Johann Sebastian Bach |

Johann sebastian bach

Bach haisi itsva, kwete yekare, chimwe chinhu chakanyanya - ndeyekusingaperi ... R. Schumann

Gore ra1520 rinoratidza mudzi wemuti wemazita wedzinza rekare remhuri yeBachs. MuGermany, mazwi okuti "Bach" uye "muimbi" aive akafanana kwemazana emakore akawanda. Zvisinei, chete mu wechishanu chizvarwa “pakati pavo ... pakabuda murume aive neunyanzvi hwaibwinya hwaipenya chiedza chaipenya zvekuti kupenya uku kwakawira pavari. Yaiva Johann Sebastian Bach, runako uye kudada kwemhuri yake uye nyika yababa, murume uyo, semumwe munhu, akatsigirwa neArt of Music. Ndizvo zvakanyorwa muna 1802 I. Forkel, munyori wekutanga wehupenyu uye mumwe wevazivi vechokwadi vemunyori pakutanga kwezana remakore idzva, nokuti zera raBach rakati zvakanaka kune mukuru cantor pakarepo mushure mekufa kwake. Asi kunyange munguva yehupenyu hweakasarudzwa we "Art of Music" zvakanga zvakaoma kudana akasarudzwa wekupedzisira. Kunze, iyo biography yaBach haina kusiyana nehupenyu hwemumwe muimbi weGermany pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi1521-22. Bach akaberekerwa mutaundi diki reThuringian reEisenach, riri padyo nenhare yeWartburg castle, uko muMiddle Ages, maererano nengano, ruvara rweminnesang rwakasangana, uye muna XNUMX-XNUMX. shoko raM. Luther rakanzwika: muWartburg muchinji mukuru akashandurira Bhaibheri mumutauro wenyika yamadzibaba.

JS Bach akanga asiri mwana mudiki, asi kubva paudiki, ari munharaunda yemimhanzi, akawana dzidzo yakakwana. Kutanga, pasi pekutungamirirwa kwemukoma wake mukuru JK Bach uye vadzidzisi vechikoro J. Arnold naE. Herda muOhrdruf (1696-99), ipapo pachikoro paSt. Michael's Church muLüneburg (1700-02). Pazera remakore 17, akanga ane harpsichord, violin, viola, organ, akaimba mukwaya, uye mushure mekuchinja kwezwi rake, akaita semutungamiri (mubatsiri weCantor). Kubva achiri mudiki, Bach ainzwa kudanwa kwake mumunda weogani, asinganeti akadzidza nevatenzi vekuMiddle neNorth Germany - J. Pachelbel, J. Lewe, G. Boehm, J. Reinken - hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza nhengo, iyo yaive iyo hwaro hweunyanzvi hwake hwokunyora. Kune izvi kunofanira kuwedzerwa kuzivana kwakawanda nemimhanzi yeEurope: Bach akatora chikamu mumakonzati edare rechechi inozivikanwa nekufarira kwayo kwechiFrench muCelle, akawana ruzivo rwakapfuma rwevatenzi veItaly vakachengetwa muraibhurari yechikoro, uye pakupedzisira, panguva yekushanya kwakadzokororwa. kuHamburg, aigona kujairana nemimhanzi yomunzvimbomo.

Muna 1702, muimbi akadzidza zvakanaka akabuda mumadziro eMichaelschule, asi Bach haana kurasikirwa nekuravira kwake kudzidza, "kutevedzera" zvese zvaigona kubatsira kuwedzera hunyanzvi hwake hwehupenyu hwese. Kuramba achivavarira kuvandudza kwakaratidza basa rake remimhanzi, iro, maererano netsika yenguva iyoyo, raibatanidzwa nechechi, guta kana dare. Kwete nemukana, izvo zvakapa ichi kana icho chinzvimbo, asi zvakasimba uye achienderera mberi, akasimuka kuenda kune inotevera nhanho yehumambo hwemimhanzi kubva kune organist (Arnstadt naMühlhausen, 1703-08) kuenda kune concertmaster (Weimar, 170817), bandmaster (Keten, 171723) ), pakupedzisira, cantor uye mutungamiriri wemimhanzi (Leipzig, 1723-50). Panguva imwecheteyo, pedyo naBach, muimbi anodzidzira, munyori weBach akakura uye akawana simba, achipfuura nepamusoro pemiganhu yemabasa chaiwo aakarongerwa mukuda kwake kwekusika uye zvaakaita. Muimbi weArnstadt anoshorwa nekuita "misiyano yakawanda isinganzwisisike mukwaya ... izvo zvakanyadzisa nharaunda." Muenzaniso weizvi ndowokutanga kumakore gumi okutanga ezana remakore rechi33. 1985 chorales yakawanikwa nguva pfupi yadarika (1705) sechikamu cheyakajairwa (kubva Kisimusi kusvika Isita) inoshanda muunganidzwa wemuLutheran organist Tsakhov, pamwe nemunyori uye theorist GA Sorge). Kusvika pamwero wakatokura, kunyomba uku kunogona kushanda kune yekutanga nhengo yeBach, iyo pfungwa yakatanga kuumbwa kare muArnstadt. Kunyanya mushure mekushanyira munguva yechando ye06-XNUMX. Lübeck, kwaakaenda pakudanwa kwaD. Buxtehude (muimbi akakurumbira uye munyori akanga achitsvaga mutsivi uyo, pamwe chete nekuwana nzvimbo muMarienkirche, akanga akagadzirira kuroora mwanasikana wake oga). Bach haana kugara muLübeck, asi kutaurirana naBuxtehude kwakasiya chiratidzo chakakosha pane rimwe basa rake rose.

Muna 1707, Bach akatamira kuMühlhausen kuti anotora nzvimbo yeoganist muchechi yeSt. Munda waipa mikana mikuru kupfuura muArnstadt, asi zviri pachena kuti haina kukwana, mumashoko aBach pachake, “kuita … mimhanzi yechechi nguva dzose uye kazhinji, kana zvichibvira, kubatsira ku… kwese kwese, uko ... rondedzero yakakura yezvinyorwa zvechechi zvakanakisa (kusiya basa kwakatumirwa kuna mejasitiriti weguta reMühlhausen musi waChikumi 25, 1708). Izvi zvinangwa Bach achaita muWeimar mudare raDuke Ernst weSaxe-Weimar, kwaakamirira zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana muchechi yenhare uye muchechi. MuWeimar, chinhu chekutanga uye chinonyanya kukosha muchikamu chenhengo chakadhirowewa. Mazuva chaiwo haana kuchengetedzwa, asi zvinoita sekuti (pakati pemamwe akawanda) mabasa ehunyanzvi akadai seToccata neFugue muD madiki, maPreludes neFugues muC madiki naF madiki, Toccata muC guru, Passacaglia muC minor, uyewo “kabhuku kanonzi Organ” kakakurumbira umo “muimbi anotanga kupihwa gwara remaitirwo ekwaya nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana.” Mukurumbira waBach, "akanakisa nyanzvi uye chipangamazano, kunyanya maererano nemaitiro ... uye kuvakwa chaiko kwenhengo", pamwe ne "phoenix yekuvandudza", yakapararira kure. Saka, makore eWeimar anosanganisira makwikwi akakundikana nemukurumbira wechiFrench uye harpsichordist L. Marchand, uyo akasiya "nhandare yehondo" asati asangana nemuvengi wake, iyo yakanga yakazara nengano.

Nekugadzwa kwake muna 1714 semutevedzeri-kapellmeister, kurota kwaBach kwe "mimhanzi yechechi yenguva dzose" yakazadzika, iyo, maererano nemitemo yechibvumirano, aifanira kupa mwedzi wega wega. Kunyanya mumhando yecantata nyowani ine zvinyorwa zvekugadzira (zvirevo zvebhaibheri, kwaya stanza, yemahara, "madrigal" nhetembo) uye inoenderana mimhanzi zvikamu (orchestral sumo, "yakaoma" uye inoperekedzwa recitatives, aria, chorale). Nekudaro, chimiro chega chega cantata chiri kure nechero stereotypes. Zvakakwana kuenzanisa maparera akadaro ekutanga kwezwi uye kugadzirwa kwechiridzwa seBWV {Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV) - chinyorwa chezvinyorwa zvemabasa naJS Bach.} 11, 12, 21. Bach haana kukanganwa nezve "repertoire yakaunganidzwa" yevamwe vanyori. Zvakadai, semuenzaniso, zvakachengetwa mumakopi eBach enguva yeWeimar, zvingangove zvakagadzirirwa kuita kuri kuuya kwePassion yaRuka nemunyori asingazivikanwe (kwenguva yakareba zvichinzi zvakakanganisa Bach) uye Passion for Mark naR. Kaiser, iyo yakashanda semuenzaniso wemabasa avo pachavo mumhando iyi.

Hapana mashoma anoshanda ari Bach - kammermusikus uye concertmaster. Ari pakati pehupenyu hwemimhanzi hwakanyanya hwedare reWeimar, aigona kujairana zvakanyanya nemimhanzi yeEurope. Senguva dzose, kuzivana uku naBach kwaive kugadzira, sezvinoratidzwa nehurongwa hwemasangano emakonti naA. Vivaldi, urongwa hwe clavier naA. Marcello, T. Albinoni nevamwe.

Makore eWeimar anoratidzirwawo nekutanga kukwidza kurudzi rwe solo violin sonata uye suite. Zvese izvi zviedzo zvekushandisa zvakawana kuita kwavo kwakanaka pavhu idzva: muna 1717, Bach akakokwa kuKeten kunzvimbo yeGrand Ducal Kapellmeister yeAnhalt-Keten. Mamiriro emimhanzi ainakidza akatonga pano nekuda kwaPrince Leopold weAnhalt-Keten pachake, anofarira mimhanzi uye muimbi airidza harpsichord, gamba, uye aive nezwi rakanaka. Zvido zvekugadzira zveBach, ane mabasa aisanganisira kuperekedza kuimba nekutamba kwemuchinda, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, hutungamiriri hwechapel yakanakisa inosanganisira 15-18 vane ruzivo rweorchestra nhengo, zvinogara zvichienda kunzvimbo yezviridzwa. Solo, kunyanya violin uye orchestral concertos, kusanganisira 6 Brandenburg makonsati, orchestral suites, solo violin uye cello sonatas. Iro ndiro rejista isina kukwana yeKeten "kukohwa".

MuKeten, mumwe mutsara unovhurwa (kana kuti unoenderera mberi, kana tichireva "Bhuku reOrgan") mubasa ratenzi: nziyo dzezvinangwa zvekudzidzisa, mumutauro waBach, "kuitira kubatsira uye kushandiswa kwevechidiki vemimhanzi vanovavarira kudzidza." Yekutanga munhevedzano iyi Wilhelm Friedemann Bach's Music Notebook (yakatanga muna 1720 yedangwe uye yaidiwa nababa vake, muimbi ane mukurumbira weramangwana). Pano, mukuwedzera kune madiki ekutamba uye kurongeka kwekwaya, kune prototypes ye1st vhoriyamu yeWell-Tempered Clavier (prelude), maviri uye matatu-chikamu Inventions (preamble uye fantasies). Bach pachake aizopedzisa kuunganidza uku muna 1722 na1723, zvichiteerana.

MuKeten, "Notebook yaAnna Magdalena Bach" (mukadzi wechipiri wemunyori) yakatangwa, iyo inosanganisira, pamwe nezvidimbu nevanyori vakasiyana, 5 kubva pa6 "French Suites". Mumakore mamwechete, "Little Preludes uye Fughettas", "English Suites", "Chromatic Fantasy uye Fugue" uye mamwe manyorerwo e clavier akagadzirwa. Sezvo nhamba yevadzidzi vaBach yakawedzera gore negore, repertoire yake yekudzidzisa yakazadzikiswa, iyo yaizove chikoro chekuita zvemitambo yezvizvarwa zvose zvinotevera zvevaimbi.

Rondedzero yeKeten opus yaizove isina kukwana pasina kutaura nziyo dzemazwi. Iyi izere nhevedzano yemacantatas ekunyika, mazhinji ayo asina kuchengetedzwa uye akagamuchira hupenyu hwechipiri nechekare netsva, zvinyorwa zvemweya. Nenzira yakawanda, iyo yakavanzika, kwete kuvata pamusoro pebasa repamusoro mumunda wezwi (muReformed Church yeKeten "mimhanzi yenguva dzose" yakanga isingadiwi) yakabereka zvibereko munguva yekupedzisira uye yakawanda kwazvo yebasa ratenzi.

Bach anopinda mumunda mutsva weCantor weSt. Thomas School uye mutungamiriri wemimhanzi weguta reLeipzig asina chinhu: "muedzo" cantatas BWV 22, 23 yakatonyorwa; Magnificat; "Passion according to John". Leipzig ndiyo yekupedzisira chiteshi chekudzungaira kwaBach. Nechekunze, kunyanya tichitonga nechikamu chechipiri chezita rake, nzvimbo yaidiwa yevakuru vehurumende yakasvikwa pano. Panguva imwe cheteyo, “Kuzvipira” (14 checkpoints), kwaaifanira kusaina “nezvekutora chigaro” uye kutadza kuzadzisa uko kwakanga kwakazara nemakakatanwa nechechi nevatungamiriri veguta, kunopupurira kuoma kwechikamu ichi. yeBach's biography. Makore matatu okutanga (3-1723) akanga akazvipira kumimhanzi yechechi. Kusvikira kukakavara nevakuru kwatanga uye mejasitiriti achipa mari yemimhanzi yeliturgical, izvo zvaireva kuti vaimbi vane hunyanzvi vaigona kubatanidzwa mukuridza, simba remugadziri mutsva harina miganhu. Yese Weimar naKöthen ruzivo rwakadururwa muLeipzig yekugadzira.

Huyero hwezvakaumbwa uye zvakaitwa panguva iyi zvechokwadi hazviyereki: anopfuura 150 cantatas akagadzirwa vhiki nevhiki (!), 2nd ed. "Passion maererano naJohani", uye maererano nedata idzva, uye "Passion maererano naMateo". Kutanga kweichi basa rakakosha zvikuru reBach haawire muna 1729, sezvaifungwa kusvika zvino, asi muna 1727. Kudzikira kwesimba rekuita kwecantor, zvikonzero izvo Bach akagadzira mune inozivikanwa kwazvo "Projekiti yezvakanaka. mamiriro ezvinhu munziyo dzechechi, pamwe chete nokuwedzera kwokufunga kusingarerekereri pamusoro pokuderera kwayo” (August 23, 1730, memorandamu kumutongi weLeipzig), akaripwa nemabasa orumwe rudzi. Bach Kapellmeister anouya zvakare kumberi, panguva ino achitungamira mudzidzi weCollegium musicum. Bach akatungamira denderedzwa iri muna 1729-37, uyezve muna 1739-44 (?) Nemakonzati evhiki nevhiki muZimmermann Garden kana Zimmermann Coffee House, Bach akaita mupiro wakakura kuupenyu hweveruzhinji hwemumhanzi weguta. Iyo repertoire ndiyo yakasiyana-siyana: symphonies (orchestral suites), cantatas yenyika uye, hongu, concertos - "chingwa" chemisangano yose yeamateur uye nyanzvi yenguva. Apa ndipo pakatanga kumuka zvakasiyana-siyana zveLeipzig zvemakonzati aBach - eclavier neorchestra, ari magadzirirwo ekonsato yake yeviolin, violin neoboe, zvichingodaro. Pakati pawo pane makonzati echinyakare muD minor, F minor, A major. .

Nerubatsiro runoshanda rwedenderedzwa reBach, hupenyu hwemumhanzi hweguta muLeipzig hwakaendererawo mberi, ingave "mumhanzi wakasimba pazuva rakanaka rezita raAugustus II, wakaitwa manheru achivhenekerwa mubindu reZimmermann", kana " Mimhanzi yemanheru ine mabhosvo netimpani” mukukudza Augustus mumwe chete, kana kuti “nziyo dzeusiku dzine mazhenje mazhinji ewakisi, nekurira kwehwamanda netimpani”, zvichingodaro. nzvimbo yakakosha ndeyeMissa yakatsaurirwa kuna Augustus III (Kyrie, Gloria, 1733) - chikamu chechimwe chisikwa chikuru cheBach - Misa muB diki, yakapera muna 1747-48. Mumakore gumi apfuura, Bach akatarisa zvakanyanya pane zvese pamimhanzi isina chero chinangwa chakashandiswa. Iri ndiro vhoriyamu yechipiri yeThe Well-Tempered Clavier (1744), pamwe chete nepartitas, iyo Italian Concerto, iyo Organ Mass, iyo Aria ine Kusiyana kwakasiyana (inonzi Goldberg's mushure mekufa kwaBach), iyo yakaverengerwa muunganidzwa Clavier Exercises. . Kusiyana nemimhanzi yeliturgical, iyo Bach sezviri pachena aiiona semutero kune hunyanzvi, akatsvaga kuita kuti maopus ake asina-kushandiswa awanikwe kune veruzhinji. Pasi pehupepeti hwake pachake, Clavier Exercises uye akati wandei edzimwe nziyo akabudiswa, kusanganisira ekupedzisira maviri, makuru echiridzwa mabasa.

Muna 1737, muzivi uye munyori wezvakaitika kare, mudzidzi weBach, L. Mitzler, akaronga Sosaiti yeMumhanzi Sayenzi muLeipzig, apo counterpoint, kana, sezvatingataura zvino, polyphony, yakaonekwa se "kutanga pakati pevakaenzana". Panguva dzakasiyana, G. Telemann, GF Handel akakumbanira Sosaiti. Muna 1747, mukuru wepolyphonist JS Bach akava nhengo. Mugore rimwe chetero, munyori akashanyira imba yehumambo muPotsdam, kwaakavandudza chiridzwa chitsva panguva iyoyo - piyano - pamberi paFrederick II pane dingindira raakaisa. Pfungwa yehumambo yakadzoserwa kumunyori zvakapetwa kazana - Bach akagadzira chiyeuchidzo chisingaenzaniswi chehunyanzvi hwekupikisa - "Musical Offering", kutenderera kwakakura kwegumi canon, maviri ricercars uye mana-chikamu chetatu sonata chenyere, violin uye harpsichord.

Uye pedyo ne "Musical Offering" kutenderera kutsva "kwakasviba-kamwe" kwaive kukura, pfungwa yeiyo yakatanga mukutanga 40s. Ndiyo "Art of the Fugue" ine marudzi ese ekupikisa uye canons. "Kurwara (kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu hwake, Bach akaita bofu. - TF) rakamutadzisa kupedza penultimate fugue ... uye kushanda kunze kwekupedzisira ... Basa iri rakaona chiedza mushure mekufa kwemunyori, "ichicherechedza hunyanzvi hwepamusoro-soro hwepolyphonic.

Mumiririri wekupedzisira wemazana emakore ekare tsika dzemadzitateguru uye panguva imwechete iyo yakashongedzerwa pasi rose muimbi wenguva itsva - iyi ndiyo nzira iyo JS Bach inoratidzika munhoroondo yezvakaitika kare. Muimbi akakwanisa kunge pasina mumwe munhu munguva yake yerupo kuti mazita makuru abatanidze zvisingaenderane. Kanoni yechiDutch nekonisati yeItaly, korale yechiPurotesitendi uye divertissement yeFrench, liturgical monody neItalian virtuosic aria… Sanganisa zvese zvakachinjika uye zvakadzika, zvese muhupamhi nekudzika. Naizvozvo, zvakasununguka kupindira mumimhanzi yake, mumashoko enguva, maitiro e "theatre, chamber uye chechi", polyphony uye homophony, instrumental uye mazwi ekutanga. Ndokusaka zvikamu zvakaparadzana zvichitama zviri nyore kubva pakuumbwa kuenda kuumbirwo, zvese zvichichengetedza (senge, semuenzaniso, muMisa muB diki, zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvinosanganisira mimhanzi yakamboridzwa), uye kuchinja zvakanyanya chitarisiko chavo: aria kubva kuMuchato Cantata. (BWV 202) inova magumo eiyo violin iyo sonatas (BWV 1019), iyo symphony nekwaya kubva kucantata (BWV 146) yakafanana neyokutanga uye inononoka zvikamu zve clavier Concerto muD madiki (BWV 1052), iyo yakawedzera. kubva kuOrchestral Suite muD huru (BWV 1069), yakafumiswa nekwaya inonzwika, inovhura cantata BWV110. Mienzaniso yerudzi urwu yakagadzira encyclopedia yose. Muzvinhu zvose (iyo chete inosara ndeye opera), tenzi akataura zvizere uye zvakakwana, sekunge achipedzisa kushanduka kweimwe rudzi. Uye zvinofananidzira zvakadzama kuti chadenga chepfungwa dzaBach Iyo Art of the Fugue, yakanyorwa muchimiro chechibodzwa, haina mirairo yekuita. Bach, sokunge zvakadaro, anotaura naye zvose vaimbi. “Mubhuku iri,” F. Marpurg akanyora musumo yechinyorwa cheThe Art of Fugue, “runako rwakavanzwa zvikurusa runofungidzirika muunyanzvi uhwu rwakavharirwa …” Aya mashoko haana kunzwiwa navanhu vakanga vari pedyo zvikuru nomunyori wacho. Pakanga pasina mutengi kwete echinyorwa chakaganhurirwa chekunyoresa, asiwo che "mapuranga akanyorwa zvakachena uye zvakatsvinda" ehunyanzvi hwaBach, akaziviswa kutengeswa muna 1756 "kubva ruoko kuenda kune ruoko nemutengo unonzwisisika" naPhilippe Emanuel, "kuitira kuti. basa iri nderekubatsira veruzhinji - rakazivikanwa kwese kwese. Kassock yekukanganwa yakarembesa zita remukuru. Asi kukanganwa uku hakuna kumbobvira kwapera. Mabasa aBach, akaburitswa, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, akanyorwa nemaoko - mumaotographs uye akawanda makopi - akagadzika mumiunganidzwa yevadzidzi vake nevanoziva, vese vane mukurumbira uye vasina kunyatsojeka. Pakati pavo pane vanyori I. Kirnberger uye F. Marpurg atodudzwa; nyanzvi huru yemimhanzi yekare, Baron van Swieten, muimba yake WA Mozart akabatana naBach; munyori uye mudzidzisi K. Nefe, uyo akakurudzira rudo rweBach kumudzidzi wake L. Beethoven. Atova kuma70s. Muzana remakore rechi11 rinotanga kuunganidza zvinhu zvebhuku rake I. Forkel, uyo akaisa nheyo yebazi idzva remumhanzi - zvidzidzo zveBach. Pakuvamba kwezana remakore, mutungamiriri weBerlin Singing Academy, shamwari uye mutori wenhau weIW Goethe K. Zelter, ainyanya kushanda. Muridzi wemuunganidzwa wakapfuma kwazvo wezvinyorwa zveBach, akapa chimwe chazvo kuna F. Mendelssohn ane makore makumi maviri. Aya aive Matthew Passion, chiitiko chenhoroondo chakaitika muna Chivabvu 1829, XNUMX chakazivisa kuuya kwenguva itsva yeBach. "Bhuku rakavharwa, pfuma yakavigwa muvhu" (B. Marx) yakavhurwa, uye rukova rune simba rwe "Bach movement" rwakatsvaira nyika yose yemimhanzi.

Nhasi, ruzivo rwakakura rwakaunganidzwa mukudzidza nekusimudzira basa remunyori mukuru. Bach Society yave iripo kubvira 1850 (kubvira 1900, New Bach Society, iyo muna 1969 yakava sangano renyika dzakawanda rine zvikamu muGDR, FRG, USA, Czechoslovakia, Japan, France, nedzimwe nyika). Pachirongwa cheNBO, Bach mitambo inoitwa, pamwe nemakwikwi epasi rose evatambi vakatumidzwa zita. JS Bach. Muna 1907, padanho reNBO, iyo Bach Museum muEisenach yakavhurwa, iyo nhasi ine vanoverengeka vanobatana navo mumaguta akasiyana eGermany, kusanganisira iyo yakavhurwa muna 1985 pamakore mazana matatu ekuzvarwa kwemunyori "Johann- Sebastian-Bach- Museum” muLeipzig.

Kune yakakura network yeBach masangano munyika. Makurusa acho iBach-Institut muGöttingen (Germany) uye National Research and Memorial Center yeJS Bach muFederal Republic of Germany muLeipzig. Makumi emakore apfuura akave akacherechedzwa nehuwandu hwezvakakosha zvakabudirira: iyo mana-vhoriyamu Bach-Documente muunganidzwa wakaburitswa, kutsva kwenguva yezvinyorwa zvezwi kwakamiswa, pamwe neArt of the Fugue, gumi nemana yaimbozivikanwa canons kubva Goldberg Variations uye 14 chorales yeogani yakaburitswa. Kubva 33, iyo Institute muGöttingen neBach Center muLeipzig vanga vachiita chinyorwa chitsva chakakosha chemabasa akazara eBach. Kudhindwa kwerondedzero yekuongorora uye yebhaibheri yemabasa aBach "Bach-Compendium" achibatsirana neHarvard University (USA) inoenderera.

Maitiro ekuziva nhaka yaBach haaperi, saBach pachake haaperi - sosi risingaperi (ngatirangarirei mutambo wakakurumbira wemazwi: der Bach - rukova) wezviitiko zvepamusoro-soro zvemweya wemunhu.

T. Frumkis

Hunhu hwekusika

Basa raBach, rinenge risingazivikanwi munguva yehupenyu hwake, rakakanganwa kwenguva refu mushure mekufa kwake. Zvakatora nguva refu zvisati zvaita kuti tinyatso koshesa nhaka yakasiiwa nemunyori mukurusa.

Kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX kwaive kwakaoma uye kuchipokana. Pesvedzero yepfungwa yekare yefeudal-aristocratic yakanga yakasimba; asi mabukira emabhunu matsva, ayo airatidza zvidikanwi zvepamweya zveboka revadiki, rekare remabhunu, rakanga rava kutotanga nekukura.

Mukurwisana kwakanyanya kwenzira, kuburikidza nekuramba uye kuparadzwa kwezvimiro zvekare, unyanzvi hutsva hwakasimbiswa. Kutonhora kwepamusoro kwenjodzi yekare, nemitemo yayo, marongero, uye mifananidzo yakatangwa nevanokudzwa aesthetics, yakashorwa nebhuku rebourgeois, mutambo unonzwisa tsitsi kubva kuhupenyu hwePhilistine. Kusiyana neyakajairwa uye yekushongedza yedare opera, simba, nyore uye democratic chimiro cheiyo comic opera yakasimudzirwa; Mumhanzi wakareruka uye usingaremekedzi werudzi rwemazuva ese wakaiswa pamberi uchipesana nechechi "yakadzidzwa" art yeva polyphonists.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, hukuru hwemafomu uye nzira dzekutaura dzakagara nhaka kubva kare mumabasa aBach zvakapa chikonzero chekufunga kuti basa rake nderechinyakare uye rakaoma. Munguva yekufarira kwakapararira kwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi, nemhando dzayo dzakanaka uye zviri nyore zvirimo, mimhanzi yaBach yairatidzika kunge yakaoma uye isinganzwisisike. Kunyange vanakomana vemunyori vaiita basa ravaiona kunze kwekudzidza.

Bach aidiwa pachena nevaimbi vane nhoroondo yemazita asina kuchengetedzwa; nerumwe rutivi, ivo havana “kungoshandisa kudzidza bedzi”, vaiva ne“kuravira, kungwara nokunzwira tsitsi.”

Vateveri vemimhanzi yechechi yeOrthodox vaivengawo Bach. Nokudaro, basa raBach, rakanga risati rasvika nguva yaro, rakarambwa nevatsigiri veunyanzvi hwounyanzvi, pamwe chete naavo vaiona mumhanzi waBach nenzira ine mufungo kutyorwa kwechechi nengano dzenhau.

Mukurwisana kwenzira dzinopokana dzeiyi nguva yakaoma munhoroondo yemimhanzi, nzira inotungamira yakabuda zvishoma nezvishoma, nzira dzekuvandudzwa kweiyo itsva dzakauya, izvo zvakatungamira kune symphonism yaHaydn, Mozart, kune iyo operatic art yeGluck. Uye chete kubva kumusoro, uko maartist makuru ekupedzisira kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX akasimudzira tsika yemimhanzi, iyo yakakura nhaka yaJohann Sebastian Bach yakatanga kuoneka.

Mozart naBeethoven ndivo vakatanga kuziva zvarinoreva zvechokwadi. Mozart, atove munyori weMuchato waFigaro naDon Giovanni, paakajairana nemabasa aBach, aisambozivikanwa kwaari, akati: "Pane zvakawanda zvekudzidza pano!" Beethoven nechido anoti: “Eg ist kein Bach – er ist ein Ozean” (“Haasi rukova – igungwa”). Maererano naSerov, aya mazwi ekufananidzira anonyatsoratidza "kudzama kwakakura kwekufunga uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvisingaverengeki zvezvimiro muunyanzvi hwaBach."

Kubva muzana ramakore re1802, kumutsidzira kunononoka kwebasa raBach kunotanga. Muna 1850, nhoroondo yekutanga yemunyori yakaonekwa, yakanyorwa nemunyori wenhoroondo weGermany Forkel; nezvinhu zvakapfuma uye zvinonakidza, akakwevera pfungwa kune hupenyu uye hunhu hwaBach. Kutenda kune inoshingaira propaganda yeMendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, mimhanzi yaBach yakatanga kupinda zvishoma nezvishoma munzvimbo yakafara. Muna 30, Bach Society yakaumbwa, iyo yakagadza senharidzano yayo yokuwana nokuunganidza zvinyorwa zvose zvamanyoro zvakanga zviri zvomuimbi mukuru, ndokuabudisa muchimiro cheboka rakakwana ramabhuku. Kubva kumaXNUMX ezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, basa raBach rakaunzwa zvishoma nezvishoma muhupenyu hwemimhanzi, kurira kubva pachikuva, uye rinosanganisirwa mune repertoire yedzidzo. Asi pakanga paine maonero mazhinji aipokana mukududzirwa uye kuongororwa kwemimhanzi yaBach. Vamwe vanyori venhoroondo vakaratidza Bach seanofunga abstract, achishanda neabstract mimhanzi uye masvomhu mafomula, vamwe vakamuona seasinganzwisisike akavharirwa kubva kuhupenyu kana muimbi wechechi yeorthodox philanthropist.

Kunyanya kushata pakunzwisisa zvirimo mumhanzi waBach aive mafungire pairi sedura repolyphonic "huchenjeri". Maonero akafanana akadzikisa basa raBach kusvika pachinzvimbo chebhuku revadzidzi vepolyphony. Serov akanyora nezveizvi nehasha: "Pane imwe nguva iyo nyika yese yemimhanzi yaitarisa mimhanzi yaSebastian Bach semarara echikoro, marara, ayo dzimwe nguva, semuenzaniso, muClavecin bien tempere, akakodzera kurovedza munwe, pamwe chete. nezvikeche naMoscheles uye maekisesaizi naCzerny. Kubva panguva yaMendelssohn, kuravira kwakarerekera kuna Bach, zvakanyanya kupfuura panguva yaakararama iye pachake - uye iko zvino kuchine "vatungamiriri veconservatories" avo, muzita reConservatism, havanyare kudzidzisa vadzidzi vavo. kutamba fugues dzaBach pasina kutaura, kureva, se "maekisesaizi", sezviitwa zvekutyora munwe ... mwoyo, nokutya nokutenda, ndiwo mabasa aBhaki mukuru.

MuRussia, maonero akanaka kune basa reBach akatemerwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Kuongororwa kwemabasa aBach kwakaonekwa mu "Pocket Book for Music Lovers" yakabudiswa muSt.

Kune vaimbi vekuRussia vaimbi, hunyanzvi hwaBach hwakanga huri mucherechedzo wesimba guru rekusika, richipfumisa nekufambisira mberi tsika dzevanhu zvisingaite. Vaimbi veRussia vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana uye maitiro vakakwanisa kunzwisisa muBach polyphony yakaoma nhetembo yemanzwiro uye simba rinoshanda rekufunga.

Kudzika kwemifananidzo yemimhanzi yaBach hakuyereki. Imwe neimwe yadzo inokwanisa kuve nenyaya, nhetembo, nyaya; zviitiko zvakakosha zvinoonekwa mune imwe neimwe, iyo inogona kuiswa zvakaenzana mumachira emumhanzi akakura kana akaiswa mune laconic miniature.

Kusiyana kwehupenyu munguva yakapfuura, yemazuva ano uye yeramangwana, zvose izvo mudetembi akafuridzirwa anogona kunzwa, izvo munhu anofunga uye muzivi anogona kufungisisa pamusoro pazvo, zviri muunyanzvi hwakazara hweBach. Huru yekugadzira yakakura yakabvumira kushanda panguva imwe chete pamabasa ezvikero zvakasiyana, marudzi, uye mafomu. Mimhanzi yaBach inosanganisa monumentality yemhando dzezvishuwo, iyo B-diki Misa nekureruka kusingadzoreki kwezvinyorwa zvidiki kana zvigadzirwa; dhirama rezvinyorwa zveorgan uye cantatas - ine kufungisisa mazwi ekwaya preludes; kurira kwekamuri ye filigree preludes uye fugues yeWell-Tempered Clavier ine virtuoso kupenya uye simba reBrandenburg Concertos.

Hunhu hwemanzwiro uye huzivi hwemimhanzi yaBach huri muhumunhu hwakadzama, murudo rusina udyire kuvanhu. Anonzwira tsitsi munhu ari munhamo, anogoverana mifaro yake, anonzwira tsitsi nokuda kwezvokwadi nokururamisira. Muunyanzvi hwake, Bach anoratidza hukuru uye hwakanaka hwakavanzwa mumunhu; nzira dzepfungwa dzetsika dzakazadzwa nebasa rake.

Kwete muhondo inoshingaira uye kwete muzviito zvehugamba Bach anoratidza gamba rake. Kuburikidza nezviitiko zvepfungwa, kufungisisa, manzwiro, maitiro ake kune chokwadi, kune nyika yakamupoteredza inoratidzwa. Bach haabvi kubva kuhupenyu chaihwo. Chakanga chiri chokwadi chechokwadi, nhamo dzakatsungirirwa navanhu veGermany, dzakaparira mifananidzo yengwavaira huru; Hazvisi pasina kuti dingindira rekutambura rinomhanya nemumhanzi wese waBach. Asi rima renyika yakapoteredza harina kukwanisa kuparadza kana kubvisa kunzwa kwekusingaperi kwehupenyu, mufaro uye tariro huru. Madingindira ekupembera, manyawi echido anopindirana nemadingindira ekutambura, achiratidza chokwadi mukubatana kwawo kunosiyana.

Bach akakurisa zvakaenzana mukuratidza manzwiro akapfava emunhu uye mukuburitsa kudzika kwehuchenjeri hwevanhu, munjodzi huru uye mukuburitsa chishuwo chepasirese kupasi.

Bach's art inoratidzirwa nekudyidzana kwepedyo uye kubatana kwese mativi ayo. Kubatana kwezvinyorwa zvedimikira kunoita kuti epics echinyakare ezvishuwo zvine chekuita nediki-diki yeWell-Tempered Clavier, iwo mafrescoes makuru e-B-minor mass - ane masutu eviolin kana harpsichord.

Bach haina mutsauko wakakosha pakati pemimhanzi yemweya uye yenyika. Izvo zvinowanzoitika ndezvemhando yemifananidzo yemimhanzi, nzira yekufananidzira, nzira dzekuvandudza. Hazvina tsanga kuti Bach akatamiswa zviri nyore kubva kumabasa ekunyika kuenda kune emweya kwete chete madingindira ega ega, episodhi hombe, asi kunyange nhamba dzakapedzwa, pasina kushandura chero chirongwa chekuumbwa kana chimiro chemimhanzi. Iwo madingindira ekutambura nekusuwa, kuratidzwa kwehuzivi, kunakidzwa kwevarimi kusingayereki kunogona kuwanikwa mumacantatas uye oratorios, mune zveorgan fantasies uye fugues, mune clavier kana violin suites.

Harisi basa rerudzi rwemweya kana rwenyika rinosarudza kukosha kwaro. Kukosha kusingaperi kwezvisikwa zvaBach kuri mukukwirira kwemazano, mupfungwa yakadzika yetsika yaanoisa mune chero chinyorwa, chingave chenyika kana chemweya, murunako uye isingawanzo kukwana yemafomu.

Kusika kwaBach kunokwereta simba rayo, kuchena kwetsika uye simba guru kune unyanzvi hwevanhu. Bach akagara nhaka tsika dzechinyakare kunyora nziyo uye kugadzira mimhanzi kubva kumarudzi mazhinji evaimbi, vakagara mupfungwa dzake kuburikidza nekuona kwakananga kwekurarama tsika dzemimhanzi. Pakupedzisira, kunyatsoongorora zviyeuchidzo zveunyanzvi hwemimhanzi yevanhu kwakawedzera ruzivo rwaBach. Chiyeuchidzo chakadaro uye panguva imwe chete chisikwa chisingaperi kwaari chaive rwiyo rwechiPurotesitendi.

Chimbo chePurotesitendi chine nhoroondo refu. Munguva yeReformation, nziyo dzekwaya, sedziyo dzehondo, dzakakurudzira nekubatanidza ruzhinji mukurwa. Kwaya inoti “Ishe inhare yedu”, yakanyorwa naLuther, yairatidza kumukira kwevaPurotesitendi, yakava rwiyo rweKuchinja.

Chinjo yakashandisa zvikuru nziyo dzevanhu venyika, nziyo dzave dzichizivikanwa kwenguva refu muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Pasinei nezvavaimboita, zvaiwanzova zvisina musoro uye zvisinganzwisisike, zvinyorwa zvechitendero zvakanamirwa pazviri, uye zvakashanduka kuita nziyo dzekwaya. Huwandu hwemakwaya hwaisanganisira kwete nziyo dzechiGerman chete, asiwo dzeFrench, Italian, neCzech.

Panzvimbo penziyo dzechiKaturike dzisiri dzechienzi kuvanhu, dzinoimbwa nekwaya mumutauro usinganzwisisiki wechiLatin, nziyo dzekwaya dzinosvikika kuvatendi vose dzinotangwa, dzinoimbwa nenzanga yose mumutauro wavo vamene wechiGermany.

Saka nziyo dzenyika dzakadzika midzi ndokuchinjira kuchitendero chitsva ichi. Kuitira kuti “boka rose rechiKristu ribatane mukuimba,” mutinhimira wekwaya unotorwa nenzwi riri pamusoro, uye mamwe manzwi asara anova muperekedzi; polyphony yakaoma inorerutswa uye inomanikidzwa kubuda muchorale; yakakosha imba yekuchengetera kwaya inoumbwa umo rhythmic kugara, tsika yekubatanidza kuita ruzha rwemanzwi ese uye kuratidza iyo yepamusoro melodic inosanganiswa nekufamba kwemanzwi epakati.

Musanganiswa wakasarudzika wepolyphony uye homophony chimiro chechorale.

Nziyo dzechivanhu, dzakachinjwa kuva nziyo, zvisinei dzakaramba dziri nziyo dzechinyakare, uye miunganidzwa yenziyo dzechiPurotesitendi yakazova dura nepfuma yenziyo dzechivanhu. Bach akaburitsa iyo yakapfuma melodic zvinhu kubva muunganidzwa wekare; akadzokera kunziyo dzekwaya mashoko emirangariro nomudzimu zvenziyo dzechiPurotesitendi dzeChinjo, akadzorera nziyo dzekwaya kurevo yadzo yekare, ndiko kuti, akamutsa rwiyo rwekwaya somutoo wokuratidzirwa kwemifungo nemirangariro zvavanhu.

Chorale haisiriyo yega mhando yekubatana kwemimhanzi yaBach nehunyanzvi hwevanhu. Iyo yakasimba uye yakabereka zvibereko yaive pesvedzero yemhando yemimhanzi yemhando dzakasiyana siyana. Muzvishandiso zvakawanda uye zvimwe zvidimbu, Bach haingogadziri zvakare mifananidzo yemazuva ese mimhanzi; anovandudza nenzira itsva akawanda emhando dzakatangwa kunyanya muhupenyu hwemaguta uye anogadzira mikana yekuenderera mberi kwavo.

Mafomu akakweretwa kubva kumimhanzi yechivanhu, nziyo nemitambo yekutamba anogona kuwanikwa mune chero mabasa aBach. Tisingarevi mimhanzi yenyika, anoishandisa zvakanyanya uye nenzira dzakasiyana munziyo dzake dzemweya: mu cantatas, oratorios, zvido, uye B-diki Misa.

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Nhaka yeBach yekugadzira inenge yakakura. Kunyange zvakasara zvinoverenga mazana akawanda emazita. Zvinozivikanwa zvakare kuti nhamba huru yezvinyorwa zvaBach zvakazorasika zvisingaite. Pamazana matatu cantatas aive aBach, angangoita zana akanyangarika pasina kuteedzera. Pazvishuwo zvishanu, Passion maererano naJohani uye Passion maererano naMateo zvakachengetedzwa.

Bach akatanga kunyora akanonoka. Mabasa okutanga anozivikanwa kwatiri akanyorwa pazera remakore anenge makumi maviri; hapana mubvunzo kuti ruzivo rwebasa rinoshanda, rakazvimiririra rakawana ruzivo rwedzidziso rakaita basa rakakura, sezvo nechekare muzvinyorwa zveBach zvekutanga munhu anogona kunzwa kuvimba kwekunyora, ushingi hwekufunga uye kutsvaga kwekugadzira. Nzira yekubudirira haina kureba. Kuna Bach semuimbi, yakauya pekutanga mumunda wemimhanzi yenhengo, ndiko kuti, munguva yeWeimar. Asi hunyanzvi hwemunyori hwakaratidzwa zvizere uye zvizere muLeipzig.

Bach akabhadhara zvakada kuenzana kutarisisa kumarudzi ese emimhanzi. Nekutsungirira kunoshamisa uye chido chekuvandudza, akawana kune imwe neimwe kuumbwa kwakasiyana kuchena kwekristalline kwemaitiro, kuwirirana kwekirasi yezvinhu zvose zvezvose.

Haana kumboneta nokugadzirisazve uye “kururamisa” zvaakanga anyora, vhoriyamu kana ukuru hwebasa racho hazvina kumumisa. Saka, manyoro evhoriyamu yekutanga yeThe Well-Tempered Clavier akakopwa naye kana. Mushumo maererano naJohane wakava neshanduko dzakawanda; shanduro yekutanga ye "Passion maererano naJohani" inoreva 1724, uye shanduro yekupedzisira - kumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake. Mazhinji ezvinyorwa zvaBach zvakagadziridzwa uye kururamiswa kakawanda.

Muvambi mukuru uye muvambi wemarudzi akati wandei matsva, Bach haana kumbobvira anyora maopera uye haana kana kumboedza kuzviita. Zvakangodaro, Bach akaisa iyo inoshamisa operatic maitiro nenzira yakafara uye inosiyana. Iyo prototype yezvinyorwa zvepamusoro zveBach zvakasimudzwa, zvinonzwisa tsitsi kana zvehugamba zvinogona kuwanikwa mune zvinoshamisa operatic monologues, mumainzwi eoperatic lamentos, mune yakanakisa heroics yeFrench opera imba.

Muzvinyorwa zvezwi, Bach anoshandisa akasununguka marudzi ese ekuimba ega akagadziridzwa nemaitiro ekuvhiya, mhando dzakasiyana dzearias, recitatives. Haadzivisi ensembles ezwi, anotanga nzira inofadza yekuita konzati, kureva, makwikwi pakati pezwi rega uye chiridzwa.

Mune mamwe mabasa, akadai, semuenzaniso, muThe St. Matthew Passion, nheyo dzekutanga dze operatic dramaturgy (kubatana pakati pemimhanzi nemutambo, kuenderera mberi kwemimhanzi uye kukura kunoshamisa) inobatanidzwa zvakanyanya kudarika mumitambo yeItaly yemazuva ano naBach. . Kanopfuura kamwe Bach aifanira kuteerera kunyomba kwemitambo yemitambo yechitendero.

Idzo nyaya dzechinyakare dzeevhangeri kana zvinyorwa zvemweya zvakaiswa kumumhanzi zvakaponesa Bach kubva "kupomerwa" kwakadaro. Tsanangudzo yemifananidzo yaizivikanwa yakanga iri mukupokanidzana kuri pachena zvikuru nemitemo yechechi yeOrthodox, uye zviri mukati nechimiro chenyika chenziyo zvaipesana nepfungwa pamusoro pechinangwa nechinangwa chemimhanzi muchechi.

Hukuru hwepfungwa, kugona kwezvakadzama zvehuzivi hwezviitiko zvehupenyu, kugona kuisa pfungwa pazvinhu zvakaoma mumifananidzo yemimhanzi yakamanikidzwa kwakazviratidza nesimba risingawanzo mumhanzi waBach. Izvi zvimiro zvakatemesa kudikanwa kwekuvandudzwa kwenguva refu kweiyo mimhanzi pfungwa, yakakonzera chishuwo chekuenderana uye kuzere kuburitswa kwezvakajeka zvemukati zvemufananidzo wemimhanzi.

Bach akawana mitemo yakawanda uye yechisikigo yekufamba kwekufunga kwemimhanzi, yakaratidza nguva dzose yekukura kwemufananidzo wemimhanzi. Aive wekutanga kuwana nekushandisa iyo yakakosha pfuma yepolyphonic mimhanzi: iyo dynamics uye logic yemaitiro ekufumura mitsetse yemelodic.

Nziyo dzaBach dzakazadzwa nekamwe symphony. Iyo yemukati symphonic development inobatanidza huwandu hwakapedzwa huwandu hweB hudiki hudiki kuita hunoenderana huzere, hunopa chinangwa kune kufamba mudiki fugues yeWell-Tempered Clavier.

Bach anga asiri iye chete mukuru wepolyphonist, asiwo akanakisa harmonist. Ndosaka Beethoven akafunga Bach sababa vekuwirirana. Kune akati wandei emabasa eBach umo iyo homophonic warehouse inotungamira, uko mafomu uye nzira dzepolyphony dzinenge dzisingambo shandiswe. Zvinoshamisa dzimwe nguva mavari ndiko kushinga kwechord-harmonic sequences, iyo yakasarudzika ratidziro yezvinonzwika, zvinoonekwa setarisiro iri kure yekufunga kwekunzwana kwevaimbi vezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Kunyangwe mune zvivakwa zveBach chete zvepolyphonic, mutsara wavo haukanganise nekunzwa kwekuzara kweharmonic.

Manzwiro emasimba emakiyi, ekubatanidza tonal aivewo matsva kunguva yaBach. Kukura kweLadotonal, kufamba kweladotonal chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha uye hwaro hwechimiro chezvakawanda zvezvinyorwa zveBach. Iyo yakawanikwa hukama hwematoni uye hukama hwakazove fungidziro yemaitiro akafanana mune sonata mafomu eViennese classics.

Asi pasinei nekukosha kukuru kwekuwanikwa mumunda wekuwirirana, manzwiro akadzama uye kuziva kwetambo uye kushanda kwayo kwekubatanidza, kufunga kwemunyori ndeye polyphonic, mifananidzo yake yemimhanzi inoberekwa kubva kune zvinhu zvepolyphony. Rimsky-Korsakov akanyora kuti: “Kupikisa waiva mutauro wenhetembo wemunyori akangwara.

Kuna Bach, polyphony yakanga isiri nzira yekutaura pfungwa dzemimhanzi: Bach akanga ari mudetembi wechokwadi wepolyphony, mudetembi akakwana uye akasiyana zvokuti kumutsiridza kwechimiro ichi kwaikwanisika chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana uye pane zvakasiyana.

Bach's polyphony, kutanga kwezvose, rwiyo, kufamba kwayo, kukura kwayo, ihwo hupenyu hwakazvimirira hwezwi rimwe nerimwe remhanzi uye kupindirana kwemanzwi akawanda mumucheka unonzwika unofamba, umo nzvimbo yezwi rimwe inotsanangurwa nechinzvimbo chezwi. mumwe. "... Iyo polyphonal style," anonyora Serov, "pamwe nekukwanisa kuwirirana, inoda tarenda guru remimhanzi mumunyori. Harmony chete, ndiko kuti, kubatanidzwa kwedeft yechords, hazvibviri kubvisa pano. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti izwi rega rega riende rakazvimiririra uye rinonakidza mune yaro melodic kosi. Uye kubva kudivi rino, zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa mumunda wekugadzira mimhanzi, hapana muimbi asina kuenzana chete naJohann Sebastian Bach, asi akakodzera hupfumi hwake hwemimhanzi. Kana isu tikanzwisisa izwi rekuti "melody" kwete mupfungwa yevaenzi vekuItaly opera, asi mupfungwa yechokwadi yekuzvimiririra, yakasununguka kufamba kwekutaura kwemimhanzi muzwi rega rega, kufamba kunogara kwakadzama nhetembo uye kunoreva zvakadzama, saka hapana muimbi mukati. nyika yakakura kupfuura Bach.

V. Galatskaya

• Bach's organ art →
• Bach's clavier art →
• Bach's Well-Hasha Clavier →
• Basa rezwi raBach →
• Kufarira naBaha →
• Cantata Baha →
• Bach's Violin Art →
• Chamber-instrumental kusika kweBach →
• Prelude uye Fugue naBach →