Instrumentation |

Mharidzo yemimhanzi yekuridzwa nechero chikamu che orchestra kana chiridzwa ensemble. Kuratidzwa kwemimhanzi yeorchestra kunowanzonziwo orchestration. Munguva yakapfuura pl. vanyori vakapa mazwi okuti "ini." uye "orchestration" dec. zvinoreva. Saka, semuenzaniso, F. Gewart akatsanangura I. sedzidziso yehunyanzvi. uye kutaura. Mikana zviridzwa, uye orchestration - seunyanzvi hwekushanda kwavo pamwe chete, uye F. Busoni akanzi anokonzerwa nekuimba mharidzo ye orchestra yemimhanzi, kubva pakutanga pfungwa nemunyori seorchestra, uye kuna I. - mharidzo ye orchestra yemabasa akanyorwa pasina kuverenga pa k.- l. imwe nziyo kana mamwe maumbirwo. Nekufamba kwenguva, aya mazwi akada kufanana. Shoko rokuti “Ini.”, iro rine zvarinoreva munyika yose, kusvika pamwero mukuru rinoratidza musimboti chaiwo wokusika. nzira yekugadzira mimhanzi yevazhinji (vanoverengeka) vaimbi. Nokudaro, iri kuwedzera kushandiswa mumunda wepolyphonic choral music, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana.

I. haisi "nguvo" yekunze yebasa, asi imwe yemativi ezvakakosha zvayo, nokuti hazvibviri kufungidzira chero rudzi rwemimhanzi kunze kwezwi rayo rekrete, ndiko kuti, kunze kwekutsanangurwa. matanda uye misanganiswa yawo. Nzira yeI. inowana kutaura kwayo kwekupedzisira mukunyora kwechibodzwa chinobatanidza zvikamu zvezviridzwa zvose nemanzwi anotora chikamu mukushanda kwebasa rakapiwa. (Iyo isiri-mimhanzi mibairo uye ruzha rwakapihwa nemunyori pakunyorwa uku zvakarekodhwa muchibodzwa.)

Mafungiro ekutanga pamusoro peI. angadai akatomuka apo mutsauko pakati pemamusi wakatanga kuonekwa. chirevo, chakaimbwa munhu. inzwi, uye naye, rakaridzwa pa c.-l. tool. Nekudaro, kwenguva yakareba, kusanganisira iyo heyday yezvakawanda-chinangwa. contrapuntal letters, timbres, kusiyana kwavo uye simba. mikana haina kuridza mumhanzi munzira ipi neipi ine revo. mabasa. Vanyori vakazviganhurira ivo pachavo kune yakaenzana chiyero chemitsindo yemitsetse, nepo sarudzo yezviridzwa kazhinji yakanga isingatemerwe uye yaigona kungoitika.

Nzira yekuvandudza I. sechinhu chinogadzirisa chinogona kuteverwa, kutanga nekubvumirwa kwemaitiro ehomophonic ekunyora kwemimhanzi. Nzira dzakakosha dzaidiwa kuparadzanisa nziyo dzinotungamira kubva munzvimbo inoperekedza; kushandiswa kwavo kwakatungamirira kukutaura kukuru, kukakavara uye kujeka kwenzwi.

Basa rinokosha mukunzwisisa dramaturgy. basa rezviridzwa zve orchestra rakaitwa neimba ye opera, yakatanga mukupera kwe16 - kutanga kwezana remakore rechi17. Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX Mumitambo yaC. Monteverdi, kekutanga, kudengenyeka uye kusvinura pizzicato yetambo dzeuta inowanikwa. KV Gluck, uye gare gare WA Mozart, vakabudirira kushandisa trombones kuratidza zvinotyisa, mamiriro ezvinhu anotyisa ("Orpheus naEurydice", "Don Juan"). Mozart akashandisa zvakanaka ruzha rwechinyakare chenyere diki kuratidza Papageno ("The Magic Flute"). Munziyo dzeopera, vanyori vakatendeukira kumasakaramende. kurira kwezviridzwa zvendarira zvakavharwa, uye zvakare akashandisa sonority yezviridzwa zvinorova zvakauya kuEurope. orchestras kubva kune vanonzi. "Janissary music". Zvisinei, tsvakurudzo mumunda weI. yakaramba iri muchidimbu. kusanyanya kurongeka kusvika (nekuda kwekusarudzwa nekuvandudzwa kwezviridzwa zvemimhanzi, pamwe nekufurirwa kwekudiwa kwekukurumidzira kwekudhindwa kwepropaganda yemabasa emimhanzi), nzira yekuve symphony yakapedzwa. okestra inoumbwa neina, kunyange isina kuenzana, mapoka ezviridzwa: tambo, danda, ndarira uye zvinorira. Kufananidzira kwekuumbwa kweorchestra kwakagadzirirwa nekosi yese yekuvandudzwa kwekare kwemuses. tsika.

Yokutanga yakanga iri muzana remakore rechi17. - boka retambo rakagadzikana, rakagadzirwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezviridzwa zvemhuri yeviolin yakange yaumbwa nguva pfupi yapfuura: violin, violas, cellos uye mabhesi maviri akapetwa kaviri, izvo zvakatsiva violas - kamuri inorira zviridzwa uye mashoma ehunyanzvi kugona.

Nyere yekare, oboe uye bassoon zvakange zvavandudzwa zvakanyanya panguva ino zvekuti, maererano nekugadzirisa uye kufamba, vakatanga kuzadzisa zvaidiwa zvekutamba pamwe chete uye vakakurumidza kuumba (zvisinei nehuwandu hushoma hwese) iyo yechipiri. boka muorchestra. Kana muri Ser. 2th century clarinet yakabatana navo (magadzirirwo ayo akavandudzwa gare gare pane magadzirirwo ezvimwe zviridzwa zvemapuranga zvemhepo), boka iri rakazove rakaita senge monolithic setambo imwe, richibvumira kwairi mukufanana, asi richipfuura mune zvakasiyana. yetimbres.

Zvakatora nguva yakareba kuti iite orc yakaenzana. boka remweya wemhangura. zvishandiso. Munguva yeJS Bach, madiki emhando yeimba orchestras aiwanzosanganisira hwamanda yechisikigo, yaishandiswa nevakanyanya. murejista yepamusoro, uko chiyero chayo chaibvumira kubvisa diatonic. kutevedzana kwechipiri. Kutsiva iyi melodic kushandiswa kwepombi (iyo inonzi "Clarino" maitiro) kubva pa2nd floor. 18th century yakauya dudziro itsva yemhangura. Vanyori vakawedzera kutanga kushandisa mapaipi echisikigo uye nyanga dze harmonica. kuzadza orc. machira, pamwe chete nekusimudzira zvirevo uye kusimbisa decomp. rhythm formulas. Nekuda kwemikana mishoma, zviridzwa zvendarira zvaiita seboka rakaenzana chete mune izvo zviitiko apo mimhanzi yakagadzirirwa ivo, DOS. pane zvakasikwa. zvikero hunhu hwemafanhi echiuto, nyanga dzekuvhima, nyanga dzepositi, uye zvimwe zviridzwa zvezviratidzo zvezvinangwa zvakakosha - vavambi veboka reorchestral brass.

Pakupedzisira, hit. zviridzwa mumaokestra ezana remakore rechi17-18. kazhinji vaimiririrwa nematimpani maviri akatungidzirwa kune tonic uye anotonga, ayo aiwanzo shandiswa pamwe chete neboka rendarira.

Pakupera kwe18 - kutanga. Mazana emakore 19 akaumba "classic." orchestra. Basa rinonyanya kukosha pakusimbisa kuumbwa kwayo nderaJ. Haydn, zvisinei, rakatora fomu rakapedzwa zvachose muL. Beethoven (maererano iyo dzimwe nguva inonzi "Beethovenian"). Yaisanganisira 8-10 ekutanga violin, 4-6 yechipiri violin, 2-4 violas, 3-4 cellos uye 2-3 mabhesi maviri (Beethoven vasati vaitamba zvakanyanya muoctave ine cellos). Iyi kuumbwa kwetambo yaienderana nenyere 1-2, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 nyanga (dzimwe nguva 3 kana kunyange 4, paidiwa nyanga dzetuning dzakasiyana), 2 hwamanda uye 2 timpani. Okhestra yakadaro yakapa mikana yakakwana yokuzadzikiswa kwemifungo yevanyori vakanga vawana hunhu hukuru mukushandisa misisi. zvishandiso, kunyanya mhangura, dhizaini yaive ichiri yechinyakare. Nokudaro, mubasa raJ. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, uye kunyanya L. Beethoven, kazhinji pane mienzaniso yekukunda kwekuchenjera kwezvisingakwanisi zvechiridzwa chavo chemazuva ano uye chido chekuwedzera nekuvandudza symphony orchestra yenguva iyoyo. guessed.

Mune 3rd symphony, Beethoven akagadzira dingindira rinomiririra iyo heroic musimboti nekuzara kukuru uye panguva imwechete inoenderana nehunhu hwenyanga dzechisikigo:

Mukufamba kunononoka kwe 5th symphony, nyanga nehwamanda zvinopihwa kudanidzira kwekukunda:

Dingindira remufaro rekupedzisira kweiyo symphony yaidawo kutora chikamu kwetrombones:

Paaishanda padingindira renziyo yekupedzisira ye9th symphony, Beethoven pasina mubvunzo akatsvaga kuona kuti yaigona kuridzwa pazviridzwa zvendarira zvepanyama:

Kushandiswa kwetimpani mu scherzo ye symphony imwechete pasina mubvunzo kunopupurira chinangwa chekupikisa zvinoshamisa kurohwa. chiridzwa - timpani cheimwe orchestra yese:

Kunyangwe munguva yehupenyu hwaBeethoven, pakanga paine shanduko yechokwadi mukugadzirwa kwemweya yendarira. zvishandiso zvine chekuita nekugadzirwa kweiyo valve mechanism.

Vanyori vakanga vasingachadzorwi nemikana mishoma yezvakasikwa. midziyo yendarira uye, nekuwedzera, yakawana mukana wekurasa zvakachengeteka huwandu hwakawanda hwematoni. Zvisinei, mitsva, "chromatic" mapaipi nenyanga hazvina pakarepo kukunda kuzivikanwa kwepasi rose - pakutanga zvakanzwika zvakanyanya kudarika zvisikwa uye kazhinji hazvina kupa kuchena kwakakodzera kwegadziriro. Uye pane imwe nguva, vamwe vanyori (R. Wagner, I. Brahms, NA Rimsky-Korsakov) dzimwe nguva vakadzokera mukududzirwa kwenyanga nehwamanda sezvisikwa. zviridzwa, achivaraira kutamba pasina kushandisa mavharuvhu. Kazhinji, kutaridzika kwezviridzwa zvevharuvhu kwakavhura tarisiro yakafara yekuwedzera kuvandudzwa kwemamusi. kusika, sezvo munguva pfupi inokwanisika boka remhangura rakabatwa zvachose netambo nehuni, rawana mukana wekuzvimiririra kupa chero mimhanzi yakaoma zvikuru.

Chiitiko chakakosha chaive chekugadzirwa kwebass tuba, iyo yakava nheyo yakavimbika kwete chete yeboka rendarira, asi kune yose orchestra yose.

Kuwana rusununguko neboka rendarira pakupedzisira kwakasarudza nzvimbo yenyanga, iyo isati yasvika iyo yaibatana (zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu) ingave yemhangura kana yemapuranga. Sezviridzwa zvendarira, nyanga dzaiwanzoitwa pamwe chete nehwamanda (dzimwe nguva dzinotsigirwa netimpani), ndiko kuti, chaizvoizvo seboka.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vakanyatsobatanidzwa nemidziyo yemapuranga, kunyanya bassoons, vachigadzira harmonica pedal (hapana tsaona kuti muzvikoro zvekare, uye gare gare naR. Wagner, G. Spontini, dzimwe nguva naG. Berlioz, mutsara wenyanga waiva akaiswa pamusoro pemabhesi, kureva pakati pemapuranga). Tsanangudzo dzehuviri uhwu dzinoonekwa nanhasi, sezvo nyanga ndiyo chete zviridzwa zvinotora nzvimbo muchiratidzo kwete mukurongeka kwetessitura, asi, sekunge, se "chibatanidza" pakati pezviridzwa zvehuni nendarira.

Vamwe vanyori ano (somuenzaniso, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich) mune vamwe vakawanda. zvibodzwa zvakarekodha chikamu chenyanga pakati pemabhosvo netrombones. Nekudaro, iyo nzira yekurekodha nyanga zvinoenderana netessitura yavo haina kupararira nekuda kwekukasira kwekuisa trombones nemapombi padivi peumwe neumwe muchiratidzo, kazhinji kuita pamwe chete sevamiriri ve "inorema" ("yakaoma") mhangura.

Boka remidzimu yemapuranga. zviridzwa, magadzirirwo airamba achivandudzwa, akatanga kupfumiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwemhando dzakasiyana: diki uye alto nyere, eng. horn, diki uye bass clarinets, contrabassoon. Mu 2nd floor. Muzana remakore rechi19 Zvishoma nezvishoma, boka remapuranga rine mavara rakatora chimiro, maererano nehuwandu hwayo kwete kwete chete pasi petambo, asi kunyange kupfuura.

Nhamba yezviridzwa zvinoridzwa zviri kuwedzerawo. 3-4 timpani inobatanidzwa nediki uye hombe madhiramu, makwakwakwa esimbi, katatu, ngoma. Zvichiwedzera, mabhero, xylophone, fp., gare gare celesta inooneka mu orchestra. Mavara matsva akaunzwa nerudimbwa rune-pedal nomwe, rwakagadzirwa pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19 uye gare gare rwakavandudzwa naS. Erar, nekaviri-tuning michina.

Tambo, zvakare, usaramba usina hanya nekukura kwemapoka akavakidzana. Kuti uchengetedze huwandu hweacoustic hwakakwana, zvaive zvakafanira kuwedzera nhamba yevatambi pazviridzwa izvi kusvika 14-16 yekutanga violin, 12-14 yechipiri, 10-12 violas, 8-12 cellos, 6-8 mabhesi maviri, izvo zvakagadzira mukana wekushandiswa kwakakura kwe decomp. divisi.

Kubva pane yekare 19th century orchestra zvishoma nezvishoma inokura inogadzirwa nemazano emuses. romanticism (uye saka kutsvaga kwemavara matsva uye kusiyanisa kwakajeka, zvivakwa, chirongwa-symphonic uye mimhanzi yemitambo) iyo orchestra yeG. Berlioz naR. Wagner, KM Weber naG. Verdi, PI Tchaikovsky uye NA Rimsky-Korsakov.

Yakagadzirwa zvachose mu2nd floor. 19th century, iripo pasina shanduko kweanoda kusvika zana ramakore, iyo (ine misiyano midiki) ichiri kugutsa hunyanzvi. zvinodikanwa zvevaimbi veakasiyana mativi uye munhu mumwe nemumwe seanokwevera kune inoyevedza, ruvara, muses. kunyora kwakanaka, uye avo vanovavarira kudzika kwepfungwa kwemifananidzo yemumhanzi.

Zvichienderana nekudzikamiswa kweiyo orchestra, kutsvaga kwakasimba kwemaitiro matsva eorc kwakaitwa. kunyora, kududzirwa kutsva kwezviridzwa zve orchestra. Classic acoustic theory. chiyero, chakagadzirwa maererano nesymphony huru. orchestra naNA Rimsky-Korsakov, yakabva pakuti imwe hwamanda (kana trombone, kana tuba) ichiridza forte mukunyanya kutaura kwayo. rejista, maererano nesimba rezwi rakaenzana nenyanga mbiri, imwe neimwe iyo, zvakare, yakaenzana nemweya miviri yemapuranga. zviridzwa kana kubatana kwechero boka diki retambo.

PI Tchaikovsky. Symphony 6, movement I. Nyere uye clarinets dzinodzokorora mutsara wakamboridzwa ne divisi violas uye cellos

Panguva imwecheteyo, zvimwe zvigadziriso zvakaitwa nokuda kwekusiyana kwehuwandu hwemarejista uye kune simba. mithunzi inogona kuchinja chiyero mukati me orc. machira. Nzira yakakosha ye classical I. yaiva harmonic kana melodic (counterpunctuated) pedal, iyo inofananidzira mimhanzi yehomophonic.

Chikuru mukuenderana neacoustic equilibrium, I. haigone kuve wepasirese. Ainyatsosangana nezvinodiwa zvechiyero chakasimba, kugadzikana kwekufunga, asi aive asina kufanira kuburitsa mataurirwo akasimba. Muzviitiko izvi, nzira dzeI., osn. pakupeta kaviri kune simba (katatu, quadruples) kwemamwe manzwi akaenzaniswa nemamwe, pakuchinja kunogara kuchiitika mumatimbres uye simba.

Maitiro akadaro ndiwo hunhu hwebasa revanoverengeka vanyori vekupera kwe19th uye kutanga kwe20th century. (semuenzaniso, AN Scriabin).

Pamwe chete nekushandiswa kwe "pure" (solo) timbres, vanyori vakatanga kuita zvakakosha, vachisanganisa neushingi mavara akasiyana, manzwi akapetwa kaviri kuburikidza ne2, 3 kana kupfuura octave, vachishandisa misanganiswa yakaoma.

PI Tchaikovsky. Symphony Nha.

Iwo matanda akachena pachavo, sezvazvakazoitika, akanga akazara nekuwedzera. dramaturgy. mikana, semuenzaniso. kuenzanisa kwepamusoro uye yakaderera zvinyorwa mumidziyo yemapuranga, kushandiswa kwembeveve decomp. migove yendarira, kushandiswa kwepamusoro bass nzvimbo dzetambo, etc. Zviridzwa zvaimboshandiswa chete kurova mutinhimira kana kuzadza uye kuwirirana kwemavara zviri kuwedzera kushandiswa sevatakuri ve thematicism.

Mukutsvaga kuwedzera kucharatidza. uye mufananidzo. Mikana yakaumba orchestra yezana ramakore rechi20. - Orchestra yeG. Mahler naR. Strauss, C. Debussy naM. Ravel, IF Stravinsky naV. Britten, SS Prokofiev naDD Shostakovich. Nezvose zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzira nzira uye hunhu hweizvi uye huwandu hwevamwe vakatanhamara masters ekunyora orchestral dec. Nyika dzepasirese vane hukama nekunaka kwemaitiro akasiyana eI., osn. pane yakagadziridzwa yekunzwa yekufungidzira, pfungwa yechokwadi yemhando yezviridzwa uye ruzivo rwakanaka rwehunyanzvi hwavo. mikana.

Means. nzvimbo mumimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi20 yakagoverwa kune leittimbres, apo chiridzwa chimwe nechimwe chinova, sokunge zvakadaro, chimiro chechiridzwa chiri kuridzwa. performance. Nokudaro, iyo leitmotifs yakagadzirwa naWagner inotora maitiro matsva. Saka kutsvaga kwakadzama kwematimbu matsva. Vatambi vetambo vanowedzera kutamba sul ponticello, col legno, neharmonics; zviridzwa zvemhepo zvinoshandisa nzira yefrullato; kuridza rudimbwa kunopfumiswa nemisanganiswa yakaoma yeharmonics, kurova patambo nechanza cheruoko rwako. Zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvezviridzwa zvinoonekwa zvinobvumira zvisingawanzo mhedzisiro kuti zviwanikwe (semuenzaniso, glissando pa pedal timpani). Zviridzwa zvitsva zvizere zvinogadzirwa (kunyanya percussion), incl. uye zvemagetsi. Pakupedzisira, muna Symph. The orchestra iri kuwedzera kuunza zviridzwa kubva kune dzimwe nziyo (saxophones, vakadzura zviridzwa zvenyika).

Zvitsva zvinodikanwa zvekushandisa zvishandiso zvakajairika zvinoratidzwa nevamiriri veavant-garde mafambiro munguva dzazvino. music. Zvibodzwa zvavo zvinotongwa nekurova. zviridzwa zvine imwe pitch (xylophone, mabhero, vibraphone, madhiramu emhando dzakasiyana, timpani, tubular mabhero), pamwe chete necelesta, fp. uye maturusi emagetsi akasiyana-siyana. Kunyange zviridzwa zvakakotamiswa zvinoreva. iyo shoma inoshandiswa nevanyori ava pakudzura nekurova. kugadzirwa kwezwi, kusvika pakurova neuta pazviridzwa zvezviridzwa. Mhedzisiro yakadai sekucheka zvipikiri pabhodhi reruzha resonata kana kurovera mavharuvhu pamapuranga ari kuwanda zvakare. Kuwedzera, iyo yakanyanya kunyanyisa, yakanyanya kunyorwa zvinyorwa zvezviridzwa zvinoshandiswa. Uye zvakare, kusika kweavant-garde artists kunoratidzwa nechishuwo chekududzira the orchestra premier. semisangano yevanoimba vari voga; kuumbwa kweiyo orchestra pachayo kunowedzera kuderedzwa, kunyanya nekuda kwekuderera kwenhamba yezviridzwa zveboka.

NA Rimsky-Korsakov. "Scheherazade". chikamu II. Tambo, kutamba zvisina divisi, kushandisa manotsi maviri uye matatu- uye mana-chikamu chords, anotsanangura melodic-harmonic nekuzara kukuru. kuumbwa, kungotsigirwa zvishoma nezviridzwa zvemhepo.

Kunyange zvazvo muzana remakore rechi20 mabasa akawanda akanyorwa. kune zvakakosha (zvakasiyana) zvinyorwa zve symph. orchestra, hapana kana imwe yadzo yakave yakajairwa, seyakatangira tambo yebow orchestra, iyo mabasa mazhinji akasikirwa akawana mukurumbira wakafara (semuenzaniso, "Serenade yeString Orchestra" naPI Tchaikovsky).

Orc kuvandudza. mimhanzi inoratidza zvakajeka kupindirana kwekusika uye hwaro hwezvinhu. chiziviso. kufambira mberi mukugadzirwa kwemakanika akaoma emidzimu yemapuranga. maturusi kana mumunda wekugadzira iyo yakanyanya calibrated calibrated maturusi emhangura, pamwe nezvimwe zvakawanda. kumwe kunatsurudzwa muzviridzwa zvemimhanzi pakupedzisira kwakaguma kwekuda kwekukurumidzira kwehunyanzvi hwepfungwa. order. Zvakare, kuvandudzwa kwehwaro hwezvinhu zveunyanzvi kwakavhura horizons itsva yevanyori nevatambi, kwakamutsa hunyanzvi hwavo. fantasy uye nekudaro vakagadzira zvinodikanwa zvekuwedzera kuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi hwemimhanzi.

Kana munyori akashanda pamutambo weorchestra, iyo (kana inofanira kuva) yakanyorerwa zvakananga kune orchestra, kana zvisiri mumashoko ose, ipapo muzvikamu zvayo zvikuru. Muchiitiko ichi, inotanga kunyorwa pamitsetse yakawanda nenzira yemufananidzo - prototype yezvibodzwa zveramangwana. Izvo zvishoma zvinyorwa zve orchestral texture ine sketch, iyo iri padyo kune yakajairwa mitsara miviri FP. mharidzo, basa rakawanda pane iro chairo I. rinofanira kuitwa muchirongwa chekunyora zvibodzwa.

M. Ravel. "Bolero". Kukura kukuru kunowanikwa kuburikidza nezviridzwa chete. Kubva panyere yega yega ichitarisana nechekumashure kwechimiro chisinga nzwike chiri kufamba, kuburikidza nekubatana kwemhepo dzehuni, zvino nemusanganiswa wetambo dzakapetwa kaviri nemhepo...

Muchidimbu, chiridzwa chefp. mitambo - yemunhu kana yemumwe munyori - inoda hunyanzvi. kusvika. Chidimbu munyaya iyi chinogara chiri chiratidziro chebasa remangwana reorchestra, sezvo mutambi anogara achichinja magadzirirwo, uye kazhinji anomanikidzwa kushandura marejista, kaviri manzwi, kuwedzera pedals, recompose figurations, kuzadza acoustic. . voids, shandura tight chords kuti yakafara, etc. Network. kutamisa fp. mharidzo kune orchestra (dzimwe nguva inosangana mumitambo yemimhanzi) inowanzotungamirira kune unyanzvi husingagutsi. mhedzisiro - akadaro I. anoshanduka kuva murombo mukunzwika uye anoita chimiro chisina kunaka.

Iyo inonyanya kukosha art. basa remudziyo ndere kushandisa decomp. zvinoenderana nehunhu uye kukakavara kwematimbu, izvo zvinonyanya kuratidza zvine simba dramaturgy yeork. music; main tekinoroji Panguva imwecheteyo, basa nderekuwana zvakanaka kuteerera manzwi uye chiyero chakarurama pakati pekutanga neyechipiri (yechitatu) ndege, iyo inovimbisa kuzorora nekudzika kweorc. inzwi.

NaI., semuenzaniso, fp. mitambo inogona kusimuka uye nhamba inopindirana. mabasa, kutanga nechisarudzo chekiyi, iyo isingawanzoenderana nekiyi yepakutanga, kunyanya kana pane chido chekushandisa ruzha rwakajeka rwetambo dzakazaruka kana brilliant valveless kurira kwezviridzwa zvendarira. Izvo zvakakosha zvakare kugadzirisa nemazvo nyaya yenyaya dzese dzekutamiswa kwemuses. mitsara mune mamwe marejista kana ichienzaniswa neyekutanga, uye, pakupedzisira, zvichibva pachirongwa chebudiriro, tara mu "ma layer" mangani chimwe kana chimwe chikamu chekugadzirwa kwechiridzwa chichafanirwa kutaurwa.

Pamwe akati wandei. I. mhinduro dzechinenge chero chigadzirwa. (zvechokwadi, kana isina kunambwa zvakananga seye orchestra uye isina kunyorwa pasi muchimiro chekudhirowa kwezvibodzwa). Imwe neimwe yezvisarudzo izvi inogona kururamiswa nehunyanzvi nenzira yayo. Nekudaro, aya achange atove kune imwe nhanho akasiyana orcs. zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe mumavara azvo, kukakavara, uye dhigirii rekusiyanisa pakati pezvikamu. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuti I. inzira yekugadzira, isingaparadzanisiki kubva kune yakakosha yebasa.

Chirevo chemazuva ano cheI. chinoda mirairo yezvirevo chaiyo. Chirevo chechirevo hachisi chekutevedzera chete tempo yakatemwa uye kutevedzera zvirevo zvesimba. uye agogic. kurongeka, asiwo kushandiswa kwedzimwe nzira dzekuita hunhu hwechimwe chiridzwa. Saka, pakuita patambo. zviridzwa, unogona kufambisa uta kumusoro nekudzika, pamuromo kana pastock, zvinyoro kana nekukasira, kudzvanya tambo zvakasimba kana kurega uta uchibhururuka, uchiridza noti imwe pauta hwega hwega kana akati wandei manotsi, nezvimwe.

Vaiti vemweya. zvishandiso zvinogona kushandisa diff. nzira dzekufuridzira jet yemhepo - kubva mukuedza. kaviri nekatatu “mutauro” kune yakafara legato ine mutinhimira, uchiashandisa mukufarira zvirevo zvezvirevo. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune zvimwe zviridzwa zvemazuva ano. orchestra. Muridzi wezviridzwa anofanira kuziva zvese izvi zvinyoro-nyoro kuti akwanise kuunza zvinangwa zvake kune vaimbi nekuzara kukuru. Naizvozvo, zvibodzwa zvemazuva ano (mukusiyana nezvizhinji zvenguva iyoyo, apo kuwanda kwemaitiro ekuita zvaigamuchidzwa kwaive kushoma uye zvakawanda zvaiita sezvisingatarisirwi) zvinowanzozara nechaunga chezviratidzo chaizvo, pasina izvo mimhanzi inova isina chinhu uye inorasikirwa noupenyu hwayo, nokudedera.

Mienzaniso inonyatsozivikanwa yekushandiswa kwetimbres mu dramaturgy. uye mufananidzo. zvinangwa ndezvi: kuridza nyere munhanganyaya "Afternoon of a Faun" naDebussy; kutamba kweoboe uyezve bassoon pamagumo e2nd scene ye opera Eugene Onegin (Mufudzi Anotamba); mutsara wenyanga unowira mumutsara wose uye kuchema kwe clarinet duku munhetembo yaR. Strauss "Til Ulenspiegel"; kurira kwakasuruvara kwebass clarinet muchiitiko chechishanu che opera The Queen of Spades (Mukamuri yekurara yeCountess); kaviri bass solo pamberi pechiitiko chekufa kwaDesdemona (Otello naG. Verdi); frullato mweya. zviridzwa zvinoratidzira kurira kwemakondohwe musymphony. detembo rinonzi “Don Quixote” rakanyorwa naR. Strauss; sul ponticello tambo. zviridzwa zvinoratidza kutanga kwehondo paLake Peipsi (Alexander Nevsky cantata naProkofiev).

Zvinokoshawo ndezvokuti viola solo muSimphony yaBerlioz "Harold in Italy" uye solo cello muna Strauss's "Don Quixote", violin cadenza mune symphony. Rimsky-Korsakov's suite "Scheherazade". Izvi zvinofananidzwa nemunhu. Iyo leittimbres, kune misiyano yavo yese, inoita yakakosha programmatic dramaturgy. mabasa.

Misimboti yeI., yakagadziridzwa pakugadzira mitambo yemasymphonies. orchestra, inonyanya kushanda kune mamwe akawanda orc. zvinyorwa, izvo zvinozogadzirwa mumufananidzo uye kufanana kweiyo symphony. uye gara uchisanganisira mapoka maviri kana matatu ezviridzwa zvine homogeneous. Hazvisi zvetsaona kuti mudzimu wacho. orchestra, pamwe naDec. nar. nat. vaimbi vanowanzoita zvinyorwa zvemabasa akanyorerwa masymphonies. orchestra. Kurongeka kwakadaro ndeimwe yemhando dzekugadzirisa. Misimboti I. ku. – l. anoshanda pasina zvisikwa. shanduko dzinotamirwa kwavari kubva kune imwe kuumbwa kweorchestra kuenda kune imwe. Yakapararira dec. orchestra raibhurari, iyo inobvumira madiki ensembles kuita mabasa akanyorerwa maokestra makuru.

Nzvimbo yakakosha inogarwa nemunyori I., chekutanga pane zvese, fi. essays. Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zviripo mumhando mbiri dzakaenzana - muchimiro che orc. zvibodzwa uye mufp. mharidzo (mamwe rhapsodies naF. Liszt, masutu kubva kumumhanzi kuenda ku“Peer Gynt” naE. Grieg, mitambo yakasiyana naAK Lyadov, I. Brahms, C. Debussy, suites kubva ku“Petrushka” naIF Stravinsky, masutu ebhallet “Romeo uye Juliet" naSS Prokofiev, nezvimwewo). Pakati pezvibodzwa zvakagadzirwa pahwaro hweFP inozivikanwa. inoshanda nevatenzi vakuru I., Mussorgsky-Ravel's Mifananidzo paExhibition inomira pachena, inoitwa kazhinji sefp yavo. muenzaniso. Pakati pemabasa akanyanya kukosha mumunda weI. ndeye editions yemitambo Boris Godunov naKhovanshchina naMussorgsky uye The Stone Guest naDargomyzhsky, yakaitwa naNA Rimsky-Korsakov, uye itsva I. yemitambo Boris Godunov naKhovanshchina na. Mussorgsky, yakaitwa naDD Shostakovich.

Pane zvinyorwa zvakawanda zveI. zvesymphony orchestra, inopfupisa ruzivo rwakapfuma rwemimhanzi yesymphonic. Kunheyo. Mabasa anosanganisira Berlioz's "Great Treatise on Modern Instrumentation and Orchestration" uye Rimsky-Korsakov's "Matangiro eOchestration ane Zvibodzwa Samples kubva Kwake Pakuumbwa". Vanyori veaya mabasa vaive vakatanhamara vanyori vanoita basa, vakakwanisa kupindura zvakakwana kune zvinodikanwa zvevaimbi uye kugadzira mabhuku asina kurasikirwa nekukosha kwawo. Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinopupurira izvi. Kubata naBerlioz, yakanyorwa kumashure kuma40s. 19th century, yakadzokororwa uye yakawedzerwa naR. Strauss maererano neOrc. dzidzira kutanga. 20th century

Mumhanzi uch. masangano anoita kosi yakakosha I., inowanzove ine mbiri huru. zvikamu: instrumentation uye chaizvoizvo I. Yokutanga yavo (nhanganyaya) inosuma zviridzwa, maitiro avo, zvinhu, nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kweumwe neumwe wavo. Iyo I. kosi yakatsaurirwa kumitemo yekubatanidza zviridzwa, kutamiswa nenzira yeI. kusimuka uye kudonha kwemakakatanwa, kunyora zvakavanzika (boka) uye orchestral tutti. Paunenge uchiongorora nzira dzehunyanzvi, imwe inozopedzisira yabva kune iyo pfungwa yehunyanzvi. iyo yose yakagadzirwa (yakarongwa) chigadzirwa.

Matekiniki I. anowanikwa mukuita kwekuita. makirasi, panguva iyo vadzidzi, vachitungamirirwa nemudzidzisi, vanonyora kune orchestra mukuru. fp. inoshanda, ziva nhoroondo yeorchestra. masitayera uye ongorora yakanakisa mienzaniso yezvibodzwa; conductors, vaimbi uye nyanzvi dzemimhanzi, pamusoro pezvo, vanodzidzira kuverenga zvibodzwa, kazhinji vachizvidhindisa papiyano. Asi tsika yakanakisa yeanovice instrumentalist ndeyekuteerera basa ravo mune orchestra uye kugamuchira zano kubva kune vane ruzivo vaimbi panguva yekudzokorora.

References: Rimsky-Korsakov N., Zvinokosha zveOchestration ine Zvibodzwa Samples kubva muKuumbwa Kwake, ed. M. Steinberg, (chikamu) 1-2, Berlin – M. – St. Petersburg, 1913, zvakafanana, Yakazara. coll. soch., Literary works and correspondence, vol. III, M., 1959; Beprik A., Dudziro yezviridzwa zveorchestra, M., 1948, 4961; zvake. Essays pamibvunzo yezvitaera zveorchestra, M., 1961; Chulaki M., Symphony Orchestra Instruments, L., 1950, yakagadziridzwa. M., 1962, 1972; Vasilenko S., Instrumentation for symphony orchestra, vol. 1, M., 1952, vol. 2, M., 1959 (yakapepetwa uye nekuwedzera naYu. A. Fortunatov); Rogal-Levitsky DR, Modern orchestra, vol. 1-4, M., 1953-56; Berlioz H., Grand trait d'instrumentation et d'orchestration modernes, P., 1844, M855; yake, Instrumentationslehre, TI 1-2, Lpz., 1905, 1955; Gevaert FA, Traite general d'instrumentation, Gand-Liège, 1863, rus. pa. PI Tchaikovsky, M., 1866, M. - Leipzig, 1901, zvakare mune Yakazara. coll. op. Tchaikovsky, vol. IIIB, yakadzokororwa. uye imwe shanduro pasi pemusoro wekuti: Nouveau traite d'instrumentation, P.-Brux., 1885; Russian trans., M., 1892, M.-Leipzig, 1913; Chikamu chechipiri chine musoro unoti: Cours méthodique d'orchestration, P. – Brux., 2, Rus. trans., M., 1890, 1898; Rrout, E., Instrumentation, L., 1904; Gulraud E., Traite pratique d'instrumentation, P., 1878, rus. pa. G. Konyus pasi pemusoro unoti: Nhungamiro yezvidzidzo zvinoshanda zvechiridzwa, M., 1892 (chinyorwa cheFrench chekutanga chisati chaburitswa), ed. uye newedzero naD. Rogal-Levitsky, M., 1892; Widor Ch.-M., La technique de l'orchestre moderne, P., 1934, 1904, Rus. pa. pamwe nekuwedzera. D. Rogal-Levitsky, Moscow, 1906; Carse A., Mazano anoshanda pakuimba, L., 1938; yake pachake, The history of orchestration, L., 1919, rus. trans., M., 1925; yake, The orchestra muzana remakore rechi1932, Camb., 18; yake, The orchestra kubva kuBeethoven kusvika kuBerlioz, Camb., 1940; Wellen, E., Die neue Instrumentation, Bd 1948-1, B., 2-1928; Nedwed W., Die Entwicklung der Instrumentation von der Wiener Klassik bis zu den Anfängen R. Wagners, W., 29 (Diss.); Merill, BW, Inoshanda sumo kune orchestration uye chiridzwa, Ann Arbor (Michigan), 1931; Marescotti A.-F., Les instruments d'orchestre, leurs caractères, leurs possibilités et leur utilization dans l'orchestre moderne, P., 1937; Kennan, KW, The technique of orchestration, NY, 1950: Piston W., The instrumentation, NY, 1952; Coechlin Ch., Traité de l'orchestration, v. 1952-1, P., 3-1954; Kunitz H., Die Instrumentation. Ein Hand-und Lehrbuch, Tl. 56-1, Lpz., 13-1956; Erph H., Lehrbuch der Instrumentation und Instrumentenkunde, Mainz, 61; McKay GF, Creative orchestration, Boston, 1959; Becker H., Geschichte der Instrumentation, Köln, 1963 (Serie "Das Musikwerk", H. 1964); Goleminov M., Matambudziko pakuimba, S., 24; Zlatanova R., Kuvandudza orchestra uye orchestration, S, 1966; Pawlowsky W., Instrumentacja, Warsz., 1966.

MI Chulaki