanwa kwokukurumidzira kutaura mutauro wenziyo kwete kuboka duku ravafundisi, asi kuvanhu vose. . Akaita dhipatimendi rake muLondon, akabata akateedzana akavhurika-mhepo konzati yezhizha muna 1908. Uye gore rakatevera akazova mutungamiriri wenyanzvi wediki symphony orchestra muCincinnati.

Pano, kekutanga, iyo inopenya yesangano data yemuimbi yakaonekwa. Akakurumidza kurongazve boka racho, akawedzera kuumbwa kwaro uye akawana hutano hwepamusoro. Mutevedzeri wechidiki aitaurwa nezvake kwose kwose, uye nokukurumidza akakokwa kuti atungamirire orchestra muPhiladelphia, imwe yenzvimbo huru dzenziyo munyika. Nguva yaStokowski nePhiladelphia Orchestra yakatanga muna 1912 uye yakatora chikamu chechina chezana ramakore. Pakanga pari mukati meaya makore apo vose vari vaviri orchestra nomuperekedzi vakawana mukurumbira wenyika yose. Vatsoropodzi vakawanda vanorangarira kuvamba kwayo kuva zuva iroro muna 1916, apo Stokowski akatanga kuita muPhiladelphia (uye ipapo muNew York) Mahler’s Eighth Symphony, kuita kwacho kwakakonzera dutu remufaro. Panguva imwecheteyo, muimbi anoronga akateedzana ake Concerts muNew York, iyo yakakurumidza kuve yakakurumbira, yakakosha mimhanzi kunyoreswa kwevana nevechidiki. Zvishuvo zvedemocracy zvakakurudzira Stokowski kuita chiitiko chekonzati chakanyanya, kutsvaga madenderedzwa matsva evateereri. Zvisinei, Stokowski akaedza zvakawanda. Pane imwe nguva, semuenzaniso, akabvisa chinzvimbo chemuperekedzi, achichipa kune vese nhengo dze orchestra. Imwe nzira kana imwe, anokwanisa kuwana chirango chesimbi zvechokwadi, kudzoka kwakanyanya kune vaimbi, kuzadzika kwavo kwakasimba kwezvose zvaanoda uye kusanganiswa kwakakwana kwevatambi pamwe nemuitisi mukuita mimhanzi. Pamakonzati, Stokowski dzimwe nguva aishandura mwenje uye kushandiswa kwezvimwe zviridzwa zvakasiyana. Uye chinonyanya kukosha, akakwanisa kuwana simba rinoshamisa mukududzira mabasa akasiyana-siyana.

Munguva iyoyo, mufananidzo weStokowski wehunyanzvi uye repertoire yake yakaumbwa. Sema conductor ese ehukuru uhu. Stokowski yakataura nzvimbo dzese dzemimhanzi yesymphonic, kubva kwayakatangira kusvika nhasi. Iye ane akati wandei virtuoso orchestral zvinyorwa zvemabasa naJS Bach. Muitisi, sekutonga, akabatanidzwa mumapurogiramu ake emakonti, achibatanidza mimhanzi yenguva dzakasiyana-siyana uye maitiro, mabasa anozivikanwa zvikuru uye mashoma anozivikanwa, asina kukanganwa kana asina kumboitwa. Nechekare mumakore ekutanga ebasa rake muFiladelphia, aisanganisira zvakawanda zvitsva mu repertoire yake. Uye ipapo Stokovsky akazviratidza seanogutsikana propagandist yemimhanzi mitsva, akaunza maAmerica kumabasa akawanda nevanyori vemazuva ano - Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Varese, Berg, Prokofiev, Satie. Zvishoma gare gare, Stokowski akava wekutanga muAmerica kuita mabasa naShostakovich, uyo, nerubatsiro rwake, akakurumidza kuwana mukurumbira mukuru muUnited States. Pakupedzisira, pasi pemaoko aStokowski, kekutanga, akawanda emabasa nevanyori veAmerica - Copland, Stone, Gould nevamwe - vakanzwika. (Cherechedza kuti kondakita aishanda muAmerican League of Composers uye bazi reInternational Society for Contemporary Music.) Stokowski haana kumboshanda paimba yeopera, asi muna 1931 akaitisa American premiere yeWozzeck muPhiladelphia.

Muna 1935-1936, Stokowski akaita rwendo rwekukunda rweEurope neboka rake, achipa makonti mumaguta makumi maviri nemanomwe. Mushure maizvozvi, anosiya "Philadelphians" uye kwenguva yakati akazvipira kushanda paredhiyo, kurekodha inzwi, cinema. Anoita mumazana ezvirongwa zveredhiyo, achisimudzira mimhanzi yakakomba kekutanga pachiyero chakadaro, anorekodha akawanda marekodhi, ane nyeredzi mumafirimu The Big Radio Chirongwa (1937), One Hundred Men uye One Girl (1939), Fantasia (1942). , inotungamirirwa naW. Disney), "Carnegie Hall" (1948). Mumafirimu aya, anotamba pachake - mutungamiri Stokowski uye, nokudaro, anoshumira chikonzero chimwechete chekuziva mamiriyoni evatambi vemafirimu nemimhanzi. Panguva imwecheteyo, mifananidzo iyi, kunyanya "Mazana Mazana neMusikana Mumwe" uye "Fantasy", yakaunza muimbi mukurumbira usina kumboitika pasi rose.

Mumakumi mana, Stokowski zvakare anoita semurongi uye mutungamiri wemapoka esymphony. Akasika All-American Youth Orchestra, achiita nzendo nenyika yose naye, City Symphony Orchestra yeNew York, muna 1945-1947 akatungamirira orchestra muHollywood, uye muna 1949-1950, pamwe chete naD. Mitropoulos, vakatungamira. New York Philharmonic. Zvino, mushure mekuzorora, muimbi anoremekedzwa akave mukuru weiyo orchestra muguta reHouston (1955), uye atove mumakore makumi matanhatu akagadzira boka rake, American Symphony Orchestra, pahwaro hweiyo NBC orchestra yakamiswa. izvo vechidiki varidzi vezviridzwa vakarerwa pasi pehutungamiriri hwake. uye conductors.

Makore ose aya, pasinei nokukwegura kwake, Stokowski haaderedzi basa rake rokusika. Anoita nzendo dzakawanda dzeUnited States neEurope, achigara achitsvaga nekuita nziyo itsva. Stokovsky anoratidza kufarira nguva dzose mumimhanzi yeSoviet, kusanganisira muzvirongwa zvemakonzati ake anoshanda naShostakovich, Prokofiev, Myaskovsky, Gliere, Khachaturian, Khrennikov, Kabalevsky, Amirov nevamwe vanyori. Anokurudzira hushamwari nekushandira pamwe pakati pevaimbi vanobva kuUSSR neUSA, achizviti "anofarira kuchinjana pakati petsika dzeRussia neAmerica."

Stokowski akatanga kushanyira USSR muna 1935. Asi ipapo haana kupa makonti, asi akangozivana nemabasa evanyori veSoviet. Mushure meizvozvo Stokowski akaita Shostakovich's Fifth Symphony kekutanga muU.SA. Uye muna 1958, muimbi akakurumbira akapa makonzati nekubudirira kukuru muMoscow, Leningrad, Kyiv. Vateereri veSoviet vaiva nechokwadi chokuti nguva yakanga isina simba pamusoro petarenda rake. “Kubva pakurira kwokutanga chaiko kwenziyo, L. Stokowski ndiye anotonga vateereri,” akanyora kudaro mutsoropodzi A. Medvedev, “achivamanikidza kuteerera ndokudavira zvaanoda kutaura. Inokwezva vateereri nesimba rayo, kupenya, kufunga kwakadzama uye nemazvo ekuuraya. Anosika noushingi uye pakutanga. Zvadaro, mushure mekonzati, iwe ucharatidza, kuenzanisa, kufungisisa, kusabvumirana pane chimwe chinhu, asi muhoro, panguva yemutambo, unyanzvi hwemuitisi hunokanganisa iwe zvisingadzivisiki. Kuita kwaL. Stokowski kwakapfava zvikuru, kwakajeka… Anozvibata zvakasimba, akadzikama, uye panguva bedzi dzekuchinja kunongoerekana kwaitika, magumo, apo neapo anozvibvumira amene mafungu anoshamisa emaoko ake, kutenderera kwemuviri, chiito chakasimba uye chakapinza. Zvinoshamisa kuti zvakanaka uye zvinoratidzira maoko aL. Stokowski: vanongokumbira chivezwa! Chigunwe chega chega chinotaridza, chinokwanisa kufambisa kamumhanzi kadiki diki, bhurasho hombe, sekunge rinoyangarara nemhepo, zvinooneka "kudhonza" cantilena, simba risingakanganwike reruoko rwakaputirwa muchibhakera, richiraira sumo kuti. mapaipi ... "Leopold Stokowski akayeukwa nemunhu wese akambosangana nehunyanzvi hwake uye hwepakutanga art ...

Lit.: L. Stokowski. Mimhanzi yemunhu wese. M., 1963 (ed. 2nd).

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969