Alexei Nikolayevich Titov |

Alexey Titov

Nikolay Sergeevich TITOVY (? - 1776) Alexei Nikolaevich (23 July 1769, St. Petersburg - 20 XI 1827, ibid.) Sergei Nikolaevich (1770 - 5 V 1825) Nikolai Alekseevich (10 X1800 ibid. ) Mikhail Alekseevich (22 IX 1875, St. Petersburg - 17 XII 1804, Pavlovsk) Nikolai Sergeevich (15 - 1853, Moscow)

Mhuri yevaimbi veRussia Titovs yakasiya chiratidzo chinoonekwa munhoroondo yetsika yeRussia yenguva ye "lightened dilettantism". Basa ravo remimhanzi rakatanga kwenguva yakareba, richifukidza chikamu chechipiri che6 uye hafu yekutanga yezana remakore re1766. 1769 nhengo dzemhuri iyi inokudzwa vaive vaimbi vane mukurumbira, sezvavakataura panguva iyoyo, "amateurs". Vamiririri vevanokudzwa intelligentsia, vakapa nguva yavo yekusununguka kune unyanzvi hwakanaka, pasina kuva nedzidzo yakakosha, yakarongeka. Sezvaiitwa muboka revakuru vakuru, vose vakanga vari mubasa rechiuto uye vaiva nezvinzvimbo zvepamusoro, kubva pamukuru wevarindi kusvika kumukuru wemauto. Tateguru weimba iyi yemimhanzi, Colonel, kanzura wehurumende NS Titov, aiva mudetembi akakurumbira, munyori wemitambo uye munyori wenguva yaCatherine. Mumwe wevanhu vakadzidza zvikuru vepanguva yake, aida zvikuru zvemitambo uye muna 1767 akazarura kambani yemitambo muMoscow, iyo muzvinabhizimisi yaiva kusvika 1795, apo vana vake vakapfuura mumaoko evatengesi vekunze Belmonti neChinti. NS Titov akagadzira akati wandei-chiito komedhi, kusanganisira "The Deceived Guardian" (yakatumirwa muna 1768 muMoscow) uye "Chii chichava, hachizodziviswa, kana Vain Precaution" (yakatumirwa muna XNUMX muSt. Zvinozivikanwa kuti, pamusoro pezvinyorwa, akanyorawo mimhanzi yemitambo yenyika yeRussia, inonzi "Gore Idzva, kana Musangano weManheru aVasilyev" (yakatumirwa muna XNUMX muMoscow). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti akagadzira mimhanzi yemamwe maitiro zvakare.

Vanakomana vaNS Titov - Alexei naSergei - vaive vaimbi vane mukurumbira mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX - kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, uye vana vavo - Nikolai Alekseevich, Mikhail Alekseevich naNikolai Sergeevich - vaimbi vane mukurumbira vanyori venguva yaPushkin. Chiitiko chemimhanzi chevakuru veTitovs chaive chakabatana nenhandare. Iyo yekusika biography yeAN Titov yaive yakapfuma, kunyangwe iri pfupi. Murume ari pedyo nedare remambo, mukuru mukuru, anoda zvikuru unyanzvi, munyori wenziyo uye mutambi weviolinist, akanga ari muridzi weimba yemimhanzi, iyo yakava imwe yenzvimbo huru dzehupenyu hweunyanzvi hweSt. Makonzati epamba, aiwanzoitwa nechamber ensembles, akapindwa nehama dzaTitov pachavo - Alexey Nikolayevich airidza violin zvakanakisa, uye Sergey Nikolayevich airidza viola uye cello - uye vazhinji vekumba nekune dzimwe nyika. Muridzi wesaroni pachake, maererano nemwanakomana wake Nikolai Alekseevich, "akanga ane mutsa usingawanzoitiki, nyanzvi yekurarama uye kubata; akadzidza, akangwara, aigara achifara uye aine hushamwari munzanga, aine chipo chekutaura uye aitonyora mharidzo.

MUMWE Titov akazivikanwa zvikuru semuimbi ane hunyanzvi hwemitambo yemitambo, munyori weanodarika makumi maviri enziyo dzemitambo yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Pakati pavo pane gumi opera ezvakasiyana-siyana: komiki, heroic, lyric-sentimental, nhoroondo uye zuva nezuva, uye kunyange nyika opera "Kubva munhoroondo yeRussia" ("The Courage of a Kievite, kana Ava Ndivo maRussia," yakaitwa muna 20 muna 10. Petersburg). Kunyanya kufarirwa aive emazuva ese ecomic opera anoenderana nezvinyorwa naA. Ya. Knyaznin “Yam, or the Post Station” (1817), “Gatherings, or Sequence of the Gomba” (1805) uye “Girlfriend, or Filatkin’s Wedding” (1808), ayo anoumba rudzi rwetrilogy ( ose akaunzwa mukati. Petersburg). AN Titov akagadzirawo mimhanzi ye ballet, melodrama, uye mitambo inoshamisa. Mutauro wake wemimhanzi unonyanya kutsigirwa mutsika dzeEuropean classicism, kunyangwe mumitambo yemakomiki yemazuva ese paine kubatana kunobatika nemutinhimira werwiyo rwezuva nezuva rweRussia.

SN Titov akanga ari muduku pane munun'una wake gore, uye nzira yake yekugadzira yakave yakanyanya kupfupika - akafa pazera remakore 55. Apedza basa rake rechiuto ane chinzvimbo chemukuru mukuru, muna 1811 akasiya basa uye akapinda mubasa rehurumende. . Aigara achitora chikamu mumisangano yemimhanzi mumba memukoma wake - uye aive mutambi ane tarenda, ainyatsoziva piyano uye viola - Sergei Nikolayevich, semukoma wake, akagadzira mimhanzi yemitambo. Pakati pemabasa ake, maitiro anomira pachena, achiratidza mhenyu yeRussia yemazuva ano, iyo yaiva chiitiko chisina kujairika uye chinofambira mberi panguva iyoyo. Idzi ndidzo bhareti “New Werther” (yakaitwa naI. Valberkh muna 1799 muSt. Petersburg), magamba ayo akanga ari vagari vomuMoscow panguva iyoyo, vaitamba pachikuva mumapfekero akakodzera emazuva ano, uye “folk vaudeville” yakavakirwa pa. mutambo waA. Shakhovsky "Varimi, kana Musangano Wevasina Kukokwa" (wakanyorwa muna 1814 muSt. Petersburg), iyo inotaura nezvekurwisana kwevapanduki vachirwisana nechisimba cheNapoleonic. Mimhanzi ye ballet inofanana nehurongwa hwayo hwepfungwa, iyo inotaura nezvemanzwiro evanhuwo zvavo. The vaudeville opera The Peasants, kana Musangano Wevasina Kukokwa, semhando yedivertissement yaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo, yakavakirwa pakushandiswa kwenziyo dzechivanhu uye dzerudo. Vanakomana vaAN Titov - Nikolai naMikhail, - pamwe chete nemwanakomana waSN Titov - Nikolai - vakadzika munhoroondo yemutauro weRussia tsika se "mapiyona" erudo rweRussia (B. Asafiev). Basa ravo raive rakabatana zvachose nekugadzira mimhanzi yemazuva ese mumasalons evanokudzwa intelligentsia uye aristocracy ye1820-40s.

Mukurumbira mukuru wakawira kune chikamu cheNA Titov, mumwe wevanyori vakakurumbira venguva yePushkin. Akararama upenyu hwake hwose muPetersburg. Kwemakore masere akagoverwa kucadet corps, ipapo akarererwa muzvikoro zvakati zvakazvimirira zvebhodhingi. Akatanga kudzidza kuridza piyano pazera remakore 11-12, achitungamirirwa nevadzidzisi veGermany. Kubva pazera remakore 17, kweinenge hafu yezana remakore, akanga ari mubasa rechiuto, achirega nechigaro chemukuru mukuru muna 1867. Akatanga kunyora pazera remakore 19: yaiva panguva ino apo, nekubvuma kwake pachake. "kekutanga mwoyo wake wakataura uye wakadurura kubva mukati memweya" rudo rwake rwekutanga. Asina ruzivo rwakakosha rwedzidziso, munyori wevanyori akamanikidzwa kuti "zvishoma nezvishoma asvike kune zvose pachake", achitarisa kuFrench romances F. Boildieu, Ch. Lafon nevamwe vaaiziva. , uye kwenguva yakati akatora zvidzidzo kubva kumudzidzisi wekuItaly wekuimba Zamboni uye kubva kune anopikisa Soliva. Zvisinei, zvidzidzo izvi zvakagara kwenguva pfupi, uye kazhinji, KA Titov akaramba ari munyori akazvidzidzisa, mumiririri weRussia "inlightened dilettantism".

Muna 1820, rudo "Solitary Pine" rakabudiswa, iro raiva basa rekutanga rakabudiswa NA Titov uye rakamuunzira mukurumbira wakawanda. Kuzivikanwa kwerudo urwu kunosimbiswa nekutaurwa kwayo munyaya "Tatyana Borisovna nemuzukuru wake" kubva kuna I. Turgenev "Manotsi eMuvhimi": akadzika midzi mubha-estate uye salon-aristocratic hupenyu, rudo rwaTitov runorarama, sezvarwuri. vaiva, hupenyu hwakazvimiririra munharaunda iyi, iyo yakatokanganwa zita rayo munyori wayo, uye kunyange zvisiri izvo zvinonzi A. Varlamov.

Kuma20s. zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutamba zvesalon naTitov zvakatanga kuburitswa - quadrilles, polkas, march, waltzes yepiyano. Pakati pavo pane zvidimbu zvekamuri, hunhu hwepedyo, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma zvinorasikirwa nekukosha kwavo kwakashandiswa uye kushanduka kuita diki diki uye kunyange kuita chirongwa chechirongwa. Vakadaro, semuenzaniso, ndivo "French" quadrille "Zvivi zvehuduku" (1824) uye "Novel in 12 waltzes" inonzi "Pandaive mudiki" (1829), iyo inoratidzira nyaya inonzwira tsitsi yerudo rwakarambwa. Iwo akanakisa piyano zvidimbu naNA Titov zvinoratidzwa nekureruka, kutendeseka, kutendeseka, rwiyo, padhuze muchimiro kurudo rwezuva nezuva rweRussia.

Mumakore makumi matatu. munyori wacho akasangana naM. Glinka naA. Dargomyzhsky, avo vakafarira zvikuru basa rake uye, maererano naTitov pachake, akamudana kuti “sekuru vorudo rweRussia.” Ukama hweushamwari hwakamubatanidza nevanyori I. Laskovsky naA. Varlamov, avo vakatsaurira rudo rwake "Youth yakabhururuka nenightingale kuTitov". Muma30s. Nikolai Alekseevich aiwanzoshanyira Dargomyzhsky, uyo asina kumupa mazano ekugadzira chete, asi akanyorawo rudo rwake "Ndiregererei kwenguva refu kuparadzana" uye "Ruva" mumanzwi maviri. NA Titov akararama kwemakore 60, achitora chikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechi75. - iyo yemazuva ano yeRussia mimhanzi classics. Nekudaro, basa rake rakabatana zvachose nemhepo yehunyanzvi yemasalons evanokudzwa intelligentsia ye1820-40s. Achigadzira zverudo, aiwanzotendeukira kune nhetembo nevadetembi vemateur, diletantes saiye. Panguva imwecheteyo, munyori haana kupfuura nhetembo dzevanhu vepanguva yake huru - A. Pushkin ("Kuna Morpheus", "Shiri") uye M. Lermontov ("Mountain Peaks"). Rudo rweNA Titov runonyanya kunzwira tsitsi uye kunzwira tsitsi, asi pakati pavo panewo mifananidzo yerudo uye mafungiro. Kududzirwa kwedingindira rekusurukirwa kunokosha, huwandu hwayo hunobva mukuparadzana kwechinyakare kunorwadza kubva kune anodiwa kuenda kune rudo rwekusuwa kumba ("Vetka", "Russian Snow muParis") uye kusurukirwa kwemunhu anoda rudo pakati pevanhu (" Pine”, “Usashamisika, shamwari”) . Nziyo dzezwi dzaTitov dzinosiyaniswa nenziyo dzenziyo, kudziya kwechokwadi, uye pfungwa yakapusa yenhetembo. Mavari, mune yavo yepakutanga, vachiri vasina ruzivo uye mune zvakawanda maitiro asina kukwana, inomera yeakanyanya kukosha hunhu hwechiRussia mazwi ezwi, hunhu hunoshanduka, dzimwe nguva uchitarisira mataurirwo erudo rwaGlinka, akajairika marudzi ekuperekedza, chishuwo chekuratidzira manzwiro. yerudo muchikamu chepiyano, inoumbwa.

Peru NA Titov ane anopfuura makumi matanhatu erudo muzvinyorwa zveRussia neFrench, anopfuura makumi matatu ekutamba zvidimbu zvepiyano, pamwe nekutamba kweorchestra (60 waltzes, quadrille). Zvinozivikanwa kuti akanyorawo nhetembo: dzimwe dzadzo dzakagadzira hwaro hwerudo rwake ("Ah, ndiudze, vanhu vakanaka", "Frenzy", "Nyarara moyo wako", nezvimwewo), vamwe vakachengetwa mubhuku rakanyorwa nemaoko. , achishevedzwa naye achishevedzera kuti “Kufuridzirwa kwangu noupenzi. Kutsaurirwa ku "Vanakomana Vangu", iyo inovhura bhuku rino, inokwevera credo yekugadzira yeamateur munyori, akawana mufaro uye kuzorora mubasa rake:

Ndiani asina kuita zvakapusa panyika ino? Mumwe akanyora nhetembo, mumwe achirira mbira. Mwari vakatumira nhetembo nenziyo kwandiri senhaka, Ndichivada nemweya wangu, ndakanyora nepandinogona napo. Uye saka ndinokumbira ruregerero Kana ndapihwa kwauri - nguva dzefemero.

Munin'ina weNA Titov, Mikhail Alekseevich, achitevera tsika yemhuri, akashanda semukuru muPreobrazhensky Regiment. Kubvira muna 1830, paakarega basa, aigara muPavlovsk, kwaakafira pazera remakore 49. Pane uchapupu hwokuti akadzidza kuumbwa nenyanzvi Giuliani. Mikhail Alekseevich anozivikanwa semunyori werudo rwekunzwira tsitsi kuzvinyorwa zveRussia neFrench, aine piano inoyevedza chikamu uye ine imwe mutinhimira uye inonzwisa tsitsi, kazhinji ichiswedera kuchimiro cherudo rwehutsinye ("Ah, kana waida zvakadaro", "Sei kurota kwakanaka kwakanyangarika here", " Tarisiro "- pane chinyorwa chevanyori vasingazivikanwe). Noble sophistication inosiyanisa zvakanakisa zvemasalon ake ekutamba zvidimbu zvepiyano, zvakazadzwa nemelancholy moods yekutanga romanticism. Iyo mapurasitiki emimhanzi, padyo neRussia yemazuva ese erudo, kunatsiridzwa, kunaka kwemavara kunovapa runako rwakasiyana rwehunyanzvi hwakanatswa hwearistocratic salons.

Mukoma waNA naMA Titov, NS Titov, akararama makore makumi mana nemashanu chete - akafa nekushandisa huro. Maererano netsika dzemhuri iyi, akanga ari mubasa rehondo - akanga ari dhiragoon yevarindi veuto reSemenovsky. Kufanana navazukuru vake, akanga ari muimbi asina ruzivo rwokuzviwanira uye ainyora zverudo. Pamwe chete nezvakawanda zvakafanana, basa rake rerudo rinewo hunhu hwayo hwega. Kusiyana naA. Titov, nekutendeseka kwake uye nyore, Nikolai Sergeevich ane parlor yakawanda, yakanaka-yekufungisisa toni yekutaura. Panguva imwecheteyo, akakwevera zvakasimba kune zvinyorwa zverudo nemifananidzo. Akanga asinganyanyi kukwezvwa nhetembo dzeasabhuku, uye aifarira nhetembo dzaV. Zhukovsky. E. Baratynsky, uye kupfuura zvose - A. Pushkin. Mukuedza kunyatsoratidza zviri mukati uye rhythmic maficha echinyorwa chenhetembo, aigara achiyedza mumunda weiyo rhythm tonation, chimiro, mukushandiswa kwechizvino-zvino, nzira dzerudo dzekutaura kwemimhanzi. Kudanana kwake kunoratidzwa nechishuwo chekuenderera mberi nekusimudzira, kuenzanisa kwemamodhi ezita rimwe chete, uye tertian correlations yematoni. Chinonakidza, kunyangwe kusakwana kwekuzvarwa, ipfungwa yerudo "muzvikamu zvitatu" paSt. Baratynsky "Kuparadzana - Kumirira - Kudzoka", inova kuedza kugadzira chikamu chezvikamu zvitatu kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kunoenderana nekuchinja kwemamiriro epfungwa egamba renziyo. Pakati peakanakisa mabasa eNS Titov pane zverudo zvePushkin "The Tempest", "The Singer", "Serenade", "Tsime reBakhchisarai Palace", umo mune kusimuka kubva mukunzwa kwechinyakare kuenda pakusikwa kwerwiyo rwunotaura- mufananidzo wekufungisisa.

Mabasa ehama HA, MA uye NS Titovs akajairwa uye panguva imwe chete iyo inokatyamadza mienzaniso yeamateur hunyanzvi hwevanyori vekuRussia vanogadzira venguva yePushkin. Murudo rwavo, mhando dzemhando uye nzira dzekuridza mumhanzi wemazwi echiRussian emazwi akagadzirwa, uye mumadiki ekutamba, nenhetembo yavo yakapusa uye chishuwo chekuzvimiririra kwemifananidzo, nzira yakatsanangurwa kubva kumitambo yemazuva ese yekukosha kwekushandiswa kusvika pakubuda nekuvandudzwa kwechirongwa. mhando dzemimhanzi yepiyano yeRussia.

T. Korzhenyants