Erich Kleiber |

Eric Kleiber

"Basa raErich Kleiber richiri kure nepamusoro, tarisiro yake haisati yajeka, uye kana murume uyu ane mhirizhonga mukukura kwake kusingaenzaniswi achasvika kumagumo hazvizivikanwi," akanyora kudaro mutsoropodzi weGermany Adolf Weismann muna 1825, akashamiswa zvakajeka kusimuka kunoshamisa kwemuimbi, uyo panguva ino akatoshanda se "general music director" weBerlin State Opera. Uye nenzira kwayo, pakanga paine chikonzero chekushoropodzwa kuwira mukuvhiringidzika kana uchitarisa nzira pfupi yaKleiber asi inokurumidza. Ndakabayiwa mwoyo neushingi hunoshamisa hwemuimbi, kutsunga kwake uye kusimba mukukunda matambudziko, mukusvika kumabasa matsva.

Akaberekerwa kuVienna, Kleiber akapedza kudzidza kubva kuPrague Conservatory uye akabhadharwa semubatsiri kondakita paimba yeOpera yeko. Hezvino zvinotaurwa nemumwe wake mudiki Georg Sebastian nezve danho rekutanga rakazvimirira remuimbi: “Kamwe Erich Kleiber (panguva iyoyo anga asati ava nemakore makumi maviri) aifanira kutsiva kondakita airwara kamwe kamwe wePrague Opera muWagner's The Flying Dutchman. Paakasvika pakati pechibodzwa, zvakaonekwa kuti mapeji angangoita gumi nemashanu aive akabatanidzwa zvakasimba. Vamwe vevanhu vane godo (mitambo yemitambo inowanzozara navo) vaida kutamba joke rine utsinye nejaya rine tarenda. Vane shanje, zvisinei, vakakanganisa. Joke harina kushanda. Conductor wechidiki akakanda zvibodzwa pasi neshungu ndokuita mutambo wese nemusoro. Manheru aya asingakanganwiki akaratidzira kutanga kwebasa rakanaka raErich Kleiber, uyo akakurumidza kudada nenzvimbo muEurope pedyo naOtto Klemperer naBruno Walter. Mushure mechikamu ichi, "track rekodhi" yaKleiber yakazadzikiswa kubva 1912 nebasa padzimba dzeopera dzeDarmstadt, Elberfeld, Düsseldorf, Mannheim, uye, pakupedzisira, muna 1923 akatanga basa rake muBerlin. Nguva yaaive achitungamira State Opera yaive nguva yakanakisa muhupenyu hwake. Pasi pekutungamira kwaKleiber, rampu yakatanga kuonekwa pano, akawanda akakosha maopera emazuva ano, anosanganisira Wozzeck naA. Berg naChristopher Columbus naD. Milhaud, maGerman ekutanga eJenufa naJanacek, anoshanda naStravinsky, Krenek nevamwe vanyori akaitika. . Asi pamwe chete neizvi, Klaiber akapawo mienzaniso yakajeka yekududzirwa kwemitambo yekare, kunyanya Beethoven, Mozart, Verdi, Rossini, R. Strauss uye mabasa asingawanzoitwa naWeber, Schubert, Wagner ("Rudo Rusingabvumirwi"), Lorzing ("The Poacher"). Uye avo vakanzwa operettas yaJohann Strauss pasi pekutungamirirwa kwake, vakachengetedza zvisingakanganwiki zvemitambo iyi, izere nekutsva uye kukudzwa.

Pasina kuganhurirwa kushanda muBerlin, Kleiber panguva iyoyo akakurumidza kuhwina mukurumbira wenyika, achishanya munzvimbo dzose huru dzeEurope neAmerica. Muna 1927, akatanga kuuya kuU.SR uye pakarepo akakunda tsitsi dzevateereri veSoviet. Mabasa naHaydn, Schumann, Weber, Respighi akazoitwa muzvirongwa zveKleiber, akaitisa Carmen munhandare. Imwe yemakonzati iyo muimbi akazvipira zvachose kumimhanzi yeRussia - mabasa aTchaikovsky, Scriabin, Stravinsky. “Kwakaitika,” mutsoropodzi wacho akanyora kudaro, “kuti Kleiber, mukuwedzera kukuva muimbi akanakisisa ane unyanzvi hwakaisvonaka hwokuimba, ane rutivi irworwo rusina vakakurumbira vazhinji: kukwanisa kupinza mudzimu wetsika yokunzwika yokumwe. Nemhaka yeichi mano, Kleiber akanyatsogona zvibodzwa zvaakanga asarudza, akazvigona kusvikira kutambanuko yakadaro zvokuti kwakaratidzika sokunge takanga takatarisana nomumwe muperekedzi akatanhamara wokuRussia pachikuva.

Zvadaro, Klaiber aiwanzoita munyika yedu nezvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana uye aigara achinakidzwa nekubudirira kwakakodzera. Nguva yekupedzisira paakashanyira USSR muna 1936, mushure mokunge abva kuNazi Germany. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, muimbi akagara muSouth America kwenguva yakareba. Pakati pechiitiko chake chaive Buenos Aires, uko Klaiber akatora nzvimbo imwechete yakakurumbira muhupenyu hwemimhanzi seBerlin, aigara achitungamira mitambo paColon Theatre nemakonzati akawanda. Kubva 1943, akashandawo muguta guru reCuba - Havana. Uye muna 1948 muimbi akadzokera kuEurope. Maguta makuru akarwa chaizvo kuti atore Klaiber semugadziri wechigarire. Asi kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwake akaramba ari muenzi wevaenzi, achitamba mukondinendi yese, achitora chikamu mumitambo yakakosha yemimhanzi - kubva kuEdinburgh kuenda kuPrague. Kleiber akaramba achipa makonti muGerman Democratic Republic, nguva pfupi asati afa akaitisa mitambo munhandare yake yaanofarira - yeGerman State Opera muBerlin, pamwe nemuDresden.

Unyanzvi hwechiedza uye hunoda hupenyu hwaErich Kleiber hunotorwa pazvinyorwa zvakawanda zvegiramufoni; pakati pemabasa akanyorwa naye maoperas The Free Gunner, The Cavalier of the Roses uye akati wandei makuru e symphonic mabasa. Sekureva kwavo, mutereri anogona kukoshesa zvakanakisa zvetarenda remugadziri - nzwisiso yake yakadzama muchinhu chebasa, pfungwa yake yechimiro, kupedzwa kwakanakisa kweruzivo, kutendeseka kwemazano ake uye kugona kwake kuzadzisa kuita kwavo.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek