Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach) |

Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach

Pamabasa epiyano aEmanuel Bach, ndine zvimedu zvishoma chete, uye zvimwe zvacho zvinofanirwa kushandira muimbi wega wega wechokwadi, kwete chete sechinhu chinofadza kwazvo, asiwo sechinhu chekudzidza. L. Beethoven. Tsamba kuna G. Hertel Chikunguru 26, 1809

Pamhuri yose yeBach, chete Carl Philipp Emanuel, mwanakomana wechipiri waJS Bach, uye munun'una wake Johann Christian vakawana zita rokuti "mukuru" munguva yehupenyu hwavo. Kunyangwe nhoroondo ichiita zvigadziriso zvayo kuongororo yemazuva ano yekukosha kweiyi kana kuti muimbi, parizvino hapana anopokana nebasa reFE Bach mukuumbwa kwemhando dzemhando dzemimhanzi yezviridzwa, izvo zvakasvika pakakwirira pabasa raI. Haydn, WA Mozart naL. Beethoven. Vanakomana vaJS Bach vaifanirwa kurarama munguva yekuchinja, apo nzira itsva dzakarongwa mumimhanzi, dzakabatana nekutsvaga kwemukati wayo, nzvimbo yakasununguka pakati pehumwe hunyanzvi. Vazhinji vanyori vanobva kuItari, France, Germany neCzech Republic vakabatanidzwa mukuita uku, avo kuedza kwavo kwakagadzira hunyanzvi hweViennese classics. Uye mune ino nhevedzano yekutsvaga maartist, chimiro cheFE Bach chinomira zvakanyanya.

Vemazuva ano vakaona kukosha kukuru kwaPhilippe Emanuel mukugadzirwa kwe "inotaura" kana "inonzwisa" maitiro emumhanzi weclavier. Nzira dzeSonata yake muF mudiki dzakazowanikwa dzichienderana nemhepo yehunyanzvi yeSturm und Drang. Vateereri vakabayiwa mwoyo nekunakidzwa uye kunaka kwesonatas yaBach uye fungidziro dzekuvandudza, nziyo dze“kutaura”, uye matambiro emunyori. Wekutanga uye ega mudzidzisi wemimhanzi waPhilip Emanuel aive baba vake, avo, zvisinei, havana kuona zvakakodzera kugadzirira mwanakomana wake kuruboshwe, uyo airidza zviridzwa zveibhodhi chete, kuti aite basa semuimbi (Johann Sebastian akaona akakodzera zvakanyanya. mutsivi mudangwe rake, Wilhelm Friedemann). Mushure mekupedza kudzidza kubva kuSt. Thomas School muLeipzig, Emanuel akadzidza zvemutemo kumayunivhesiti eLeipzig neFrankfurt/Oder.

Panguva ino akanga atonyora nziyo dzakawanda dzezviridzwa, kusanganisira shanu sonatas uye maviri clavier concertos. Mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza kubva kuyunivhesiti muna 1738, Emanuel akazvipira asingazenguriri kumumhanzi uye muna 1741 akagamuchira basa se harpsichordist muBerlin, mudare raFrederick II wePrussia, akanga achangobva kukwira pachigaro. Mambo aizivikanwa muEurope samambo akavhenekerwa; semudiki wenguva yake, Empress yeRussia Catherine II, Friedrich ainyorerana naVoltaire uye akatsigira hunyanzvi.

Nguva pfupi agadzwa, imba yeopera yakavakwa muBerlin. Nekudaro, hupenyu hwese hwemumhanzi hwedare hwakadzorwa kune diki diki nekuravira kwamambo (kusvika pakuti panguva yemitambo yeopera mambo aitevera kuridza kubva pachibodzwa - pamusoro pepfudzi remubati webhendi). Izvi zvinonaka zvaive zvakasiyana: mudiwa wemimhanzi ane korona haana kushivirira mimhanzi yechechi uye fugue overtures, aifarira opera yekuItaly kune marudzi ese emimhanzi, nyere kune ese marudzi ezviridzwa, nyere yake kune ese nyere (maererano naBach, sezviri pachena, the rudo rwechokwadi rwenziyo rwamambo haruna kuganhurirwa kwairi). ) Muridzi wenyere anozivikanwa zvikuru I. Kvanz akanyora nezvemakonzati enyere anenge 300 kumudzidzi wake mukuru; manheru ega ega mukati megore, mambo mumuzinda weSanssouci aizviita ose (dzimwe nguvawo nziyo dzake pachake), pasina kukundikana pamberi pevakuru. Basa raEmanuel raive rekuperekedza mambo. Iyi sevhisi isingafadzi yaingovhiringwa apo neapo nechero zviitiko. Imwe yacho kwaiva kushanya muna 1747 kudare rePrussia raJS Bach. Sezvo akange atokura, akakatyamadza mambo nehunyanzvi hwake hwe clavier uye nhengo yekuvandudza, akadzima konzati yake panguva yekusvika kwaBach. Mushure mekufa kwababa vake, FE Bach akanyatsochengeta zvinyorwa zvaakagara nhaka.

Zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zvaEmanuel Bach pachake muBerlin zvinokatyamadza. Kare muna 1742-44. 12 harpsichord sonatas (“Prussian” uye “Württemberg”), 2 matrios eviolin nemabhesi, 3 makonsati e<em>harpsichord akabudiswa; muna 1755-65 - 24 sonatas (total approx. 200) uye zvidimbu zve harpsichord, 19 symphonies, 30 trios, 12 sonatas ye harpsichord ine orchestra inofambidzana, approx. 50 harpsichord concertos, nziyo dzezwi (cantatas, oratorios). Iyo clavier sonatas ndeyekukosha kukuru - FE Bach akabhadhara zvakanyanya kune iyi genre. Kupenya kwekufananidzira, rusununguko rwekugadzira rwekuumbwa kwesonatas yake inopupurira kune zvese zvitsva uye kushandiswa kwetsika dzemumhanzi dzenguva pfupi yapfuura (semuenzaniso, kuvandudza iecho yekunyora kwenhengo yaJS Bach). Chinhu chitsva chakaunzwa naPhilippe Emanuel kune clavier art yaive yakasarudzika mhando yerwiyo cantilena melody, padyo nehunyanzvi misimboti yekunzwira tsitsi. Pakati pemabasa ezwi enguva yeBerlin, iyo Magnificat (1749) inomira pachena, yakafanana nehunyanzvi hwezita rimwe chete naJ.

Mamiriro ebasa redare pasina mubvunzo akaremedza "Berlin" Bach (sekuzotanga kudanwa kwaPhilippe Emanuel). Nziyo dzake dzakawanda hadzina kufarirwa (mambo aifarira mimhanzi yakaderera yeQuantz uye hama dzeGraun kwavari). Kuremekedzwa pakati pevamiririri vakakurumbira vevakachenjera veBerlin (kusanganisira muvambi weBerlin mabhuku uye kirabhu yemimhanzi HG Krause, masayendisiti emimhanzi I. Kirnberger naF. Marpurg, munyori uye muzivi GE Lessing), FE Bach in Panguva imwe chete, haana kuwana chinhu chekushandisa pamauto ake muguta iri. Basa rake chete, iro rakagamuchirwa mumakore iwayo, raiva dzidziso: "Chiitiko chechokwadi cheunyanzvi hwekutamba clavier" (1753-62). Muna 1767, FE Bach nemhuri yake vakatamira kuHamburg ndokugara ikoko kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwake, vachitora chigaro chemukuru wemumhanzi weguta nemakwikwi (mushure mekufa kwaHF Telemann, mwari wake, akange ave pachinzvimbo ichi kwenguva yakareba. nguva). Sezvo ave "Hamburg" Bach, Philippe Emanuel akawana kuzivikanwa kuzere, sekushaiwa kwaakaita muBerlin. Anotungamira hupenyu hwekonzati yeHamburg, anotarisira kuita kwemabasa ake, kunyanya kwaya. Kubwinya kunouya kwaari. Nekudaro, izvo zvisingatarisirwi, zveprovince kuravira kweHamburg zvakagumbura Philip Emanuel. “Hamburg, yaichimbova yakakurumbira nokuda kweopera yayo, yokutanga neyakakurumbira zvikurusa muGermany, yazova Boeotia yenziyo,” anonyora kudaro R. Rolland. "Philippe Emanuel Bach anonzwa akarasika mazviri. Apo Bernie anomushanyira, Philippe Emanuel anomuudza, kuti: “Wakauya kuno makore makumi mashanu gare gare kupfuura zvawaifanira kuva nazvo.” Uku manzwiro echisikigo ekugumbuka haaigona kuvhara makumi emakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwaFE Bach, akazova mukurumbira wenyika. MuHamburg, tarenda rake semunyori-muimbi wenziyo uye mutambi wemumhanzi wake akazviratidza nesimba idzva. "Munzvimbo dzinonzwisa tsitsi uye dzinononoka, pese paaida kuburitsa ruzha kune ruzha rurefu, aikwanisa kubvisa kubva kuchiridzwa chake kuchema kwekusuwa nekunyunyuta, izvo zvinongowanikwa pa clavichord uye, pamwe, kwaari chete, ” akanyora kudaro C. Burney. Philip Emanuel akayemura Haydn, uye venguva yake vakaongorora vatenzi vese sevakaenzana. Muchokwadi, zvakawanda zvekugadzira zvakawanikwa zveFE Bach zvakatorwa naHaydn, Mozart naBeethoven uye zvakasimudzwa kusvika pakakwirira hunyanzvi.

D. Chekhovych