Trombone: chii, chiridzwa kuumbwa, ruzha, nhoroondo, mhando

Munguva yekuchera matongo kwePompeii, yakavigwa pasi pedota rinoputika reVesuvius muna 79 BC, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakawana mabhosvo ebhuronzi ane miromo yegoridhe zvakanyatsorongedzwa mumakesi. Zvinotendwa kuti chiridzwa ichi ndicho chakatangira trombone. "Trombone" inoshandurwa kubva kuItaly se "hombe pombi", uye chimiro chekare chekuwana chakafanana nechiridzwa chemazuva ano chendarira.

Chii chinonzi trombone

Hapana orchestra yesymphony inogona kuita pasina ruzha rune simba, runoshandiswa kuratidza nguva dzinoshungurudza, manzwiro akadzama, kubata kwakasuruvara. Basa iri rinowanzoitwa netrombone. Iyo ndeyeboka remhangura embouchure bass-tenor register. Iyo chubhu yemidziyo yakareba, yakakombama, ichiwedzera musocket. Mhuri inomiririrwa nemhando dzakasiyana. Tenor trombone inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumimhanzi yemazuva ano. Alto uye bass anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kashoma.

Tool mudziyo

Kusiyana kukuru kubva kune vamwe vamiririri veboka remhepo yemhangura ndiyo midziyo yenyaya ine backstage. Iyi ichubhu yakakomberedzwa inokubvumira kuti uchinje huwandu hwemhepo. Nokudaro, muimbi anogona kubvisa manzwi echromatic scale. Chimiro chakakosha chinoita kuti chiridzwa chiwedzere hunyanzvi, chinovhura mikana yekuchinja kwakatsetseka kubva painoti kuenda kunoti, kuita kwechromatises uye glissando. Pahwamanda, nyanga, tuba, mapapiro anotsiviwa nemavharuvhu.

Ruzha runogadzirwa nokumanikidza mhepo kuburikidza nemuromo wakafanana nekapu unopinzwa muhwamanda. Iyo backstage chiyero inogona kunge yakafanana kana akasiyana saizi. Kana iyo dhayamita yemachubhu maviri akafanana, saka trombone inonzi single-pipe. Iine dhayamita yakasiyana-siyana, modhi yacho inodaidzwa kuti gauge mbiri.

Ko trombone inonzwika sei?

Chiridzwa chinonzwika chine simba, chakajeka, chinokoka. Rwendo rwuri mukati me "G" counter-octave kusvika "F" yechipiri octave. Muhupo hwe-counter-valve, mukaha pakati pe "b-flat" ye-counteroctave uye "mi" ye octave huru yakazadzwa. Kusavapo kwechimwe chinhu chinosanganisa kugadzirwa kwemutsetse uyu, unonzi "dead zone".

Pakati nepamusoro marejista, trombone inonzwika yakajeka, yakazara, muzasi - yakasuruvara, inovhiringidza, inotyisa. Chiridzwa chine kugona kwakasiyana-siyana kusvetuka kubva kune rimwe ruzha kuenda kune rimwe. Vamwe vamiririri veboka remhepo yemhangura havana chimiro chakadaro. Slide yezwi inopiwa ne rocker. Nzira iyi inonzi "glissando".

Kuvhara ruzha, chimumumu chinowanzoshandiswa. Iyi imboro yakaita pear inokubvumira kuti uchinje kurira kwetimbre, kuvharidzira kusimba kwekurira, wedzera siyana ine yakasarudzika ruzha.

Nhoroondo yetrombone

Pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, mapaipi e rocker akaonekwa mumakwaya echechi yeEurope. Ruzha rwavo rwakanga rwakafanana neinzwi remunhu, nekuda kwechubhu inofambiswa, muiti aigona kuburitsa chromatic scale, achitevedzera timbre zvechechi kuimba. Zviridzwa zvakadaro zvakatanga kunzi sakbuts, zvinoreva kuti “kusundira mberi kwako.”

Sezvo apukunyuka kuvandudzwa kudiki, sakbuts akatanga kushandiswa mumaokestra. Kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, trombone yakaramba ichishandiswa kunyanya mumachechi. Inzwi rake rainyatsotevedzera manzwi ekuimba. Kurira kusina kujeka kwechiridzwa chiri mubhuku rakaderera kwakanga kwakanakisisa pamariro.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, vanyori vezvitsva vakakwevera ngwariro kukurira kwepombi yerocker. The great Mozart, Beethoven, Gluck, Wagner vakashandiswa muma opera kunangisa pfungwa dzomuteereri pazvikamu zvinoshamisa. Uye Mozart mu "Requiem" akatopa trombone solo. Wagner akarishandisa kutaura mashoko erudo.

Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, vaimbi vejazz vakakwevera pfungwa kune chiridzwa ichi. Munguva yeDixieland, vaimbi vakasvika pakuziva kuti trombone inokwanisa kugadzira zvese zviri zviviri kuvandudza solo uye countermelodies. Kushanya mabhendi ejazz akaunza hwamanda yescotch kuLatin America, kwayakazova mukuru wejazz soloist.

Types

Mhuri yetrombone inosanganisira akati wandei. Iyo tenor chiridzwa ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa. Dhizaini maficha anoita kuti zvikwanise kusiyanisa vamwe vamiriri veboka:

• high;
• bass;
• soprano;
• bass.

Iwo maviri ekupedzisira anenge asina basa. Mozart ndiye aive wekupedzisira kushandisa soprano rocker trumpet muMisa muC-dur.

Bass uye tenor trombones ari mukugadzirisa kumwe chete. Musiyano chete uri muchiyero chakakura cheyokutanga. Musiyano uri 16 inches. Iyo mudziyo weiyo bass waunoshanda naye inosiyaniswa nekuvapo kwemavharuvhu maviri. Vanokubvumira kuti udzikise inzwi nechechina kana kuisimudza necheshanu. Zvivako zvakazvimirira zvine mikana yakawanda.

Tenor trombones, zvakare, inogona zvakare kuve nemusiyano muhupamhi hwechiyero. Iyo dhayamita diki pane yakatetepa-yakayerwa isingasviki 12,7 millimeters. Kusiyana kwehukuru kunobvumira kushandiswa kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana, kunogadzirisa unyanzvi hwekufamba kwechiridzwa.

Tenor scotch mabhosvo ane ruzha rwakajeka, rwakasiyana-siyana rwekurira, uye akakodzera kuridza ega zvikamu. Vanokwanisa kutsiva al kana bass mune orchestra. Naizvozvo, ndiwo anonyanya kuzivikanwa mutsika dzemazuva ano dzemimhanzi.

Trombone maitiro

Kuridza hwamanda yerocker kunodzidziswa muzvikoro zvemimhanzi, makoreji uye maconservatories. Muimbi anobata chiridzwa pamuromo wake noruoko rwake rworuboshwe, anofambisa mapapiro nekurudyi rwake. Kureba kwekoramu yemhepo kunosiyana nekufambisa chubhu uye kushandura nzvimbo yemiromo.

Iyo yekumashure inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo 7. Imwe neimwe inosiyana kubva kune inotevera nehafu toni. Mukutanga, inodzokororwa zvizere; muchinomwe, inowedzerwa zvizere. Kana iyo trombone yakashongedzerwa imwe korona, saka muimbi ane mukana wekudzikisa chiyero chose nechechina. Muchiitiko ichi, chigunwe cheruoko rworuboshwe chinoshandiswa, chinomanikidza valve yekota.

Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, nzira yeglissando yakashandiswa zvakanyanya. Inzwi rinowanikwa pane inoenderera kudhirowa kwekurira, panguva iyo muiti anofambisa zvakanaka nhanho.

Yakanakisa trombonists

Vamiriri vemhuri yeNeuschel ndevekutanga virtuosos yekuridza rocker pombi. Nhengo dzedzinza hadzina kungova nekuraira kwakanakisa kwechiridzwa, asi zvakare yakavhura yavo workshop yekugadzira kwayo. Aive akakurumbira pakati pemhuri dzehumambo dzeEurope muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX-XNUMX.

Huwandu hukuru hwematrombonist akasarudzika anogadzira zvikoro zvemumhanzi zveFrench neGerman. Kana vapedza kudzidza kubva kuFrench conservatories, vanyori venguva yemberi vanofanirwa kuendesa akati wandei nziyo dzetrombone. Chinhu chinonakidza chakanyorwa muna 2012. Zvino muWashington, 360 trombonists panguva imwe chete yakaitwa panhandare yebaseball.

Pakati pevashandi vepamba uye connoisseurs yechiridzwa, AN Morozov. Muma70s aive aitungamira soloist mune orchestra yeBolshoi Theatre uye akadzokorora kutora chikamu mujury yemakwikwi epasi rose etrombonist.

Kwemakore masere, mutambi mukuru muSoviet Union aiva VS Nazarov. Akadzokorora kutora chikamu mumitambo yepasirese, akava mukundi wemakwikwi epasi rose, aive aitungamira ega muochestra yaOleg Lundstrem.

Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti kubvira payakavambwa, trombone haina kumbochinja chimiro, kumwe kuvandudzwa kwaita kuti ikwanise kuwedzera kugona kwayo. Nhasi, pasina chiridzwa ichi, ruzha rwakakwana rwe symphonic, pop uye jazz orchestras hazvibviri.