Instrumentovedenie |

Bazi remumhanziology rinobata nekudzidza kwekwakabva uye kusimudzira zviridzwa, dhizaini yavo, timbre uye acoustic. zvinhu uye mimhanzi.-express. mikana, pamwe nekurongwa kwezvishandiso. I. yakabatana zvakanyanya nemamusi. folklore, ethnography, tekinoroji tekinoroji uye acoustics. Pane zvikamu zviviri zvakakura zveI. Chinangwa chechimwe chazvo ndiNar. midziyo yemimhanzi, imwe - iyo inonzi. nyanzvi, inosanganisirwa musymphony, mweya. uye estr. orchestra, diff. chamber ensembles uye inoshandiswa yakazvimirira. Kune nzira mbiri dzakasiyana dzekudzidza zviridzwa - musicological uye organiological (organographic).

Vamiriri venzira yekutanga vanoona zviridzwa senzira yekutsikisa mimhanzi uye vanoidzidza ichinyatsobatana nemimhanzi. kusika uye kuita. Vatsigiri venzira yechipiri vanotarisa pakugadzirwa kwechiridzwa uye kushanduka kwayo. Elements of I. - mifananidzo yekutanga yezvishandiso uye tsanangudzo dzavo - yakatanga kunyange nguva yedu isati yasvika. pakati pevanhu veDr. East - muEgypt, India, Iran, China. MuChina neIndia, mafomu ekutanga ehurongwa hwemamusi akagadzirwa zvakare. zvishandiso. Zvinoenderana newhale system, zvishandiso zvakakamurwa kuita 8 makirasi zvichienderana nechinhu chavakagadzirwa: dombo, simbi, mhangura, huni, dehwe, gourd, ivhu (ivhu) uye sirika. In. system yakakamura zviridzwa kuita 4 mapoka zvichienderana nemagadzirirwo azvo uye nzira yekuwedzeredza yekurira kwekurira. Ruzivo nezve mamwe kumabvazuva. maturusi akazadzikiswa zvakanyanya nemasayendisiti, nhetembo uye vaimbi veMiddle Ages: Abu Nasr al-Farabi (8th-9th mazana emakore), munyori we "Great Treatise on Music" ("Kitab al-musiki al-kabir"). Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (9th-10th remakore). 11 mazana emakore), Ganjavi Nizami (12-14 mazana emakore), Alisher Navoi (15-17 mazana emakore), pamwe chete nevanyori vevakawanda. zvinyorwa pamimhanzi - Dervish Ali (zana ramakore rechiXNUMX), nezvimwe.

Rondedzero yekutanga yeEurope yemidziyo yemimhanzi ndeyemamwe maGreek. musayendisiti Aristides Quintilian (zana remakore rechitatu BC). Mabasa anokosha ekutanga paI. akaonekwa muzana remakore rechi3 nerechi16. muGermany - "Mimhanzi yakatorwa uye yakaratidzwa muchiGermany" ("Musica getutscht und ausgezogen ...") naSebastian Firdung (17nd hafu ye2th - kutanga kwezana remakore rechi15), "Mumhanzi wechiGerman" ("Musica Instrumentalis deudsch") Martin Agricola ( 16-1486) uye Syntagma Musicium naMichael Praetorius (1556-1571). Aya mabasa ndiwo anonyanya kukosha eruzivo nezveEurope. zviridzwa zvenguva iyoyo. Ivo vanotaura nezvechimiro chezviridzwa, maitiro ekuzviridza, kushandiswa kwezviridzwa mune solo, ensemble uye orc. tsika, nezvimwewo, mifananidzo yavo inopiwa. Zvekukosha kukuru pakuvandudzwa kweI. aive mabasa eBela hombe. munyori wemimhanzi FJ Fetis (1621-1784). Bhuku rake rinonzi La musique mise a la porte de tout le monde (1871), rine tsanangudzo yezviridzwa zvakawanda zvemimhanzi, muna 1830 rakabudiswa muchiRussian. kushandura pasi pemusoro wekuti "Mumhanzi unonzwisisika kune vese". Basa rakakosha mukudzidza kwemimhanzi. zvishandiso zvakasiyana. nyika dzakaridza “Encyclopedia of Music” (“Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire”) yechiFrench ine mukurumbira. nyanzvi yemimhanzi A. Lavignac (1833-1846).

Mashoko ekutanga nezveMabvazuva.-Slav. (Russian) mimhanzi. zvishandiso zviri muzvinyorwa, zvekutonga-pamweya uye hagiographic. (hagiographic) mabhuku ezana ramakore rechi 11. uye nguva dzinotevera. Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa kwavari zvinowanikwa pakati peByzantines. munyori wenhoroondo we7th century Theophylact Simocatta uye muArab. munyori uye mufambi kunonoka 9th - mangwanani. Muzana remakore rechi10 Ibn Rusty. Mumakore 16-17. maduramazwi anotsanangura anooneka ("ABCs"), umo mazita emumisi anowanikwa. zviridzwa uye zvinoenderana Russian. mazwi. Tsananguro yekutanga yakakosha yeRussia. nar. zvishandiso zvakashandiswa muzana remakore rechi18. Y. Shtelin munyaya inoti “News about Music in Russia” (1770, muchiGerman, shanduro yechiRussia mubhuku. Y. Shtelin, “Music and Ballet in Russia in the 1935th Century”, 1780), SA Tuchkov mu“Notes” dzake. ” (1809-1908, ed. 1795) uye M. Guthrie (Guthrie) mubhuku rinonzi “Discourses on Russian antiquities” (“Dissertations sur les antiquitйs de Russie”, 19). Aya mabasa ane ruzivo nezve dhizaini yezvishandiso uye kushandiswa kwavo muNar. upenyu uye muz.-art. tsika. Music chapter. zviridzwa zvinobva mu“Reasoning” yaGuthrie zvakadhindwa kakawanda muchiRussia. mutauro (muzere uye muchidimbu). Pakutanga. Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX kutarisisa kukuru pakudzidza kweRussia. nar. zviridzwa zvakapihwa VF Odoevsky, MD Rezvoy naDI Yazykov, avo vakaburitsa zvinyorwa pamusoro pavo muEncyclopedic Dictionary yeAA Plushar.

Kubudirira muzana remakore rechi19 chiratidzo. mimhanzi, kukura kweyega, ensemble uye orc. kuita, kupfumiswa kweorchestra uye kuvandudzwa kwezviridzwa zvaro zvakatungamira vaimbi kune kudiwa kwekudzidza kwakadzama kwehunhu hwehunhu uye maratidziro ehunyanzvi. mudziyo kugona. Kutanga naG. Berlioz naF. Gevaart, vanyori nevafambisi muzvinyorwa zvavo zvezviridzwa vakatanga kubhadhara zvakanyanya kutsanangurwa kwechiridzwa chimwe nechimwe uye maitiro ekushandiswa kwayo mu orc. performance. Means. mupiro wakaitwawo naRus. vanyori. MI Glinka mu "Notes on Orchestration" (1856) akatsanangura zvakajeka kutaura. uye kuita. mikana yezvishandiso zvesymphonic. orchestra. Basa guru reNA Rimsky-Korsakov "Fundamentals of Orchestration" (1913) richiri kushandiswa. Rega. PI Tchaikovsky akaisa kukosha kune ruzivo rwezvimiro zvezviridzwa uye kugona kuzvishandisa zvinobudirira muorchestra. Ndiye muridzi weshanduro mumutauro wechiRussian (1866) we“Guide to Instrumentation” (“Traité général d’instrumentation”, 1863) rakanyorwa naP. Gevart, iro rakanga riri bhuku rekutanga raI. Musumo yacho, Tchaikovsky akanyora kuti: “ Vadzidzi ... vachawana mubhuku raGevaart maonero anonzwika uye anoshanda emauto e orchestra zvachose uye kusiyanisa kwechiridzwa chimwe nechimwe kunyanya.

Kutanga kwekuumbwa kweI. sekuzvimiririra. bazi remusicology rakaiswa mu2nd floor. 19th century curators uye misoro yemamuseum makuru emamyuziyamu. zvishandiso - V. Mayyon (Brussels), G. Kinsky (Cologne neLeipzig), K. Sachs (Berlin), MO Petukhov (Petersburg), etc. Mayyon akabudisa masayenzi mashanu. bhuku rekare uye rakakura muunganidzwa wezviridzwa zveBrussels Conservatory munguva yakapfuura ("Catalogue descriptif et analytique du Musée instrumental (historique et technique) du Conservatoire Royale de musique de Bruxelles", I, 1880).

Vanhu vakawanda vakawana mukurumbira pasi rose. Tsvakurudzo dzaK. Zaks mumunda we nar. uye prof. zvishandiso zvemimhanzi. Mukurusa pakati pawo ndi“Dictionary of Musical Instruments” (“Reallexikon der Musikinstrumente”, 1913), “Guide to Instrumentation” (“Handbuch der Musikinstrumentenkunde”, 1920), “The Spirit and Formation of Musical Instruments” (“Geist und Werden der Musikinstrumente, 1929), "Nhoroondo yezviridzwa zvemimhanzi" ("Nhoroondo yezviridzwa zvemimhanzi", 1940). Mumutauro wechiRussia, bhuku rake "Modern Orchestral Musical Instruments" ("Die modernen Musikinstrumente", 1923, shanduro yeRussia - M.-L., 1932) rakabudiswa. Mayon akaunza chikamu chekutanga chesainzi cheMuses. zviridzwa, kuzviparadzanisa maererano nemuviri unonzwika kuva 4 makirasi: autophonic (self-sounding), membrane, mhepo uye tambo. Nekuda kweizvi, I. ndawana hwaro hwakasimba hwesainzi. Chirongwa cheMayon chakagadzirwa uye chakanatswa naE. Hornbostel naK. Sachs ("Systematics of Musical Instruments" - "Systematik der Musikinstrumente", "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie", Jahrg. XLVI, 1914). Mamiriro avo ehurongwa anoenderana nemaitiro maviri - kunobva inzwi (boka reboka) uye nzira yainotorwa nayo (mhando yemhando). Sezvo vachengeta mapoka mana akafanana (kana makirasi) - idiophones, membranophones, aerophones uye chordophones, vakaparadzanisa rimwe nerimwe rawo muzvikamu zvakawanda. marudzi. Iyo Hornbostel-Sachs classification system ndiyo yakanyanya kukwana; yakagamuchira kuzivikanwa kwakakura zvikurusa. Uye zvakadaro imwe chete, inogashirwa hurongwa hwekugadzika kwemamuses. maturusi haasati avepo. Vekunze uye veSoviet varidzi vezviridzwa vanoramba vachishanda mukuwedzera kukwenenzvera kwechikamu, dzimwe nguva vachikurudzira zvirongwa zvitsva. KG Izikovich mubasa rake pamimhanzi. Zviridzwa zveSouth America maIndia ("Mimhanzi uye zvimwe zviridzwa zvinonzwika zvevaIndia vekuSouth America", 1935), kazhinji vanonamatira kuHornbostel-Sachs yemapoka mana chirongwa, vakawedzera zvakanyanya uye vakanatsa kupatsanurwa kwezviridzwa mumhando. Mune chinyorwa pamusoro pemidziyo yemimhanzi, publ. muchikamu chechipiri cheGreat Soviet Encyclopedia (vol. 2, 28), IZ Alender, IA Dyakonov naDR Rogal-Levitsky vakaedza kuwedzera mapoka e "tsanga" (kusanganisira flexatone) uye "plate" iyo (apo tubophone. nemachubhu ayo esimbi akadonhawo), nokudaro achitsiva hunhu hweboka (sound source) nesubspecies one (chiridzwa dhizaini). Muongorori weSlovak Nar. zviridzwa zvemimhanzi L. Leng mubasa rake pamusoro pazvo ("Slovenskй ladove hudebne nastroje", 1954) akasiya zvachose Hornbostel-Sachs system uye akaisa maitiro ake ekugadzirisa pane zvemuviri-acoustic features. Anoparadzanisa zviridzwa mumapoka matatu: 1959) idiophones, 3) membranophones, chordophones uye aerophones, 1) zvemagetsi uye electrophonic. zvishandiso.

Classification masisitimu seaya ataurwa pamusoro anowana kushandiswa kunenge kuri mumabhuku eAD. zviridzwa, izvo zvinoratidzwa nemhando dzakasiyana siyana uye mafomu, mumabasa akapihwa prof. zvishandiso, kunyanya mumabhuku uye uch. zvinyorwa zvezviridzwa, zvakagara zvichishandiswa (ona, semuenzaniso, iro rataurwa pamusoro pebasa reGewart) rakasimbiswa zvakasimba zvechinyakare. kupatsanurwa kwezviridzwa kuita mhepo (matanda nendarira), tambo dzakakotamiswa uye dzakadzurwa, kurira uye kiibhodhi (organ, piyano, harmonium). Pasinei nekuti iyi hurongwa hwekuisa haina kukanganisa kubva pakuona kwesainzi (somuenzaniso, inoronga nyere uye saxophones dzakagadzirwa nesimbi semhepo dzehuni), zviridzwa pachazvo zvakakamurwa zvichienderana nemaitiro akasiyana - mhepo uye tambo zvinosiyaniswa neruzha. tsime, percussion - nenzira inonzwika. kudhirowa, uye kiibhodhi - nedhizaini), inogutsa zvizere zvinodiwa zveakaunzi. uye kuita. maitiro.

Mumabasa paI. pl. masayendisiti okune dzimwe nyika, ch. arr. organologists (kusanganisira K. Sachs), iyo inonzi. Geographical research method yakavakirwa pakuita kwakaiswa naF. Grebner. ethnographic dzidziso ye "tsika dzematenderedzwa". Maererano nedzidziso iyi, zviitiko zvakafanana zvakaonekwa mutsika yaDec. vanhu (uye naizvozvo zviridzwa) zvinobva kune imwe nzvimbo. Muchokwadi, vanogona kuitika muna dec. vanhu vakazvimirira, maererano nemagariro avo enhoroondo. development. Hazvina kunyanya kufarirwa ndeyekuenzanisa typology. nzira isingatarisi kana kusanganiswa kwekubuda kwemarudzi akareruka, kana kuvapo kana kusavapo kwenhaurirano yenhoroondo netsika pakati pevanhu vane zvakafanana kana hukama. zvishandiso. Mabasa akazvipira kumatambudziko etypology ari kuwedzera kupararira. Sezvo mutemo, zviridzwa zvinotaridzirwa mavari mukuparadzaniswa kwakakwana kubva pakushandiswa kwavo mumimhanzi. tsika. Zvakadai, semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zveG. Möck (Germany) pamhando dzeEuropa. nyere dzemuridzo (“Ursprung und Tradition der Kernspaltflöten…”, 1951, ed. 1956) uye O. Elshek (Czechoslovakia) panzira yekushanda yetaipa yezviridzwa zvevanhu (“Typologische Arbeitverfahren bei Volksmusikibnstrumenten”), mu "Studies of Folk Musical Instruments" ("Studia instrumentorum musicae popularis", t. 1, 1969). Mupiro mukuru pakudzidza kwezviridzwa zvechivanhu wakaitwa neazvino uno. varidzi vezviridzwa, vakadai saI. Kachulev (NRB), T. Alexandru (SRR), B. Saroshi (Hungary), nyanzvi mundima yechiArabic. zvishandiso zveG. Murimi (England) nevamwe vakawanda. etc. Institute of Ethnology yeGermany Academy yeScience (GDR) yakabatana. neSwedish Musical History Muna 1966, miziyamu yakatanga kudhinda mabhuku akawanda-mavhoriyamu makuru Handbook of European Folk Musical Instruments (Handbuch der europdischen Volksmusikinstrumente), rakapepetwa naE. Stockman naE. Emsheimer. Iri basa riri kugadzirwa nekubatanidzwa kwevazhinji varidzi vezviridzwa decomp. nyika uye izere seti yedata pamagadzirirwo ezviridzwa, maitiro ekuaridza, mimhanzi-kuita. mikana, yakajairika repertoire, kushandiswa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, nhoroondo. yapfuura, nezvimwewo. Rimwe remavhoriyamu “Handbuch” rakatsaurirwa kumamiyuziyamu. zviridzwa zvevanhu veEurope. zvikamu zveSoviet Union.

Zvakawanda zvakakosha n.-i. mabasa akaonekwa panhoroondo yaProf. zviridzwa zvemimhanzi - mabhuku "Nhoroondo yekuimba" ("Nhoroondo yekuimba", 1925) A. Kaps (shanduro yechiRussian 1932), "Musical Instruments" ("Hudebni nastroje", 1938,1954) A. Modra (shanduro yechiRussian 1959), "Ancient European musical instruments" ("Ancient European musical instruments", 1941) H. Bessarabova, "Mhepo yemhepo uye nhoroondo yavo" ("Zviridzwa zveWoodwind uye nhoroondo yavo", 1957) A. Baynes, "Kutanga kwe mutambo wezviridzwa zvine tambo” (“Die Anfänge des Streichinstrumentenspiels”, 1964) naB. Bachmann, monographs, devoted to otd. zviridzwa, – “Bassoon” (“Der Fagott”, 1899) naW. Haeckel, “Oboe” (“The Oboe”, 1956) naP. Bate, “Clarinet” (“The clarinet”, 1954) naP. Rendall nevamwe.

Means. Chinyorwa chine mavhoriyamu akawanda “History of Music in Illustrations” (“Musikgeschichte in Bildern”), icho chiri kuitwa muGDR, chinofarirawo zvesayenzi; achapinda. zvinyorwa kusvika sep. mavhoriyamu uye zvirevo zvechinyorwa chino chine ruzivo rwakawanda nezve muses. zvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana. vanhu venyika.

MuRussia pakupera rechi19 - kutanga. 20th century munzvimbo yemimhanzi maturusi akashanda pl. vatsvakurudzi - AS Famintsyn, AL Maslov, NI Privalov, VV Andreev, NF Findeizen, NV Lysenko, DI Arakchiev (Arakishvili), N. Ya Nikiforovsky, AF Eikhgorn, A. Yuryan, A. Sabalyauskas nevamwe. Vakaunganidza mimhanzi yakapfuma uye ethnographic. zvinhu, kunyanya muchiRussia. zvishandiso, zvakadhindwa zvinoreva. kuwanda kwemabasa uye ndakateya nheyo dzenyika dzemadzibaba. I. Kukosha kwakakosha mune izvi ndekwaFamintsyn naPrivalov. Muenzaniso maererano nehupamhi hwekufukidzwa kwezvakanyorwa uye iconographic. manyuko uye kushandisa kwavo nounyanzvi mabasa Famintsyn, kunyanya "Gusli - Russian vanhu zvokuimba chiridzwa" (1890) uye "Domra uye chokuita zviridzwa zvokuimba vanhu Russian" (1891), kunyange zvazvo Famintsyn aiva mutsigiri organological. nzira uye saka akadzidza Ch. arr. magadzirirwo ezvishandiso, anenge achipfuura zvachose nyaya dzine chekuita nekushandiswa kwavo mu nar. upenyu uye unyanzvi. performance. Kusiyana naye, Privalov akabhadhara chikuru. kutarisisa nyaya idzi. Privalov akanyora zvinyorwa zvakawanda uye zvidzidzo zvikuru pamusoro peRussia. uye Belarusian. zviridzwa, nezve kuumbwa uye nhanho yekutanga yekuvandudzwa kweNar. zviridzwa VV Andreev. Mabasa aFamintsyn naPrivalov akashanda semuenzaniso kune vamwe varidzi vezviridzwa. Maslov akanyora "Illustrated Tsanangudzo yeMimhanzi Instruments Yakachengetwa muDashkovsky Ethnographic Museum muMoscow" (1909), iyo yakashanda semasangano kwemakore akawanda. tsime kubva kune dzimwe nyika varidzi vezviridzwa vakatora ruzivo pamusoro pezviridzwa zvevanhu vanogara muRussia. Kudzidza Russian. nar. maturusi, akaitwa naAndreev, aive akaiswa pasi peanoshanda. zvinangwa: akatsvaga kupfumisa kuumbwa kweorchestra yake nezviridzwa zvitsva. Kutenda kumabasa eLysenko, Arakishvili, Eichhorn, Yuryan uye mamwe mamuse. zviridzwa zvevaUkraine, maGeorgia, maUzbek, maLatvia nevamwe vanhu vave vachizivikanwa zvikuru kunze kwenzvimbo yavakagara vachishandiswa.

Mazizi. I. anotsvaka kudzidza mimhanzi. zviridzwa zvakabatana zvisingaparadzanisiki nemimhanzi. kusika, art. uye mutambi wemba. tsika uye nhoroondo yose. nzira yekuvandudza tsika uye art-va. Music development. kusika kunotungamirira kuwedzera kwekuita. hunyanzvi, maererano neizvi, zvitsva zvinodiwa zvinoiswa pakugadzirwa kwechiridzwa. Chiridzwa chakakwana, zvakare, chinogadzira zvinodikanwa zvekuwedzera kuvandudzwa kwezviridzwa, mimhanzi uye kuita art.

MuSov. The Union ine yakawanda sainzi uye akakurumbira sainzi mabhuku paI. Kana yakambogadzirwa naCh. arr. mauto eRussia. masayendisiti, ikozvino inozadzikiswa nenyanzvi dzemimhanzi kubva kunenge ese Union uye anozvitonga republics nematunhu. Zvidzidzo zvakanyorwa pazviridzwa zveruzhinji rwevanhu veUSSR, zviedzo zvakaitwa kuenzanisa. kudzidza kwavo. Pakati pemabasa anonyanya kukosha: "Musical Instruments for the Ukrainian People" naG. Khotkevich (1930), "Musical Instruments of Uzbekistan" naVM Belyaev (1933), "Georgian Musical Instruments" naDI Arakishvili (1940, mumutauro wechiGeorgian. ), "Zviridzwa zvemumhanzi zveMari" naYA Eshpay (1940), "Zviridzwa zvemumhanzi zveUkraine" naA. Gumenyuk (1967), "Zviridzwa zvemumhanzi zveAbkhazian" naIM Khashba (1967), "Zviridzwa zvevanhu vekuMoldova" LS Berova (1964), "Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR" (1963), nezvimwewo.

Mazizi. varidzi vezviridzwa uye musicologists vakagadzira nzira. nhamba yemapepa esainzi nezve prof. maturusi emimhanzi uye prof. perform. kudai-ve. Pakati pavo pane BA Struve's The process of Viols and Violins Formation (1959), PN Zimin's The Piano in Its Past and Present (1934, yakanzi The History of the Piano and Its Predecessors, 1967) nevamwe. ., pamwe chete nebhuku guru remabhuku mana "Modern Orchestra" naDR Rogal-Levitsky (1953-56).

Kubudirira kwezvinetso zve I. uye kudzidza kwemimhanzi. zviridzwa zviri kuitwa munhoroondo. uye kuita. madhipatimendi econservatories, mumhanzi tsvakurudzo masangano; muLeningrad. mu-iyo theatre, mimhanzi uye cinematography kune yakakosha. sector I.

Mazizi. I. zvakare ine chinangwa chekupa rubatsiro kune vanodzidzira vaimbi, vagadziri uye instr. masters mubasa rekuvandudza uye kuvakazve mabhangi. zviridzwa, kunatsiridza kurira kwavo hunhu, hunyanzvi-kuita uye hunyanzvi.-express. mikana, kugadzira mhuri dzekuungana uye orc. performance. Theoretical uye kuedza. basa iri riri kuitwa pasi pemain nat. ensembles uye orchestra, mumasangano, mimhanzi. uch. masangano, dzimba dzekugadzira, mafekitori marabhoritari uye mahofisi ekugadzira, pamwe nedep. nyanzvi dzemhizha.

Mune mamwe mazizi. conservatories kuverenga inokosha. music course. I., kutangira kosi yezviridzwa.

References: Privalov HI, Mimhanzi yemhepo zviridzwa zvevanhu vekuRussia, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1906-08; Belyaev VM, Turkmen mimhanzi, M., 1928 (pamwe naVA Uspensky); yake pachake, Musical Instruments of Uzbekistan, M., 1933; Yampolsky IM, Russian violin art, chikamu 1, M., 1951; Guiraud E., Traité pratique d'instrumentation, P., 1895, Russian. pa. G. Konyusa, M., 1892 (chiFrench chepakutanga chisati chabudiswa), M., 1934; Murimi H., Mimhanzi nezviridzwa zveArab, NY-L., 1916; yake pachake, Zvidzidzo muOriental mimhanzi zviridzwa, ser. 1-2, L., 1931, Glasgov, 1939; Sachs K., Nhoroondo yezviridzwa zvemimhanzi, NY, 1940; Bachmann W., Die Anfänge des Streichinstrumentenspiels, Lpz., 1964 maturusi emimhanzi.

KA Vertkov