Harpsichord

harpsichord [French] clavecin, kubva kuLate Lat. clavicymbalum, kubva lat. clavis - kiyi (naizvozvo kiyi) uye makwakwakwa esimbi] - chiridzwa chakabvutwa kiibhodhi. Kuzivikanwa kubva muzana remakore rechi16. (yakatanga kuvakwa kare muzana remakore rechi14), ruzivo rwekutanga nezve harpsichord rwakatangira muna 1511; chiridzwa chekare chebasa reItaly chakasara kusvika nhasi chinotangira muna 1521.

Iyo harpsichord yakatanga kubva ku psalterium (semugumisiro wekuvakazve uye kuwedzerwa kwe keyboard mechanism).

Pakutanga, iyo harpsichord yaive quadrangular muchimiro uye yakafanana nechitarisiko "yemahara" clavichord, mukupesana neyaive netambo dzehurefu hwakasiyana (kiyi imwe neimwe yaienderana netambo yakakosha yakarongedzwa mune imwe toni) uye yakanyanya kuoma kiibhodhi michina. Tambo dze harpsichord dzakaunzwa mukudengenyeka nepini nerubatsiro rwe feather yeshiri, yakasungirirwa padanda - pusher. Paidzvanywa kiyi, pusher, raiva nechekumashure kwaro, raisimuka uye munhenga wacho wabatwa patambo (gare gare, plectrum yedehwe yakashandiswa panzvimbo pomunhenga weshiri).

Mudziyo uye inzwi

Chigadzirwa chechikamu chepamusoro chepusher: 1 - tambo, 2 - iyo axis yekusunungura michina, 3 - languette (kubva kuFrench languette), 4 - plectrum (rurimi), 5 - damper.

Ruzha rwe harpsichord runopenya, asi kwete runyoro (jerky) - izvo zvinoreva kuti hazvigoneke kune shanduko ine simba (inonzwika, asi isinganyanyi kutaura kupfuura ye clavichord), shanduko yesimba uye timbre yeruzha. hazvinei nerudzi rwekuramwa kwemakiyi. Kuti uwedzere sonority ye harpsichord, tambo mbiri, katatu uye kunyange quadruple (yezwi rimwe nerimwe) dzakashandiswa, dzakarongedzwa pamwe chete, octave, uye dzimwe nguva dzimwe nguva.

kushanduka

Kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi17, tambo dzesimbi dzakashandiswa panzvimbo yegut tambo, dzichiwedzera kureba (kubva kune treble kusvika kune bass). Chiridzwa chakawana chimiro chetriangular pterygoid ine longitudinal (yakafanana nemakiyi) kuronga kwetambo.

Muzana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18 kupa harpsichord kurira kwakasiyana kwakasiyana-siyana, zviridzwa zvakaitwa ne 2 (dzimwe nguva 3) makiyibhodhi emaoko (manual), ayo airongwa akaiswa pamusoro peimwe (kazhinji bhuku repamusoro raiiswa octave yakakwirira) , pamwe nerejista switch yekuwedzera trebles, octave kupetwa kwemabhesi uye shanduko yetimbre coloration (lute rejista, bassoon rejista, nezvimwewo).

Iwo marejista akaitwa nemalever ari pamativi ekhibhodi, kana nemabhatani ari pasi pekhibhodi, kana nemapedals. Pane mamwe maharpsichords, kune yakakura kwazvo timbre akasiyana, 3rd kiibhodhi yakarongwa neimwe hunhu timbre coloring, kazhinji inoyeuchidza lute (inonzi lute keyboard).

Kuonekwa

Kunze, harpsichords yaiwanzopedzwa zvakanakisa (muviri wakashongedzwa nemifananidzo, inlays, zvakavezwa). Kupera kwechiridzwa kwaienderana nemidziyo inoyevedza yenguva yaLouis XV. Muzana ramakore rechi 16 nerechi 17 Marudimbwa enyanzvi dzeAntwerp Ruckers akatanhamara nokuda kworuzha rwawo uye magadzirirwo awo ounyanzvi.

Harpsichord munyika dzakasiyana

Zita rekuti "harpsichord" (muFrance; archichord - kuEngland, kielflugel - kuGermany, clavichembalo kana kuti cembalo yakapfupikiswa - kuItaly) rakachengeterwa zviridzwa zvakakura zvakaita semapapiro zvine huwandu hunosvika 5 octaves. Paivawo nemidziyo midiki, yaiwanzoita rectangular muchimiro, ine tambo imwe chete uye huwandu hunosvika 4 octaves, inonzi: epinet (muFrance), spinet (muItaly), virginel (kuEngland).

Harpsichord ine muviri wakatwasuka inonzi claviciterium. Iyo harpsichord yakashandiswa seyega, chamber-ensemble uye orchestral chiridzwa.

Mugadziri weiyo virtuoso harpsichord style aive munyori wekuItaly uye harpsichordist D. Scarlatti (iye muridzi wemabhuku akawanda e harpsichord); muvambi wechikoro cheFrench chevaridzi veharpsichord aive J. Chambonnière (Harpsichord Pieces yake, mabhuku maviri, 2, aive akakurumbira).

Pakati pevaFrench harpsichordists vekupera kwe17th uye 18th mazana emakore. - F. Couperin, JF Rameau, L. Daquin, F. Daidrieu. Mumhanzi weFrench harpsichord inyanzvi yekuravira kwakanatswa, hunhu hwakanatswa, hune huchenjeri hwakajeka, hunoenderana nehunhu hwevakuru. Kurira kwakapfava uye kunotonhora kweharpsichord kwaiwirirana ne“inzwi rakanaka” renzanga yakasarudzwa.

Iyo gallant style (rococo) yakawana chimiro chayo chakajeka pakati peFrench harpsichordists. Madingindira aidiwa e harpsichord miniatures (miniature chimiro chechimiro che rococo art) yaive mifananidzo yechikadzi ("Capturing", "Flirty", "Gloomy", "Shy", "Sista Monica", "Florentine" naCouperin), yakakura. nzvimbo yaive yakagarwa nekutamba kwakasimba (minuet , gavotte, nezvimwewo), mifananidzo yakashata yehupenyu hwevarombo ("Vakohwi", "Grape Pickers" naCouperin), onomatopoeic miniatures ("Chicken", "Clock", "Chirping" naCouperin, "Cuckoo" naDaken, nezvimwewo). Chinhu chinowanzoitwa mumhanzi weharpsichord ndiko kuwanda kwekushongedza kwemutinhimira.

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18, mabasa eFrench harpsichordists akatanga kunyangarika kubva kune repertoire yevatambi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, chiridzwa, icho chaive nenhoroondo refu uye yakapfuma nhaka yehunyanzvi, yakamanikidzwa kubva mukuita zvemimhanzi uye yakatsiviwa nepiyano. Uye kwete kungomanikidzwa kunze, asi kukanganwa zvachose muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Izvi zvakaitika semugumisiro wekuchinja kukuru mune zvekunaka zvido. Baroque aesthetics, iyo yakavakirwa pane yakanyatso kuumbwa kana kunzwikwa zvakajeka pfungwa yedzidziso yezvinokanganisa (nenguva pfupi iyo chaiyo chaiyo: imwe manzwiro, kukanganisa - rumwe ruvara rweruzha), iyo iyo harpsichord yaive nzira yakanaka yekutaura, yakapa nzira yekutanga. kumaonero epasirese ekunzwira tsitsi, ipapo kune gwara rakasimba. - Classicism uye, pakupedzisira, Romanticism. Mune ese aya masitayera, pane zvinopesana, iyo pfungwa yekushanduka - manzwiro, mifananidzo, manzwiro - yave yakanyanya kukwezva uye inorimwa. Uye piyano yakakwanisa kuzvitaura. Iyo harpsichord haigone kuita izvi zvese mumusimboti - nekuda kwehunhu hwemagadzirirwo ayo.