Carlos Kleiber |

Carlos Kleiber

Kleiber ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kufadza uye zvinonakidza mumhanzi zviitiko zvenguva yedu. Repertoire yake idiki uye inogumira kune mashoma mazita. Haawanzosvika kuseri kwekoni, haana kuonana neruzhinji, vatsoropodzi uye vatori venhau. Nekudaro, chimwe nechimwe chemaitiro ake chidzidzo chimwe-che-chemhando muhunyanzvi hwekuita uye maitiro ekuitisa. Zita rake ratova remungano.

Muna 1995, Carlos Kleiber akapemberera zuva rekuzvarwa kwake makumi matanhatu neshanu nekuita kwaRichard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier, zvisingaite mukududzira kwake. Chinyorwa chinobudisa nhau chedzimbahwe reAustria chakanyora, kuti: “Hapana munhu munyika akakwezva ngwariro yapedyo yakadaro yavaitisi, mamaneja, vaimbi veorchestra uye voruzhinji saCarlos Kleiber, uye hapana akaedza kudzivisa ikoku kwose sezvaakaita. Hapana kana mumwe wevafambisi vekirasi yepamusoro yakadaro, achitarisa pane diki repertoire, akadzidza uye akaitwa kusvika pakukwana, aisakwanisa kuwana mari yakakwira zvisingaite.

Chokwadi ndechekuti tinoziva zvishoma nezvaCarlos Kleiber. Zvakatonyanya isu tinoziva kuti Kleiber, aripo kunze kwenguva dzekuonekwa mumitambo yemitambo uye mumakonti emakonti. Chishuvo chake chekugara munzvimbo yakazvimiririra uye yakaganhurirwa zvakanyanya. Chokwadi, pane rudzi rwekusiyana kusinganzwisisike pakati pehunhu hwake, iyo inokwanisa kuita zvinoshamisa zviwanikwa muchiratidzo, kupinda zvakavanzika zvayo zvemukati-kati uye kuzviisa kune vateereri vanomuda kupenga, uye kudiwa kwekunzvenga zvishoma. kuonana nazvo asi veruzhinji, vatsoropodzi, vatori venhau, kuramba kwakasimba kubhadhara mutengo uyo vese vanodhirowa vanofanira kubhadhara kuti vabudirire kana mukurumbira wenyika.

Maitiro ake haanei nekunyomba uye kuverenga. Avo vanomuziva zvakadzama vanotaura nezve inoyevedza, ingangoita yedhiyabhorosi coquetry. Asi pamberi pechishuvo ichi chekudzivirira hupenyu hwemukati kubva mukukanganiswa kupi zvako mweya wekuzvikudza uye kunyara kunenge kusingadzivisiki.

Ichi chimiro chehunhu hwaKlaiber chinogona kucherechedzwa muzvikamu zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwake. Asi zvakazviratidza zvakasimba muhukama naHerbert von Karajan. Kleiber agara achinzwa kuyemura kukuru Karajan uye zvino, paanenge ari muSalzburg, haakanganwi kushanyira kumakuva kunovigwa kondakita mukuru. Nhoroondo yehukama hwavo yaive yechienzi uye yakareba. Pamwe zvichatibatsira kunzwisisa psychology yake.

Pakutanga, Kleiber akanzwa kusagadzikana uye kunyara. Apo Karajan akanga achidzidzira, Kleiber akauya kuFestspielhaus muSalzburg ndokumira asingashandi kwemaawa mukoridho yaienda kuimba yokupfekera yaKarajan. Sezvingatarisirwa, chishuvo chake chakanga chiri chokupinda muhoro umo kondakita mukuru akanga achidzidzira. Asi haana kumboriburitsa. Akaramba akatarisana nemusuwo ndokumirira. Kunyara kwakamushayisa simba uye, zvichida, angadai asina kuita ushingi hwokupinda muhoro kudai mumwe munhu akanga asina kumukoka kuti apinde kurovedzo, achinyatsoziva kuti Karajan aimuremekedza sei.

Chokwadi, Karajan akatenda zvikuru Klaiber netarenda rake semurairidzi. Paaitaura nezvevamwe kondakita, pasina nguva aizvibvumira mamwe mashoko aiita kuti vaivapo vaseke kana kuti vanyemwerere. Haana kumbotaura kana izwi rimwe chete nezveKleiber pasina ruremekedzo rwakadzama.

Sezvo hukama hwavo hwakawedzera kuswedera, Karajan akaita zvose kuti Klaiber aende kuMutambo weSalzburg, asi aigara achizvidzivirira. Pane imwe nguva, zvaiita sokuti pfungwa iyi yakanga yava pedyo kuzadzika. Kleiber aifanira kuitisa "Magic Shooter", izvo zvakamuunzira kubudirira kukuru mumaguta akawanda eEurope. Pachiitiko ichi, iye naKarajan vakanyorerana tsamba. Kleiber akanyora, kuti: “Ndinofara kuuya kuSalzburg, asi mugariro wangu mukuru ndeuyu: Unofanira kundipa nzvimbo yako munzvimbo yokupaka motokari inokosha yomutambo wacho.” Karayan akamupindura kuti: “Ndinobvumirana nezvose. Ndichafara kufamba kuti ndikuonei muSalzburg, uye, chokwadi, nzvimbo yangu munzvimbo yekupaka ndeyako.

Kwemakore vaitamba mutambo uyu wekutamba, waipupurira kunzwirana tsitsi uye wakaunza mweya waro munhaurirano maererano nekutora chikamu kwaKleiber muSalzburg Festival. Yakanga yakakosha kune ese ari maviri, asi haina kuzomboitika.

Zvakanzi iyo mari yemubhadharo ndiyo yaive mhosva, izvo zvisiri zvechokwadi, nekuti Salzburg inogara ichibhadhara mari chero ipi zvayo kuitira kuti vanyori vauye kumutambo uyo Karajan akaonga. Tarisiro yekuenzaniswa naKarajan muguta rake yakagadzira kusava nechokwadi uye kunyara muKlaiber apo maestro aive mupenyu. Apo kondakita mukuru akafa muna July 1989, Kleiber akarega kunetseka pamusoro pedambudziko iri, haana kupfuura denderedzwa rake renguva dzose uye haana kuonekwa muSalzburg.

Kuziva ese aya mamiriro, zviri nyore kufunga kuti Carlos Klaiber ndiye akabatwa neurosis kubva kwaasingakwanisi kuzvisunungura. Vakawanda vakaedza kuratidza izvi semugumisiro wehukama nababa vake, Erich Kleiber akakurumbira, uyo aiva mumwe wevatungamiri vakuru vehafu yekutanga yezana remakore redu uye akaita basa guru mukuumba Carlos.

Chimwe chinhu—chiduku zvikuru—chakanyorwa pamusoro pokusavimba kwokutanga kwababa netarenda romwanakomana wavo. Asi ndiani, kunze kwaCarlos Kleiber pachake (uyo asingambotauri muromo wake), anogona kutaura chokwadi pamusoro pezvaiitika mumweya wejaya? Ndiani anokwanisa kupinda murevo yechokwadi yedzimwe tsinhiro, kumwe kutonga kwakaipa kwababa pamusoro pomwanakomana wavo?

Carlos pachake aigara achitaura nezvababa vake nounyoro hukuru. Pakupera kwehupenyu hwaErich, apo maziso ake akanga asisaoni, Carlos akamuridzira piyano gadziriro dzezvibodzwa. Manzwiro emwana aigara aine simba paari. Carlos akataura nemufaro pamusoro pechiitiko chakaitika kuVienna Opera paakaita Rosenkavalier ikoko. Akagamuchira tsamba kubva kumuoni uyo akanyora kuti: “Anodiwa Erich, ndinofara zvikuru kuti uri kuitisa Staatsoper makore makumi mashanu gare gare. Ndinofara kuona kuti hamuna kana kumbochinja uye mukududzira kwenyu munogara hungwaru humwe chete hwandaiyemura pamazuva ehuduku hwedu.

Munhetembo yekudetemba kwaCarlos Kleiber kunogara mweya wechokwadi, unoshamisa wechiGerman, pfungwa inokatyamadza yemanyorero uye kusarongeka kusingadzoreki, ine chimwe chinhu chepwere pamusoro payo uye icho, paanoitisa The Bat, chinoyeuchidza Felix Krul, gamba re. Thomas Mann, nemitambo yake uye majee azere nekunzwa kwezororo.

Pane imwe nguva zvakaitika kuti mune imwe yemitambo pakanga paine poster ye "Mukadzi Asina Shadow" naRichard Strauss, uye kondakita panguva yekupedzisira akaramba kuitisa. Kleiber aive pedyo, uye mutungamiriri akati: "Maestro, tinokuda iwe kuti uchengetedze "Mukadzi wedu Asina Mumvuri". “Chimbofunga,” akapindura kudaro Klaiber, “kuti ndakanga ndisinganzwisisi shoko rimwe chete re<em>libretto. Fungidzira mumimhanzi! Bata vandinoshanda navo, inyanzvi, uye ini ndingori muenzi.

Chokwadi ndechekuti murume uyu, uyo akatendeuka muna 1997 muna Chikunguru 67, ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinotemesa musoro uye zvakasarudzika zviitiko zvemimhanzi zvenguva yedu. Mumakore ake echidiki akaita zvakawanda, asingakanganwi, zvisinei, zvinodiwa zveunyanzvi. Asi mushure mekunge nguva ye "kudzidzira" muDüsseldorf neStuttgart yapera, pfungwa dzake dzakaoma dzakamuita kuti afunge nezvehuwandu hushoma hwema operas: La bohème, La traviata, The Magic Shooter, Der Rosenkavalier, Tristan und Isolde, Othello, Carmen, Wozzecke. uye pane mamwe masimphoni aMozart, Beethoven naBrahms. Kune zvese izvi isu tinofanirwa kuwedzera The Bat uye zvimwe zvekirasi zvidimbu zveViennese light music.

Kwese kwaanoonekwa, muMilan kana Vienna, muMunich kana New York, pamwe nekuJapan, kwaakafamba nekubudirira kwekukunda muzhizha ra1995, anoperekedzwa neanoyemura epithets. Zvisinei, haawanzogutsikana. Pamusoro pokushanya muJapan, Kleiber akabvuma, kuti: “Kudai Japan yakanga isiri kure zvakadaro, uye kudai vaJapan vakanga vasingabhadhare miripo yakadaro inokatyamadza, ndaisazozengurira kurega chinhu chiri chose ndokutiza.”

Murume uyu anoda chaizvo theatre. Maitiro ake ehupenyu kuvepo mumimhanzi. Mushure meKarajan, ane chimiro chakanakisa uye chakanyatsojeka chinogona kuwanikwa. Munhu wose akashanda naye anobvumirana neizvi: maartist, orchestra nhengo, choristers. Lucia Popp, mushure mekuimba Sophie naye muRosenkavalier, akaramba kuimba chikamu ichi nemumwe kondakita.

Yakanga iri "Rosenkavalier" iyo yaiva yekutanga opera, iyo yakapa mukana weLa Scala theatre kuti inyatsozivana nemuiti weGermany uyu. Kubva pahunyanzvi hwaRichard Strauss, Kleiber akaita isingakanganwiki epic yemanzwiro. Yakagamuchirwa nechido nevoruzhinji nevatsoropodzi, uye Klaiber pachake akakundwa naPaolo Grassi, uyo, paaida, aigona kuva asingarambidzwi.

Zvakadaro, zvaisava nyore kukunda Kleiber. Claudio Abbado akazokwanisa kumugonesa, uyo akapa Klaiber kuti atungamirire Verdi's Othello, achisiya nzvimbo yake kwaari, uyezve Tristan naIsolde. Mwaka mishoma yadarika, Tristan yaKleiber yakanga yabudirira zvikuru paWagner Festival muBayreuth, uye Wolfgang Wagner akanga akoka Kleiber kuti atungamirire Meistersingers uye tetralogy. Ichi chinoyedza chinopihwa chakarambwa naKlaiber.

Kuronga maopera mana mumwaka mina hazvina kujairika kuna Carlos Kleiber. Nguva yekufara munhoroondo yeLa Scala theatre haina kuzvidzokorora. Operas mukududzirwa kwemutungamiriri weKleiber uye zvigadzirwa naSchenk, Zeffirelli naWolfgang Wagner vakaunza hunyanzvi hweopera kune hutsva, husina kumbobvira hwaonekwa hurefu.

Zvakaoma chaizvo kudhirowa nhoroondo yechokwadi yeKleiber. Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pake hazvigoni kuva zvakazara uye zvakajairika. Uyu muimbi uye kondakita, uyo nguva dzese, nechero opera uye konzati yega yega, nyaya nyowani inotanga.

Mukududzirwa kwake kweThe Rosenkavalier, zvinhu zvepedyo uye zvekunzwa zvakabatanidzwa nekururama uye kuongorora. Asi chirevo chake muhunyanzvi hweStraussian, sechirevo chiri muOthello naLa bohème, chinoratidzirwa nerusununguko rwakakwana. Kleiber ane chipo chekugona kutamba rubato, isingaparadzaniswe kubva kune inoshamisa pfungwa ye tempo. Mune mamwe mazwi, tinogona kutaura kuti rubato yake hairevi nzira, asi kune nzvimbo yemanzwiro. Hapana mubvunzo kuti Kleiber haataridzike semutambi wekare wechiGerman, kunyangwe akanakisa, nekuti tarenda rake nemaumbirwo ake anopfuura chero kuratidzwa kwekuita maitiro, kunyangwe muchimiro chayo chakanaka. Iwe unogona kunzwa chikamu che "Viennese" maari, uchifunga kuti baba vake, Erich mukuru, akaberekerwa muVienna. Asi kupfuura zvese, anonzwa kusiyana-siyana kwechiitiko icho chakatemesa hupenyu hwake hwese: nzira yake yekuve inotengeswa zvakanyanya kuhunhu hwake, zvisinganzwisisike kugadzira musanganiswa-we-wemhando.

Hunhu hwake hune tsika dzechiGerman dzekuita, dzinenge dzakasimba uye dzakasimba, uye yeViennese, yakareruka zvishoma. Asi havaonekwi na conductor akavhara maziso. Zvinoita sekuti aifunga zvakadzama nezvavo kanopfuura kamwe.

Mukududzirwa kwake, kusanganisira mabasa e symphonic, moto usingadzimiki unopenya. Kutsvaga kwake kwenguva iyo mimhanzi inorarama hupenyu hwechokwadi haimbomira. Uye akapiwa chipo chokufemera upenyu kunyange muzvidimbu zviya izvo pamberi pake zvairatidzika zvisina kujeka zvikuru uye zvinoratidzira.

Vamwe vatungamiri vanobata chinyorwa chemunyori neruremekedzo rukuru. Klaiber anopiwawo chiremerera ichi, asi kugona kwake kwechisikigo kugara achisimbisa maumbirwo ezvakagadzirwa uye zvishoma zviratidzo muzvinyorwa zvinodarika zvimwe zvese. Paanoitisa, munhu anosvika pakuona sokuti ndiye muridzi weimba yacho kusvika pamwero wakadaro, sokunge kuti panzvimbo pokumira pachiridzwa, akanga akagara papiyano. Muimbi uyu ane hunyanzvi hwakatanhamara uye hwakasiyana, hunoratidzwa mukuchinjika, kusimba kweruoko (nhengo yakakosha pakuitisa), asi haamboisi nzira munzvimbo yekutanga.

Chimiro chaKleiber chakanakisa hachiparadzaniswe nemhedzisiro, uye chaanoda kuzivisa kune veruzhinji chinogara chiri chechimiro chakanangana, ingave opera kana imwe nzvimbo yakasarudzika - masimphoni eMozart, Beethoven naBrahms. Kugona kwake kunokonzerwa nekugara kwake uye kugona kwake kuita zvinhu pasina hanya nevamwe. Iyi ndiyo nzira yake yehupenyu semuimbi, nzira yake yakavanzika yekuzviratidza kunyika uye kugara kure nayo, kuvapo kwake, kuzere nezvakavanzika, asi panguva imwe chete nyasha.

Duilio Courir, "Amadeus" magazini

Dudziro kubva kuItalian naIrina Sorokina