Vasily Alekseevich Pashkevich |

Vasily Pashkevich

Zvinozivikanwa kunyika yose yakavhenekerwa kuti zvinobatsira sei uye, pamusoro pezvo, nziyo dzemitambo dzinosetsa… Ichi girazi umo munhu wese anogona kuzviona… huipi, husingaremekedzwi zvakadaro, hunogara huchiratidzwa munhandare yetsika nekururamisa kwedu. Dramatic Dictionary 1787

Zana remakore rechi1756 rinoonekwa senguva yemitambo, asi kunyange nechemberi kwekuda kwekuita kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana nemhando, rudo rwenyika yose rweRussian comic opera, yakazvarwa muchikamu chechitatu chekupedzisira chezana remakore, zvinoshamisa nesimba rayo. uye kusimba. Nyaya dzakanyanya, dzinorwadza dzenguva yedu - serfdom, kunamatwa kwevatorwa, vatengesi vanopokana, huipi hwekusingaperi hwevanhu - avarice, makaro, kuseka kwehunhu uye kuseka - ndiwo mutsara wemikana wakatozivikanwa mune yekutanga comic yemumba. operas. Pakati pevasiki vemhando iyi, nzvimbo inokosha ndeyeV. Pashkevich, munyori wenziyo, violinist, conductor, muimbi uye mudzidzisi. Basa rake rakasiyana-siyana rakasiya chiratidzo chakakosha pamimhanzi yeRussia. Kunyanguvezvo, tinoziva zvishomanene zvikuru pamusoro poupenyu hwomunyori kusvikira nhasi. Chinenge hapana chinozivikanwa nezvekwakabva uye makore ekutanga. Maererano nemirairo yemunyori wenhoroondo yemimhanzi N. Findeisen, inowanzogamuchirwa kuti muna 1763 Pashkevich akapinda mubasa rematare. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti muna 1773 muimbi wechidiki aiva violinist mudare "bhora" orchestra. Mu74-XNUMX. Pashkevich akadzidzisa kuimba pa Academy of Arts, uye gare gare kuDare Singing Chapel. Akabata zvidzidzo zvake nekuchenjera, izvo zvakataurwa mutsanangudzo yemuimbi nemuongorori weChikoro: "... Mr. Pashkevich, mudzidzisi wekuimba ... akaita basa rake nemazvo uye akaita zvose zvaanogona kuti abatsire mukubudirira kwevadzidzi vake ... " Asi nzvimbo huru umo tarenda remuimbi rakafumurwa raive - Iyi itiyeta.

Muna 1779-83. Pashkevich akashanda pamwe neFree Russian Theatre, K. Knipper. Nokuda kweboka iri, pamwe chete nevanyori vemitambo vakatanhamara Y. Knyazhnin naM. Matinsky, munyori wenziyo akagadzira mitambo yake yakanakisisa yekomiki. Muna 1783, Pashkevich akava muimbi wekamuri yedare, ipapo "chapel master of ballroom music", mutambi weviolinist-regitator mumhuri yaCatherine II. Munguva iyi, munyori akanga atova muimbi ane chiremera uyo akakunda kuzivikanwa kukuru uye akatogamuchira chinzvimbo chevadzidzi vechikoro. Pakupera kwe3s uye 80s. Mabasa matsva aPashkevich eimba yemitambo akaonekwa - maoperas akavakirwa pamagwaro aCatherine II: nekuda kwenzvimbo inovimbika mudare, muimbi akamanikidzwa kutaura zvinyorwa zveempress zvishoma zvehunyanzvi uye zvemanyepo. Mushure mekufa kwaCatherine, munyori wacho akabva adzingwa pasina mudyandigere uye akafa nokukurumidza pashure.

Chikamu chikuru chenhaka yekusika yemuimbi maopera, kunyangwe nguva pfupi yadarika nziyo dzekwaya dzakagadzirwa kuCourt Singing Chapel - Misa nemakonzati mashanu ekwaya ine zvikamu zvina zvave kuzivikanwawo. Nekudaro, kuwedzera kwakadai kweiyo genre renji hakushandure musimboti: Pashkevich anonyanya muimbi wetiyeri, inoshamisa inonzwisisa uye ine hunyanzvi tenzi wezvinobudirira zvinoshamisa mhinduro. Mhando mbiri dzePashkevich dzemitambo yemitambo dzakanyatsosiyaniswa: kune rumwe rutivi, aya ndiwo emitambo yedemocracy, kune rumwe rutivi, anoshanda kudare remitambo ("Fevey" - 5, "Fedul nevana" - 2 , pamwe chete naV. Martin-i-Soler; mimhanzi yemutambo "Oleg's Initial Management" - 1786, pamwe chete naC. Canobbio naJ. Sarti). Nekuda kwekushamisa kusinganzwisisike kweiyo libretto, aya maopus akave asingagoneki, kunyangwe aine akawanda emumhanzi anowanikwa uye akaparadzana akajeka maficha. Matambiro padare aisiyaniswa neumbozha husati hwamboitika. Mumwe akararama panguva imwe chete naye akashamiswa akanyora nezvemutambo weFevey, kuti: “Handisati ndamboona chiratidziro chakasiyana-siyana uye chakaisvonaka zvikuru, pakanga pane vanhu vanopfuura mazana mashanu pachikuva! Zvisinei, muhoro ... tese pamwe chete taiva nevataridzi vasingasviki makumi mashanu: mukadzikadzi haagoneki kana tichida kuwana Hermitage yake. Zviri pachena kuti ma opera aya haana kusiya chiratidzo chinooneka munhoroondo yemimhanzi yeRussia. Chiitiko chakasiyana chakamirira 1791 comic operas - "Nhamo kubva kuCarriage" (1790, lib. Y. Knyazhnina), "The Miser" (c. 4, lib. Y. Knyazhnin mushure meJB Molière), "Tunisian Pasha" (mimhanzi. isina kuchengetwa, yakasununguka naM. Matinsky), "Sezvo iwe unorarama, saka iwe uchazivikanwa, kana St. Petersburg Gostiny Dvor" (1779st edition - 1780, zvibodzwa hazvina kuchengetedzwa, 1nd edition - 1782, free. M. Matinsky) . Pasinei nekurangana kwakakura uye misiyano yemhando, ese enziyo makomiki opera anocherechedzwa nekubatana kweanopomerwa mhosva. Ivo vanomiririra zvakapusa tsika netsika dzakashoropodzwa nevanyori vekuRussia vanotungamira vezana ramakore rechi2. Mudetembi uye munyori wemitambo A. Sumarokov akanyora kuti:

Fungidzira mabharani asina mweya muhurongwa, Mutongi asinganzwisisi izvo zvakanyorwa mumutemo Ndiratidze dandy anosimudza mhino yake Zvinofungwa nezana rose pamusoro pekunaka kwebvudzi. Ndiratidzei manyawi azvitutumadza sedatya Murape akagadzirira mumhino kwehafu.

Muimbi akatamisa girazi rezviso zvakadaro kunhandare yemitambo, nerufaro kushandura zviitiko zvakashata zvehupenyu kuita nyika yemifananidzo inoshamisa uye yakajeka yemifananidzo ine simba remimhanzi. Kuseka pane izvo zvakakodzera kusekwa, muteereri panguva imwe chete anoyemura kuwirirana kweimba yemimhanzi yose.

Muimbi akakwanisa kutaura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemunhu kuburikidza nemimhanzi, kuratidza kukura kwekunzwa, kufamba kusinganzwisisiki kwemweya. Mitambo yake yemakomiki inokwezva nekuvimbika kunoshamisa uye kutendeka kwedariro kwezvese ruzivo, chero mudziyo wemimhanzi. Vairatidza unyanzvi hwomunyori wokuimba nenzwi, basa rakanaka revavariro, uye chiridzwa chine mufungo. Huchokwadi hwehunhu hwemagariro-yepfungwa hwemagamba, hwakazara mumimhanzi, hwakachengeterwa Pashkevich kubwinya kweDargomyzhsky XVIII zana. Unyanzvi hwake hwakakodzera ndeyemienzaniso yepamusoro yetsika yeRussia yenguva ye classicism.

N. Zabolotnaya