Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky |

Pyotr Tchaikovsky

Kubva muzana remakore kusvika kuzana remakore, kubva kune chizvarwa kusvika kune chimwe chizvarwa, rudo rwedu kuna Tchaikovsky, nokuda kwemimhanzi yake yakaisvonaka, inopfuurira, uye iyi ndiyo kusafa kwayo. D. Shostakovich

"Ndinoda nesimba rose remweya wangu kuti mimhanzi yangu ipararire, kuti nhamba yevanhu vanoida, vawane nyaradzo nerutsigiro mairi, iwedzere." Mumashoko aya aPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, basa reunyanzvi hwake, raakaona mubasa remimhanzi uye vanhu, mu "chokwadi, nomwoyo wose uye nyore" kutaura navo pamusoro pezvinhu zvakakosha, zvakakomba uye zvinonakidza, zvinonyatsotsanangurwa. Mhinduro yedambudziko rakadaro yakagoneka nekuvandudzwa kweruzivo rwakanyanya rweRussia neyepasi rose mimhanzi tsika, nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro hunyanzvi hwekuumba hunyanzvi. Kusawirirana kunoramba kuripo kwemasimba ekugadzira, zuva nezuva uye basa rakafemerwa pakusikwa kwemabasa akawanda emimhanzi akagadzira zvirimo uye zvinoreva hupenyu hwese hwemuimbi mukuru.

Tchaikovsky akaberekerwa mumhuri yeinjiniya yemigodhi. Kubva achiri mudiki, airatidza kunakidzwa nemimhanzi, aigara achidzidza piyano, yaaive akanaka panguva yaakapedza kudzidza paChikoro cheMutemo muSt. Petersburg (1859). Atova kushanda muDhipatimendi reMinistry of Justice (kusvikira 1863), muna 1861 akapinda makirasi RMS, akachinjwa kuva St. Petersburg Conservatory (1862), kwaakadzidza kuumbwa pamwe N. Zaremba uye A. Rubinshtein. Mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory (1865), Tchaikovsky akakokwa naN. Rubinstein kuti adzidzise paMoscow Conservatory, iyo yakavhurwa muna 1866. Basa raTchaikovsky (akadzidzisa makirasi ekumanikidzira uye anokosha edzidziso dzedzidziso) akaisa nheyo dzetsika dzekudzidzisa. yeMoscow Conservatory, izvi zvakafambiswa nekusikwa kwebhuku rekuwirirana, shanduro dzezviyamuro zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudzidzisa, nezvimwewo. Muna 1868, Tchaikovsky akatanga kuoneka akadhindwa aine zvinyorwa zvinotsigira N. Rimsky- Korsakov naM. Balakirev (kusika kweushamwari hukama hwakamuka naye), uye muna 1871-76. aiva munyori wemumhanzi wemapepanhau Sovremennaya Letopis uye Russkiye Vedomosti.

Zvinyorwa, pamwe netsamba dzakadzama, dzairatidza hunhu hwemunyori, uyo ainyanya kunzwira tsitsi hunyanzvi hwaWA Mozart, M. Glinka, R. Schumann. Rapprochement neMoscow Artistic Circle, iyo yaitungamirirwa naAN Ostrovsky (yekutanga opera naTchaikovsky "Voevoda" - 1868 yakanyorwa zvichienderana nemutambo wake; mumakore ezvidzidzo zvake - overture "Thunderstorm", muna 1873 - mimhanzi ye tamba "The Snow Maiden"), anoenda kuKamenka kunoona hanzvadzi yake A. Davydova akabatsira murudo rwakamuka muhuduku hwemitambo yevanhu - Russian, uyezve Ukrainian, iyo Tchaikovsky anowanzo tora mumabasa eMoscow nguva yekugadzira.

MuMoscow, simba raTchaikovsky semunyori ari kukurumidza kusimbisa, mabasa ake ari kubudiswa uye kuitwa. Tchaikovsky akasika yekutanga mienzaniso yemhando dzakasiyana mumhanzi weRussia - symphonies (1866, 1872, 1875, 1877), tambo quartet (1871, 1874, 1876), piano concerto (1875, 1880, 1893), ballet , 1875-76), konzati chinobatsira chidimbu ("Melancholic Serenade" yeviolin uye orchestra - 1875; "Kusiyana paRococo Theme" ye cello uye orchestra - 1876), anonyora zverudo, piyano inoshanda ("The Seasons", 1875- 76, nezvimwewo).

Nzvimbo inokosha mubasa remunyori yakanga yakagarwa nepurogiramu yesymphonic mabasa - kufungidzira "Romeo naJuliet" (1869), fungidziro "The Tempest" (1873, zvose - mushure meW. Shakespeare), fungidziro "Francesca da Rimini" (mushure meDante, 1876), umo lyrical-psychological, dramatic orientation yebasa raTchaikovsky, rinoratidzwa mune mamwe marudzi, rinonyanya kuoneka.

Mu opera, kutsvaga kunotevera nzira imwe chete kunomutungamirira kubva mumutambo wemazuva ose kuenda kune imwe nhoroondo yezvakaitika ("Oprichnik" inobva panjodzi yakaitwa naI. Lazhechnikov, 1870-72) kuburikidza nekukumbira kuN. Gogol's lyric-comedy uye fantasy story (" Vakula the Blacksmith” - 1874, 2nd edition - "Cherevichki" - 1885) kuna Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" - nziyo dzenziyo, sekudana kwakaita muimbi (1877-78) opera yake.

"Eugene Onegin" uye Fourth Symphony, apo dhiyabhorosi yakadzika yemanzwiro evanhu isingagoni kuparadzaniswa kubva kune zviratidzo zvechokwadi zvehupenyu hweRussia, yakava mugumisiro wenguva yeMoscow yebasa raTchaikovsky. Kupedzwa kwavo kwakaratidza kubuda kwedambudziko rakakura rakakonzerwa nekuwanda kwemasimba ekugadzira, pamwe nemuchato usina kubudirira. Rutsigiro rwemari rwakapihwa Tchaikovsky naN. von Meck (tsamba naye, iyo yakatora kubva 1876 kusvika 1890, chinhu chinokosha pakudzidza maonero emunyori wemifananidzo), yakamupa mukana wekusiya basa panzvimbo yekuchengetedza iyo yakamuremera. nguva iyoyo uye kuenda kunze kwenyika kuvandudza hutano.

Mabasa ekupedzisira 70's - kutanga 80's. inoratidzirwa nehukuru hukuru hwekutaura, kuenderera mberi kwekuwedzera kwemhando dzemhando mumimhanzi yezviridzwa (Concerto yeviolin uye orchestra - 1878; orchestral suites - 1879, 1883, 1884; Serenade yetambo orchestra - 1880; "Trio muChirangaridzo cheGreat. Artist” (N. Rubinstein) yepiyano , violin uye cellos – 1882, zvichingodaro), chiyero chepfungwa dzeopera (“The Maid of Orleans” by F. Schiller, 1879; “Mazeppa” by A. Pushkin, 1881-83 ), imwezve kuvandudzwa mumunda wekunyora orchestra ("Italian Capriccio" - 1880, masutu), chimiro chemimhanzi, nezvimwe.

Kubva muna 1885, Tchaikovsky akagara munharaunda yeKlin pedyo neMoscow (kubva muna 1891 - muKlin, uko muna 1895 Imba-Museum yemunyori yakavhurwa). Chido chekuva wega chekugadzira hachina kusanganisa kushamwaridzana kwakadzika uye kwekusingaperi nehupenyu hwemimhanzi hweRussia, hwakakura zvakanyanya kwete muMoscow neSt. Petersburg chete, asiwo muKyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Tiflis, nezvimwewo. pakuparadzirwa kwakapararira kwemimhanzi Tchaikovsky. Concert nzendo kuGermany, Czech Republic, France, England, America akaunza munyori mukurumbira pasi rose; hukama hwekugadzira uye hushamwari nevaimbi veEurope huri kusimbiswa (G. Bulow, A. Brodsky, A. Nikish, A. Dvorak, E. Grieg, C. Saint-Saens, G. Mahler, nezvimwewo). Muna 1887 Tchaikovsky akapiwa dhigirii reDoctor of Music kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCambridge muEngland.

Mumabasa epanguva yekupedzisira, iyo inotanga nechirongwa chesymphony "Manfred" (maererano naJ. Byron, 1885), opera "The Enchantress" (maererano naI. Shpazhinsky, 1885-87), Fifth Symphony (1888) ), kune kuwedzera kunooneka kwekutanga kunorwadza, kunoguma nepamusoro pepamusoro pebasa remunyori - opera The Queen of Spades (1890) uye Sixth Symphony (1893), kwaanokwira kusvika kuhuwandu hwehuzivi hwemifananidzo. yerudo, upenyu nerufu. Pedyo nemabasa aya, mabhareti The Sleeping Beauty (1889) uye The Nutcracker (1892), opera Iolanthe (mushure meG. Hertz, 1891) anooneka, achiguma mukukunda kwechiedza uye kunaka. Mazuva mashomanana pashure pokutanga kweSixth Symphony muSt. Petersburg, Tchaikovsky akafa kamwe kamwe.

Basa raTchaikovsky rakambundikira dzinenge dzese mhando dzemimhanzi, pakati peiyo yakakura-mwero opera uye symphony inotora nzvimbo inotungamira. Zvinoratidzira pfungwa yenyanzvi yemunyori kusvika pamwero wakazara, pakati pawo pane maitiro akadzama emukati menyika yemunhu, kufamba kwakaoma kwemweya, kunoratidzwa mukukonana kwakapinza uye kwakanyanya kunoshamisa. Nekudaro, kunyangwe mumhando idzi, kurira kukuru kwemimhanzi yaTchaikovsky inogara ichinzwika - inonzwika, inonzwika, inozvarwa kubva mukutaura kwakananga kwekunzwa kwevanhu uye kuwana mhinduro yakaenzana kubva kumuteereri. Kune rimwe divi, mamwe marudzi - kubva kurudo kana piyano miniature kuenda ku ballet, instrumental concerto kana chamber ensemble - inogona kupihwa hunhu hwakafanana hwe symphonic scale, kuomarara kunoshamisa kukura uye kudzika kwenziyo kupinda.

Tchaikovsky akashandawo mumunda wekwaya (kusanganisira zvitsvene) mimhanzi, akanyora ensembles yezwi, mimhanzi yemitambo inoshamisa. Tsika dzeTchaikovsky mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakawana kuenderera mberi kwavo mubasa raS. Taneyev, A. Glazunov, S. Rachmaninov, A. Scriabin, uye vanyori veSoviet. Mimhanzi yaTchaikovsky, iyo yakawana mukurumbira kunyangwe munguva yehupenyu hwake, iyo, maererano naB. Asafiev, yakava "chinodikanwa" kuvanhu, yakabata nguva huru yehupenyu hweRussia netsika yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, yakapfuura ivo ndokuva iyo. pfuma yevanhu vose. Zvinyorwa zvaro ndezvepasi rose: zvinofukidza mifananidzo yehupenyu nerufu, rudo, zvisikwa, huduku, hupenyu hwakapoteredza, inogadzirisa uye inoratidza nenzira itsva mifananidzo yeRussia uye mabhuku enyika - Pushkin naGogol, Shakespeare naDante, Russian lyric. nhetembo yehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Mimhanzi yaTchaikovsky, inosanganisira hunhu hunokosha hwetsika yeRussia - rudo uye tsitsi kumunhu, kunzwira tsitsi kusingadzoreki kutsvaga kwemweya wemunhu, kusashivirira kune zvakaipa uye nyota yekuda kunaka, runako, kugona kwetsika - inoratidza hukama hwakadzama ne basa raL. Tolstoy naF. Dostoevsky, I. Turgenev naA. Chekhov.

Nhasi, kurota kwaTchaikovsky kwekuwedzera nhamba yevanhu vanoda mimhanzi yake iri kuitika. Chimwe chezvipupuriro zvemukurumbira wepasi rose wemuimbi mukuru weRussia yaive Makwikwi eMarudzi akatumidzwa zita rake, iyo inokwezva mazana evaimbi kubva kunyika dzakasiyana kuenda kuMoscow.

E. Tsareva

nzvimbo yemimhanzi. Worldview. Milestones yenzira yekusika

1

Kusiyana nevanyori ve "chikoro chitsva chemimhanzi cheRussia" - Balakirev, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov, avo, nokuda kwekusiyana kwemaitiro avo ega ega ekugadzira, vakaita sevamiririri veimwe nzira, vakabatana nekubatana kwezvinangwa zvikuru. Zvinangwa uye misimboti yekunaka, Tchaikovsky anga asiri emamwe mapoka uye madenderedzwa. Mukuomesera kwekurukana uye kunetsana kwemaitiro akasiyana airatidza hupenyu hwemumhanzi weRussia muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, akachengetedza chinzvimbo chakazvimirira. Zvakawanda zvakamuswededza pedyo ne "Kuchkists" uye zvakakonzera kukwezvana, asi paiva nekusawirirana pakati pavo, somugumisiro wekuti imwe nzvimbo yakagara yakaramba iri muhukama hwavo.

Chimwe chekuzvidza nguva dzose kuna Tchaikovsky, akanzwa kubva kumusasa we "Mighty Handful", kwaiva kushayikwa kwechimiro chenyika chakanyatsoratidzwa chemimhanzi yake. "Chimiro chenyika hachiwanzo kubudirira kuna Tchaikovsky," Stasov anotaura zvine hungwaru muchinyorwa chake chakareba "Mumhanzi Wedu weMakore makumi maviri neshanu apfuura." Pane imwe nguva, achibatanidza Tchaikovsky naA. Rubinstein, anotaura zvakananga kuti vanyori vose vari vaviri "vari kure nekuve vamiririri vakazara vevaimbi vatsva veRussia uye zvavanoshuva: vose vari vaviri havana kuzvimiririra zvakakwana, uye havana kusimba zvakakwana uye nyika yakakwana. .”

Maonero ekuti zvinhu zverudzi rweRussia zvaive zvisinganzwisisiki kuna Tchaikovsky, nezve "Europeanized" uye kunyange "cosmopolitan" yebasa rake yakapararira munguva yake uye yakaratidzwa kwete chete nevatsoropodzi vakataura vakamiririra "chikoro chitsva cheRussia". . Mune yakanyanya kupinza uye yakatwasuka fomu, inoratidzwa naMM Ivanov. "Pavanyori vose veRussia," mutsoropodzi akanyora anenge makore makumi maviri mushure mekufa kwemunyori, "iye [Tchaikovsky] akaramba ari munhu wepasi rose, kunyange paakaedza kufunga muchiRussia, kuti aende kune zvinonyatsozivikanwa zvemimhanzi yeRussia. imba yekuchengetera zvinhu.” "Nzira yeRussia yekuzviratidza, chimiro cheRussia, chatinoona, semuenzaniso, muRimsky-Korsakov, haaoni ...".

Kwatiri, isu tinoona mimhanzi yaTchaikovsky sechikamu chakakosha chetsika dzeRussia, yenhaka yese yekunamata yeRussia, kutonga kwakadaro kunonzwika kusango uye kusinganzwisisike. Munyori weEugene Onegin pachake, achisimbisa hukama hwake husingaenzaniswi nemidzi yehupenyu hweRussia uye rudo rwake rwechido kune zvose zveRussia, haana kumbomira kuzviona semumiririri wemifananidzo yemunharaunda uye yakabatana zvikuru, ane mugumo wakanyanya kumushungurudza uye kumudya mwoyo.

Kufanana ne "Kuchkists", Tchaikovsky akanga ari Glinkian akagutsikana uye akakotama pamberi pehukuru hwechiitiko chakaitwa nemusiki we "Life for the Tsar" uye "Ruslan naLyudmila". "Chiitiko chisati chamboitika mumunda weunyanzvi", "nyanzvi chaiyo yekusika" - mumashoko akadaro akataura nezveGlinka. "Chimwe chinhu chinokatyamadza, chikuru", chakafanana neicho "kwete Mozart, kana Gluck, kana chero vatenzi", Tchaikovsky akanzwa mukwaya yekupedzisira ye "A Life for the Tsar", iyo yakaisa munyori wayo "padivi (Hongu! !) Mozart, naBeethoven uye nemumwe munhu.” "Hapana zvishoma kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi hunoshamisa" akawana Tchaikovsky mu "Kamarinskaya". Mashoko ake okuti chikoro chese cheRussian symphony "chiri muKamarinskaya, kungofanana nemuouki wose uri muacorn," akava nemapapiro. "Uye kwenguva yakareba," akadaro, "vanyori veRussia vachatora kubva kune iyi yakapfuma, nokuti zvinotora nguva yakawanda uye kushanda nesimba kupedza hupfumi hwayo hwose."

Asi kuva muimbi wenyika semumwe we "Kuchkists", Tchaikovsky akagadzirisa dambudziko revanhu uye nyika mubasa rake nenzira yakasiyana uye akaratidza zvimwe zvinhu zvechokwadi zvenyika. Vazhinji vevanyori veThe Mighty Handful, mukutsvaga mhinduro kumibvunzo yakaiswa mberi nemazuva ano, vakatendeukira kune kwakabva hupenyu hweRussia, zvingave zviitiko zvakakosha zvezvakaitika kare, epic, ngano kana tsika dzekare dzevanhu uye mazano pamusoro pe nyika. Hazvigoni kutaurwa kuti Tchaikovsky akanga asingafariri zvachose mune izvi zvose. "... Handisati ndasangana nemunhu anodanana zvikuru naAmai Russia pane zvandiri," akambonyora, "uye muzvikamu zvake zvikuru zveRussia kunyanya <...> Ndinoda zvikuru munhu weRussia, Russian. kutaura, mafungiro echiRussia, vanhu vekuRussia vakanaka, tsika dzeRussia. Lermontov anotaura zvakananga izvozvo nhema dzekare dzinokosheswa ngano mweya wake hauzununguki. Uye ndinotoida.”

Asi nyaya huru yekuda kwekusika kwaTchaikovsky yakanga isiri iyo yakafara nhoroondo mafambiro kana hwaro hwakabatana hwehupenyu hwevanhu, asi kudhumhana kwepfungwa kwemukati kwenyika yemweya wemunhu. Naizvozvo, munhu wacho anokunda maari pamusoro pepasirese, iyo lyric pamusoro peiyo epic. Nesimba guru, kudzika uye kutendeseka, airatidza mumhanzi wake unosimuka mukuzvifunga, iyo nyota yekusunungurwa kwemunhu kubva kune zvese zvinosunga mukana wekuburitsa kwayo kuzere, kusingadzivirirwe uye kuzvisimbisa, izvo zvaive chimiro che Russian nzanga munguva post-reform. Chinhu chemunhu pachake, chinozviisa pasi, chinogara chiripo muTchaikovsky, zvisinei kuti ndeapi misoro yaanotaura. Saka iyo yakakosha yerwiyo kudziya uye kupinza iyo yakawedzera mumabasa ake mapikicha ehupenyu hwechivanhu kana hunhu hweRussia hwaanoda, uye, kune rumwe rutivi, kupinza uye kukakavara kwekukakavadzana kukuru kwakamuka kubva mukupokana pakati pechido chemunhu chekuzara. yekunakidzwa nehupenyu uye nehutsinye hwechokwadi husina tsitsi, hwahunotyora.

Misiyano mugwara rebasa raTchaikovsky nevanyori ve "chikoro chitsva chemimhanzi cheRussia" vakasarudzawo mamwe maficha emutauro wavo wemimhanzi uye manyorerwo, kunyanya, maitiro avo ekushandiswa kwenziyo dzechivanhu. Kune vese, rwiyo rwechivanhu rwakashanda senzira yakapfuma yenzira itsva, dzakasiyana dzenyika dzekutaura kwemimhanzi. Asi kana "Kuchkists" vakatsvaga kuwana munziyo dzechinyakare maficha ekare mazviri uye kuwana nzira dzekugadzirisa harmonic dzinoenderana navo, ipapo Tchaikovsky akaziva rwiyo rwevanhu sechinhu chakananga chehupenyu hwakapoteredza chokwadi. Nokudaro, haana kuedza kuparadzanisa nheyo yechokwadi mairi kubva kune yakaunzwa gare gare, mukufamba uye kuchinja kune imwe nzvimbo yemagariro evanhu, haana kupatsanura rwiyo rwechivanhu rwevarimi kubva kune rwemaguta, rwakashandurwa pasi pe Kurudziro yemanzwi erudo, mutinhimira wekutamba, nezvimwewo mutinhimira, akaugadzirisa akasununguka, akauisa pasi pemaonero ake ega ega.

Rumwe rusaruro rwe "Mighty Handful" rwakazviratidza kuna Tchaikovsky uye semudzidzi weSt. Petersburg Conservatory, iyo yavakaona senhare ye conservatism uye tsika yezvidzidzo mumimhanzi. Tchaikovsky ndiye ega wevanyori vekuRussia vechizvarwa che "makumi matanhatu" vakawana dzidzo yakarongeka yehunyanzvi mukati memadziro enzvimbo yakakosha yemimhanzi. Rimsky-Korsakov gare gare aifanira kuzadza zvipingamupinyi mukudzidzira kwake kweunyanzvi, apo, atanga kudzidzisa mimhanzi uye dzidziso dzezvidzidzo panzvimbo yekuchengetedza, mumashoko ake pachake, "akava mumwe wevadzidzi vake vakanakisisa." Uye zvinongoitika kuti anga ari Tchaikovsky naRimsky-Korsakov ndivo vakavamba zvikoro zviviri zvakakura zvevanyori muRussia muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, rinowanzodaidzwa kuti "Moscow" uye "Petersburg".

Iyo Conservatory haina kungoshongedza Tchaikovsky neruzivo rwakakosha, asi zvakare akaisa maari chirango chakasimba chebasa, nekuda kwaaigona kugadzira, munguva pfupi yekushanda kwekuita basa rekugadzira, mabasa mazhinji emhando dzakasiyana siyana uye hunhu, achipfumisa akasiyana siyana. nzvimbo dzeRussia musical art. Basa renguva dzose, rakarongeka rekunyora Tchaikovsky akafunga basa rinosungirwa remuimbi wega wega wechokwadi anotora basa rake zvakakomba uye nekuremekedza. Mumhanzi iwoyo chete, anoti, unogona kubata, kuvhundutsa uye kukuvadza, iyo yakadurura kubva pakadzika kwemweya wehunyanzvi unonakidzwa nekufemerwa <...> Zvichakadaro, iwe unofanirwa kushanda nguva dzose, uye muimbi chaiye akatendeseka haagone kugara akanyarara. iripo”.

Kurerwa kweConservative kwakabatsirawo mukukura kweTchaikovsky kwechimiro chekuremekedza kune tsika, kune nhaka yevakuru vekirasi masters, iyo, zvisinei, yakanga isingabatanidzi nekusarura kune itsva. Laroche akayeuka "kuratidzira kwakanyarara" uko mudiki Tchaikovsky akabata chishuwo chevamwe vadzidzisi che "kudzivirira" vadzidzi vavo kubva kune "ngozi" pesvedzero yeBerlioz, Liszt, Wagner, ichivachengeta mukati memaitiro echinyakare tsika. Gare gare, iyeyu Laroche akanyora nezve kusanzwisisa kunoshamisa pamusoro pekuedza kwevamwe vatsoropodzi kuisa Tchaikovsky semunyori weanochengetedza tsika dzechinyakare uye akapokana kuti "Mr. Tchaikovsky ari pedyo zvisingaenzaniswi nekuruboshwe kweparamende yemimhanzi pane kurudyi pakati nepakati. " Kusiyana pakati pake ne "Kuchkists", mumaonero ake, "huwandu" kupfuura "hutano".

Kutonga kwaLaroche, kunyangwe kurodzeka kwavo, kwakanyanya kunaka. Kunyangwe kusawirirana nekukakavadzana pakati paTchaikovsky neMighty Handful dzimwe nguva kwakatora kwakadii, vairatidza kuomarara nekusiyana kwenzira mukati memusasa wakabatana unofambira mberi wedemokrasi yevaimbi veRussia muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Zvisungo zvepedyo zvakabatanidza Tchaikovsky netsika yese yeRussian artic panguva yayo yakakwirira classical heyday. Anoda kuverenga, ainyatsoziva mabhuku echiRussia uye ainyatsotevera zvose zvitsva zvakabuda mairi, kazhinji achitaura zvinofadza uye zvine musoro kutonga pamusoro pemabasa ega. Achikotamira kune nyanzvi yePushkin, ane nhetembo yakaita basa guru mubasa rake pachake, Tchaikovsky aida zvakawanda kubva kuTurgenev, akanzwa nekunzwisisa uye kunzwisisa mazwi aFet, izvo hazvina kumudzivisa kuyemura hupfumi hwekutsanangurwa kwehupenyu uye zvisikwa kubva kune yakadaro. munyori ane chinangwa saAksakov.

Asi akapa LN Tolstoy nzvimbo inokosha zvikuru, uyo waakadana kuti “nyanzvi huru pane dzose dzokudhirowa” dzisati dzambozivikanwa nevanhu. Mumabasa emunyori mukuru Tchaikovsky akanyanya kukwezvwa ne "vamwe chepamusoro soro kuda munhu, kwepamusoro tsitsi pakusabatsira kwake, kugumira uye kusakosha. “Munyori, uyo pasina chaakawana kuna ani zvake pamberi pake simba risina kupiwa kubva kumusoro kutimanikidza isu, varombo mundangariro, kuti tinzwisise nzvimbo dzisingapindiki uye mikukutu yepakati pehupenyu hwedu hwetsika,” “mutengesi wemwoyo wakadzama, "Mukutaura kwakadaro, akanyora nezve izvo, mumaonero ake, zvaive , simba uye ukuru hwaTolstoy semuimbi. “Iye oga ndiye akakwana,” maererano naTchaikovsky, “kuti munhu wokuRussia arege kukotamisa musoro wake nokunyara apo zvinhu zvikuru zvose zvakasikwa neEurope zvinoverengwa pamberi pake.”

Kunyanya kuoma kwaiva mafungiro ake kuna Dostoevsky. Achiziva unyanzvi hwake, munyori haana kunzwa kuswedera pedyo naye mukati, saTolstoy. Kana, achirava Tolstoy, aigona kudonhedza misodzi yokuyemura kwakakomborerwa nemhaka yokuti “kupfurikidza nokuyananisa kwake kubatwa nenyika yezvakanaka, kunaka kwakakwana uye vanhu, ipapo "tarenda rine utsinye" remunyori we "The Brothers Karamazov" rakamudzvinyirira uye rakatomutyisa.

Pakati pevanyori vezera diki, Tchaikovsky aive netsitsi dzakanyanya kuna Chekhov, mune nyaya nemabhuku aakakwezvwa nekubatanidzwa kwechokwadi chisina tsitsi nekudziya kwenziyo uye nhetembo. Kunzwirana tsitsi uku, sezvamunoziva, kwaiva kuwirirana. Mafungiro aChekhov kuna Tchaikovsky anopupurirwa zvakajeka netsamba yake kumunun'una wemunyori, kwaakabvuma kuti "akagadzirira siku nesikati kuti amire achikudza paberere reimba iyo Pyotr Ilyich anogara" - zvikuru kuyemura kwake. muimbi, uyo akapa nzvimbo yechipiri muRussia art, pakarepo pashure Leo Tolstoy. Kuongororwa kwaTchaikovsky nemumwe wevatenzi vakuru veimba yeshoko kunopupurira kuti mimhanzi yemunyori yaive yerudzi rwevanhu vekuRussia vaifambira mberi panguva yake.

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Tchaikovsky aive werudzi rwevanyori mavari ivo pachavo uye vanogadzira, munhu uye hunyanzvi zvakabatana zvakanyanya uye zvakabatana zvekuti hazvigoneke kuparadzanisa imwe kubva kune imwe. Zvese zvaimunetsa muhupenyu, zvaikonzera kurwadziwa kana mufaro, kutsamwa kana tsitsi, aitsvaga kutaura munziyo dzake mumutauro wemanzwi emimhanzi ari pedyo naye. The subjective uye chinangwa, iye pachake uye asiri munhu hazviparadzaniswe mubasa raTchaikovsky. Izvi zvinotibvumira kuti titaure nezve lyricism semhando huru yemafungiro ake eunyanzvi, asi muchirevo chakafara icho Belinsky akabatanidza pfungwa iyi. “Zvose zvakajairika, zvinhu zvose zvakakura, pfungwa dzose, pfungwa dzose - injini huru dzenyika uye hupenyu, - akanyora, - inogona kugadzira zvinyorwa zvebasa renziyo, asi pamamiriro ezvinhu, zvisinei, kuti mukuru ashandurirwe muropa renyaya. pfuma, inopinda mumanzwiro ake, isava nechokuita nedivi rimwe chete rake, asi nekuvimbika kwese kwehupenyu hwake. Zvose zvinobata, zvinofadza, zvinofadza, zvinosuruvarisa, zvinofadza, zvinodzikamisa, zvinokanganisa, mushoko, zvose zvinoumba zviri mukati mehupenyu hwemweya hwechidzidzo, zvose zvinopinda mazviri, zvinomuka mairi - zvose izvi zvinogamuchirwa ne lyric sechinhu chayo chepamutemo. .

Lyricism sechimiro chekunzwisisa kwehunyanzvi hwepasirese, Belinsky anoenderera mberi anotsanangura, harisi chete rakasarudzika, rakazvimiririra mhando yeunyanzvi, hupamhi hwekuratidzwa kwayo hwakakura: "lyricism, iripo pachayo, serudzi rwakasiyana rwenhetembo, inopinda mukati vamwe vese, sechinhu, vanorarama nazvo, sezvo moto wePrometheans unorarama zvisikwa zvese zvaZeus ... Kuwedzeredza kwechinhu cherimbo kunoitikawo mune epic uye mumutambo.

Kufema kwekurevesa uye kwakanangana nerwiyo kwakasimudzira mabasa ese aTchaikovsky, kubva padikidiki rezwi kana piyano kusvika kune masimphoni nema opera, izvo zvisinga sanganise kudzama kwepfungwa kana mutambo wakasimba uye wakajeka. Basa remuimbi wenziyo ndiro rakapamhama mune zvemukati, kupfuma kwehunhu hwake uye nekusiyana kwakasiyana kwezvaanofarira, anozonyanya kudavidza hunhu hwake kune zvinoonekwa zvechokwadi chakatenderedza. Tchaikovsky aifarira zvinhu zvakawanda uye akaita zvakasimba kune zvose zvakaitika kumativi ake. Zvinogona kukakavadzana kuti pakanga pasina chiitiko chikuru uye chakakosha muhupenyu hwake hwemazuva ano chaizomusiya asina hanya uye haana kukonzera imwe kana imwe mhinduro kubva kwaari.

Nemasikirwo uye nzira yekufunga, aive akajairwa nenyanzvi dzechiRussia dzenguva yake - nguva yekuchinja kwakadzama maitiro, tariro huru uye tarisiro, uye kuodzwa mwoyo kunorwadza zvakaenzana nekurasikirwa. Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zveTchaikovsky semunhu ndeyekusagadzikana kusingagutsikane kwemweya, unhu hwevakawanda vanotungamirira nhamba dzetsika dzeRussia munguva iyoyo. Munyori pachake akatsanangura chikamu ichi se "kushuva chakanakira." Muhupenyu hwake hwose, akanyanya, dzimwe nguva zvinorwadza, akatsvaka tsigiro yakasimba yemweya, achitendeukira kune uzivi kana chitendero, asi haana kukwanisa kuunza maonero ake pamusoro penyika, panzvimbo uye chinangwa chemunhu ari mairi, mune imwe nzira inokosha. . “... Handiwani mumweya wangu simba rokukudziridza zvitendero zvipi nezvipi zvakasimba, nokuti ini, semhepo ine mamiriro okunze, ndinochinja pakati pechitendero chegamuchidzanwa nemakakatanwa epfungwa dzinotsoropodza,” akabvuma kudaro Tchaikovsky ane makore makumi matatu nemanomwe okukura. Vavariro imwe cheteyo inonzwika muchinyorwa chedhayari chakaitwa makore gumi gare gare: “Upenyu hunopfuura, hunoguma, asi hapana chandaifunga, ndinotochiparadzira, kana mibvunzo inouraya ikauya, ndinoisiya.”

Kudyisa kusafarira kusingadzivisiki kune marudzi ese edzidziso uye yakaoma rationalistic abstractions, Tchaikovsky aive asingafarire zvishoma mune dzakasiyana masisitimu ehuzivi, asi aiziva mabasa evamwe vazivi uye akataura maitiro ake kwavari. Akatsoropodza uzivi hweSchopenhauer, iyo yaive yefashoni muRussia. “Mumhedziso dzokupedzisira dzeSchopenhauer,” iye anowana, “pane chimwe chinhu chinosemesa kuchiremera chomunhu, chimwe chinhu chakaoma noudyire, chisingadziyirwi norudo nokuda kworudzi rwomunhu.” Kuomarara kweongororo iyi kunonzwisisika. Mutariri wemifananidzo, uyo akazvitsanangura se "munhu ane rudo nehupenyu (pasinei nekuoma kwahwo) uye achivenga rufu nemoyo wese," haaigona kugamuchira uye kugovera dzidziso yehuzivi yaiti chete shanduko yekusavapo, kuzviparadza kunoshanda se kusunungurwa kubva kune zvakaipa zvenyika.

Kusiyana neizvi, uzivi hwaSpinoza hwakamutsa tsitsi kubva kuna Tchaikovsky ndokumukwezva nehunhu hwayo, kutarisisa uye kuda munhu, izvo zvakabvumira munyori kuti aenzanise mufungi wechiDutch naLeo Tolstoy. Kusatenda kuti kuna Mwari kwemaonero aSpinoza haanawo kucherechedzwa naye. “Ndakakanganwa ipapo,” anodaro Tchaikovsky, achiyeuka gakava rake remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi navon Meck, “kuti pangava nevanhu vakadai saSpinoza, Goethe, Kant, vakakwanisa kuita vasina chitendero? Ndakakanganwa ipapo kuti, tisingarevi idzi colossi, kune gomba rakadzika-dzika revanhu vakakwanisa kuzvigadzirira ivo pachavo hurongwa hwepfungwa hunopindirana hwakatsiva chitendero kwavari.

Iyi mitsetse yakanyorwa muna 1877, apo Tchaikovsky akazviona semunhu asingatendi kuti kuna Mwari. Kwapera gore, akatotaura zvakasimba kuti dzidziso yeOrthodoxy “yakanga yagara ichitsoropodzwa kwaizomuuraya.” Asi mukuvamba kwema80, chinjo yakaitika muchimiro chake chechitendero. “… Chiedza chekutenda chinopinda mumweya mangu zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya,” akabvuma mutsamba kuna von Meck wekuParis yemusi waKurume 16/28, 1881, “… pamarudzi ose enjodzi . Ndinonzwa kuti ndava kutanga kuziva kuda Mwari, zvandaisaziva kare. Chokwadi, tsinhiro yacho inobuda nokukurumidza: “kusava nechokwadi kuchiri kundishanyira.” Asi munyori anoedza nesimba rose remweya wake kubvisa kusahadzika uku uye nekuzvidzinga kubva kwaari.

Maonero echitendero aTchaikovsky akaramba akaomesesa uye asina kujeka, akavakirwa zvakanyanya pakukurudzira manzwiro kupfuura pakutenda kwakadzika uye kwakasimba. Zvimwe zvedzidziso dzechitendero chechiKristu zvakanga zvichiri zvisingagamuchiriki kwaari. “Handina kunyanyozadzwa norudzidziso,” anodaro mune imwe yetsamba dzacho, “kuti ndione nechivimbo kutanga kwoupenyu hutsva murufu.” Pfungwa yekufara kwekudenga isingaperi yakaita sechinhu chakashata kwazvo, chisina chinhu uye chisina mufaro kuna Tchaikovsky: "Upenyu hunofadza kana huine mufaro nekusuwa, kurwisana pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa, zvechiedza nemumvuri, neshoko, zvekusiyana mukubatana. Tingafungidzira sei upenyu husingaperi muchimiro chokufara kusingaperi?

Muna 1887, Tchaikovsky akanyora mudhayari yake:chitendero Ndinoda kutsanangura zvangu imwe nguva zvakadzama, kana chete kuitira kwandiri kamwe chete uye zvachose kunzwisisa zvandinotenda uye muganho kwavanotanga mushure mekufungidzira. Zvisinei, Tchaikovsky sezviri pachena akakundikana kuunza maonero ake echitendero mugadziriro imwe chete uye kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwavo kwose.

Akakwezvwa kuChikristu kunyanya nedivi rehunhu rehunhu, mufananidzo wevhangeri waKristu wakanzwisiswa naTchaikovsky semupenyu uye chaiye, akapiwa hunhu hwevanhuwo zvavo. “Kunyange zvazvo Akanga ari Mwari,” tinorava mune imwe yezvinyorwa zvedhayari, “asi panguva imwe cheteyo Akanga ariwo munhu. Akatambura, sezvatakangoitawo isu. Isu demba iye, tinoda maari chishuvo chake munhu kumativi.” Pfungwa yaMwari wemasimbaose uye anotyisa wemauto yaive yeTchaikovsky chimwe chinhu chiri kure, chakaoma kunzwisisa uye chinosimudzira kutya pane kuvimba netariro.

Mukuru wevanhu Tchaikovsky, uyo uyo akakosha zvikuru aive munhu anoziva nezvechiremera chake nebasa rake kune vamwe, akafunga zvishoma nezvenyaya dzemagariro ehupenyu. Maonero ake ezvematongerwo enyika aive pakati nepakati uye aisapfuura pfungwa dzehumambo hwebumbiro. "Russia ingave yakajeka sei," anodaro rimwe zuva, "kana changamire (zvinoreva Alexander II) akagumisa kutonga kwake kunoshamisa nokutipa kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika! Ngavarege kutaura kuti isu hatina kusvika pamafomu ebumbiro remitemo.” Dzimwe nguva iyi pfungwa yebumbiro uye inomiririra yakakurumbira muTchaikovsky yakatora chimiro chepfungwa yeZemstvo sobor, yakapararira mu70s uye 80s, yakagovaniswa neakasiyana matunhu enzanga kubva kune yakasununguka intelligentsia kuenda kune vanomukira veVazvipiri veVanhu. .

Kure nekunzwira tsitsi nechero pfungwa dzekuchinja, panguva imwecheteyo, Tchaikovsky akaomerwa nekuwedzera-kuwanda kwekuita muRussia uye akashora hugandanga hwehurumende hune hutsinye hwakanangana nekudzvanyirira kudiki diki kwekusagutsikana uye kufunga kwakasununguka. Muna 1878, panguva yekusimuka kwepamusoro uye kukura kwesangano reNarodnaya Volya, akanyora kuti: “Tiri kupinda munguva inotyisa, uye paunotanga kufunga nezvezviri kuitika, zvinova zvakaipa. Kune rumwe rutivi, hurumende yakavhiringidzika zvachose, yakarasika zvokuti Aksakov inotaurwa nokuda kweshoko rakashinga, rechokwadi; nerumwe rutivi, pwere inopenga inopenga, yakadzingwa nezviuru pasina kutongwa kana kuferefetwa uko gunguo harina kuunza mapfupa - uye pakati pezviviri izvi zvakanyanyisa zvekusava nehanya nechinhu chose, ruzhinji, rwakanyura muzvido zvoudyire, pasina kupikisa kuri kutarisa kune imwe. kana imwe yacho.

Rudzi urwu rwemashoko anotsoropodza anowanikwa kakawanda mutsamba dzaTchaikovsky uye gare gare. Muna 1882, Alexander III achangogadzwa pachigaro, achiperekedzwa nesimba idzva rekuita, vavariro imwe cheteyo inonzwika mavari: “Kumwoyo yedu inodiwa, kunyange zvazvo iri nyika inosuruvarisa, nguva inosuruvarisa yasvika. Munhu wose anonzwa kusagadzikana uye kusagutsikana kusinganzwisisiki; munhu wese anonzwa kuti mamiriro ezvinhu haana kugadzikana uye kuti shanduko dzinofanira kuitika - asi hapana chinogona kufanoona. Muna 1890, vavariro imwe cheteyo inonzwika zvakare mutsamba yake: “… chimwe chinhu chisina kumira zvakanaka muRussia… L. Tolstoy vanotambudzwa semamwe marudzi ezviziviso zvechimurenga. Vechiduku vari kupandukira, uye mamiriro ezvinhu eRussia, kutaura zvazviri, haana tariro zvikuru.” Zvose izvi, hongu, zvakakonzera chimiro chepfungwa cheTchaikovsky, chakawedzera manzwiro ekusawirirana nechokwadi uye zvakakonzera kupikisa kwemukati, izvo zvakaratidzwawo mubasa rake.

Murume ane ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana rwezvido zvepfungwa, muongorori-mufungi, Tchaikovsky aigara achiremerwa nepfungwa dzakadzama, dzakasimba nezverevo yeupenyu, nzvimbo yake nechinangwa mahuri, nezvekusakwana kwehukama hwevanhu, uye nezve zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda chokwadi chemazuva ano chakaita kuti afunge nezvazvo. Muimbi haaigona asi kunetseka pamusoro pemibvunzo yakawanda inokosha ine chokuita nenheyo dzekugadzira unyanzvi, basa reunyanzvi muupenyu hwevanhu uye nzira dzekukura kwayo, umo makakatanwa akajeka uye anotyisa akaitwa munguva yake. Tchaikovsky paakapindura mibvunzo yaakaudzwa kuti mimhanzi inofanira kunyorwa “sezvinoiswa naMwari mumweya,” izvi zvakaratidza kusada kwake kusingarambiki kune chero rudzi rwekufungidzira kusinganzwisisike, uye zvakatonyanya kutenderwa chero ipi neipi inosungirwa mitemo netsika muunyanzvi. . . Saka, achishora Wagner nokuda kwokuisa basa rake nechisimba kupfungwa yokunyepedzera uye isinganzwisisiki, anoti: “Wagner, mukuona kwangu, akauraya simba guru rokusika maari nedzidziso. Chero dzidziso yagara isati yaitwa inotonhodza manzwiro ekugadzira aripo ipapo.

Kukoshesa mumhanzi, kutanga kwezvose, kutendeseka, chokwadi uye nekukasira kutaura, Tchaikovsky akadzivisa zvirevo zvemashoko makuru uye kuzivisa mabasa ake nemitemo yekushandiswa kwavo. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti haana kumbofunga nezvazvo zvachose: maonero ake ezvakanaka akanga akasimba uye asingachinji. Muchimiro chakanyanya, vanogona kudzikiswa kuita zvinhu zviviri zvikuru: 1) democracy, kutenda kuti art inofanirwa kutaurirwa kune vanhu vakasiyana-siyana, inoshanda senzira yekukura kwavo pamweya nekupfumisa, 2) chokwadi chisingaverengeki che. hupenyu. Mashoko aTchaikovsky anozivikanwa uye anowanzotaurwa: "Ndinoshuva nesimba rose remweya wangu kuti mimhanzi yangu ipararire, kuti nhamba yevanhu vanoida, vawane nyaradzo uye kutsigirwa mairi" yaizowedzera, yaiva kuratidzwa kwe kutsvakwa kusina maturo kwekukurumbira pazvose, asi muumbi wacho anoda kutaurirana nevanhu kuburikidza neunyanzvi hwake, chido chekuunza mufaro kwavari, kusimbisa simba nemweya yakanaka.

Tchaikovsky anogara achitaura nezvechokwadi chekutaura. Panguva imwecheteyo, dzimwe nguva akaratidza mafungiro asina kunaka kune shoko rokuti "realism". Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nekuti akazviona mune yakasarudzika, yakashata Pisarev dudziro, isingasanganisire runako rwepamusoro uye nhetembo. Aifunga chinhu chikuru muunyanzvi kwete kugoneka kwekunze kwechisikigo, asi kudzika kwekunzwisisa kwemukati wezvinoreva zvinhu uye, pamusoro pezvose, iwo akajeka uye akaomarara maitiro epfungwa akavanzwa kubva mukutarisa kwepamusoro kunoitika mumweya wemunhu. Imhanzi, mumaonero ake, kupfuura chero humwe hunyanzvi, hune kugona uku. "Munyanzvi," Tchaikovsky akanyora, "kune chokwadi chakakwana, kwete mupfungwa ye banal protocol, asi mune yakakwirira, ichizarura mamwe maonero asingazivikanwi kwatiri, mamwe mazamu asingasviki umo mumhanzi chete unogona kupinda, uye pasina munhu akaenda. kusvika kure pakati pevanyori. saTolstoy."

Tchaikovsky anga asiri mutorwa kune tsika yekuda kuita zverudo, kune yemahara yekutamba yekufungidzira uye inoshamisa ngano, kune nyika yeanoshamisa, yemashiripiti uye isati yamboitika. Asi chinangwa chekunyora kwekunyora kwemunyori chave chiri munhu mupenyu chaiye ane manzwiro ake akareruka asi akasimba, mufaro, kusuwa uye kuoma. Iko kusvinurira kwepfungwa kwakapinza, kunzwa pamweya uye kuterera izvo Tchaikovsky akapiwa zvakamubvumira kuti agadzire mifananidzo isina kujairika yakajeka, yechokwadi uye inogutsa yatinoona sepedyo, inonzwisisika uye yakafanana nesu. Izvi zvinomuisa padanho nevamiriri vakakura veRussia classical realism saPushkin, Turgenev, Tolstoy kana Chekhov.

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Zvinogona kutaurwa zvakarurama pamusoro paTchaikovsky kuti nguva yaakararama, nguva yekusimudzirwa kwevanhu uye kuchinja kukuru kune zvibereko munzvimbo dzose dzehupenyu hweRussia, kwakaita kuti ave munyori. Apo mumwe mukuru mukuru weBazi reRuramisiro uye muimbi asina unyanzvi, apinda muSt. Petersburg Conservatory, yakanga ichangobva kuvhurwa muna 1862, nokukurumidza akasarudza kuzvipira kumimhanzi, izvi hazvina kungoshamisa chete, asiwo kusatenderwa pakati pevanhu vakawanda vaiva pedyo. kwaari. Kwete pasina imwe njodzi, chiito chaTchaikovsky chakanga chisina, zvisinei, chetsaona uye chisina kufunga. Makore mashomanana zvisati zvaitika, Mussorgsky akanga asiya basa rechiuto nokuda kwechinangwa chimwe chete, achipesana nezano uye kunyengetedza kweshamwari dzake dzekare. Vose vechidiki vakangwara vakakurudzirwa kutora danho iri nemafungiro kune unyanzvi, izvo zvinosimbisa munharaunda, sechinhu chakakomba uye chakakosha chinobatsira kupfumisa pakunamata kwevanhu uye kuwanda kwenhaka yenyika.

Kupinda kwaTchaikovsky munzira yemimhanzi yeunyanzvi kwakabatanidzwa nekuchinja kukuru mumaonero ake uye maitiro, mafungiro ehupenyu uye basa. Munun’una wemunyori uye munyori wekutanga woupenyu MI Tchaikovsky akayeuka kuti kunyange chitarisiko chake chakanga chachinja sei pashure pokupinda muimba yokuchengetera zvinhu: mune zvimwe zvinhu.” Nekuratidza kusangwarira kwechimbuzi, Tchaikovsky aida kusimbisa kusununguka kwake kwakasimba neaimbova chiremera uye nharaunda yehutongi uye shanduko kubva kumurume wekunyika akakwenenzverwa kuita mushandi-raznochintsy.

Mukati memakore anopfuura matatu ekudzidza paConservatory, apo AG Rubinshtein aive mumwe wevaraidzi vake vakuru nevatungamiriri, Tchaikovsky akaziva zvese zvinodikanwa zvedzidziso uye akanyora akati wandei esymphonic nechamber mabasa, kunyangwe asati azvimiririra zvachose uye asina kuenzana, asi. zvakaratidzwa netarenda rinoshamisa. Chikurusa cheiyi chakanga chiri cantata "To Joy" pamashoko aSchiller's ode, akaitwa pamutambo wokupedza kudzidza musi waDecember 31, 1865. Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, shamwari yaTchaikovsky uye waaidzidza naye Laroche akamunyorera kuti: “Ndiwe tarenda guru remimhanzi. yeRussia yemazuva ano…Ndinoona mauri chikuru, kana kuti, tariro chete yeramangwana redu rekuimba… Zvisineyi, zvese zvawakaita… ndinongoona basa remukomana wechikoro.” , kugadzirira uye kuedza, sekutaura. Zvisikwa zvako zvichatanga, pamwe, mumakore mashanu chete, asi ivo, vakura, vekirasi, vachapfuura zvese zvataive nazvo mushure meGlinka.

Basa raTchaikovsky rakazvimiririra rekugadzira rakazaruka muhafu yechipiri ye60s muMoscow, kwaakatamira kumavambo 1866 paakakokwa naNG Rubinshtein kuti adzidzise mumakirasi emimhanzi eRMS, uyezve kuMoscow Conservatory, iyo yakavhurwa mumatsutso. gore rimwe chetero. “… Kuna PI Tchaikovsky,” sokupupurira kunoita mumwe weshamwari dzake itsva dzemuMoscow ND Kashkin, “kwemakore akawanda akava mhuri ine unyanzvi umo tarenda rake rakakura nekukura.” Muimbi wechidiki akasangana netsitsi uye nerutsigiro kwete chete mumhanzi, asiwo mune zvinyorwa uye zvemitambo denderedzwa reMoscow. Kuzivana naAN Ostrovsky nevamwe vevatambi veMaly Theatre vakabatsira mukufarira kwaTchaikovsky munziyo dzechivanhu uye hupenyu hwekare hweRussia, izvo zvakaratidzwa mumabasa ake emakore aya ( opera The Voyevoda yakavakirwa pamutambo waOstrovsky, Wokutanga Symphony " Zviroto Zvechando”) .

Nguva yekukurumidza uye yakanyanyisa kukura kwetarenda rake rekusika yaive 70s. “Kune murwi wokubatikana,” akanyora kudaro, “uyo unokukumbanira zvikuru mukati mebasa rakareba zvokuti hauna nguva yokuzvitarisira ndokukanganwa chinhu chiri chose kunze kweizvo zvine chokuita zvakananga nebasa.” Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya ekunyanya kunetseka naTchaikovsky, ma symphonies matatu, piyano mbiri uye violin concertos, maopera matatu, Swan Lake ballet, matatu quartets uye mamwe akawanda, kusanganisira mabasa makuru uye anokosha, akasikwa asati asvika 1878. Kana tikawedzera iri ibasa guru, rinopedza nguva pakudzidzisa uye kuenderera mberi nekushandira pamwe mumapepanhau eMoscow semunyori wenhau dzemimhanzi kusvika pakati pemakore makumi manomwe, zvino munhu anorohwa nechisimba nesimba guru uye kuyerera kusingapedzi kwekufemerwa kwake.

Iyo yekusika yepamusoro yenguva iyi yaive maviri ehunyanzvi - "Eugene Onegin" uye Yechina Symphony. Kusikwa kwavo kwakabatana nedambudziko repfungwa rakaunza Tchaikovsky kumucheto kwekuzviuraya. Kukurudzira kwekukurumidza kwekuvhunduka uku kwaiva kuroorana nemukadzi, kusakwanisa kugara pamwe chete naye akaonekwa kubva mumazuva ekutanga chaiwo nemunyori. Nekudaro, dambudziko rakagadzirirwa nekuzara kwemamiriro ehupenyu hwake uye murwi kwemakore akati wandei. "Muchato usina kubudirira wakawedzera dambudziko," BV Asafiev anoti nenzira kwayo, "nekuti Tchaikovsky, akanganisa kuverenga pakugadzirwa kwemhuri itsva, ine hunyanzvi - nharaunda mune yakapihwa mamiriro ekurarama, akakurumidza kusununguka - rusununguko rwakakwana rwekugadzira. Kuti dambudziko iri rakanga risiri rekunyangadza, asi rakagadzirirwa nekukura kwese kwechimbichimbi kwebasa remunyori uye manzwiro ekukura kukuru kwekugadzira, kunoratidzwa nemugumisiro wekuvhunduka uku: opera Eugene Onegin uye yakakurumbira Fourth Symphony. .

Apo kuoma kwedambudziko kwakadzikira zvishoma, nguva yakasvika yekuongorora kwakadzama nekudzokorora nzira yese yakafambwa, iyo yakaramba ichienderera kwemakore. Iyi nzira yaifambidzana nekuputika kwekusagutsikana kwakapinza naiye pachake: kakawanda kunyunyuta kunonzwika mutsamba dzaTchaikovsky pamusoro pekushaikwa kweunyanzvi, kusakwana uye kusakwana kwezvinhu zvose zvaakanyora kusvika ikozvino; dzimwe nguva zvinoratidzika kwaari kuti apera, apera uye haachazokwanisi kugadzira chero chinhu chipi zvacho chinokosha. Kuzviongorora kwakadzikama uye kwakadzikama kuri mutsamba yakanyorerwa von Meck yaMay 25-27, 1882: “… Shanduko isina kupokana yakaitika mandiri. Hapasisina kureruka ikoko, mufaro mukushanda, nekuda kwekuti mazuva nemaawa zvakapfuura ndisingaonekwe kwandiri. Ndinozvinyaradza nechokwadi chokuti kana zvinyorwa zvangu zvinotevera zvisingadziyirwe nekunzwa kwechokwadi kupfuura zvakapfuura, zvino vanozokunda mukugadzirwa, zvichava nemaune, zvakanyanya kukura.

Nguva kubva pakupera kwe70s kusvika pakati pe80s mukusimudzirwa kwaTchaikovsky inogona kutsanangurwa senguva yekutsvaga uye kuunganidza simba rekuziva mabasa matsva makuru eunyanzvi. Basa rake rokusika harina kuderera mumakore aya. Nekuda kwerutsigiro rwemari rwavon Meck, Tchaikovsky akakwanisa kuzvisunungura kubva kubasa rake rinorema mumakirasi edzidziso eMoscow Conservatory uye akazvipira zvizere kugadzira mimhanzi. Mabhuku akati wandei anobuda pasi pechinyoreso chake, pamwe asina simba rinonakidza rakadaro uye kusimba kwekutaura saRomeo naJuliet, Francesca kana Fourth Symphony, runako rwakadai rwerwiyo rwemweya unodziya uye nhetembo saEugene Onegin, asi inyanzvi, isina kunaka muchimiro uye manyorerwo, yakanyorwa nefungidziro huru, zvine hungwaru uye inovamba, uye kazhinji nehungwaru hwechokwadi. Aya ndiwo matatu akanakisa orchestral masutu uye mamwe mabasa esymphonic emakore ano. Iyo operas Musikana weOrleans neMazeppa, akagadzirwa panguva imwe chete, anosiyaniswa nehupamhi hwemafomu, chishuvo chavo chekupinza, kushushikana mamiriro ezvinhu, kunyangwe ivo vachitambura nekumwe kupokana kwemukati uye kushomeka kwehunyanzvi hwekuita.

Tsvakiridzo nezviitiko izvi zvakagadzirira munyori kuti achinje kuenda kudanho idzva rebasa rake, rakaratidzwa nehukuru hwepamusoro hwehunyanzvi, musanganiswa wehudzamu uye kukosha kwemazano nekukwana kwekuita kwavo, hupfumi uye akasiyana mafomu, marudzi uye nzira dze kutaura kwemimhanzi. Mumabasa akadaro epakati uye yechipiri hafu ye80s se "Manfred", "Hamlet", the Fifth Symphony, mukuenzanisa nemabasa ekutanga aTchaikovsky, maitiro ekudzika kukuru kwepfungwa, kusungirirwa kwepfungwa kunooneka, vavariro dzinosuruvarisa dzinowedzerwa. Mumakore mamwe chetewo, basa rake rinowana kuzivikanwa kwakawanda neruzhinji kumba uye mune dzinoverengeka nyika dzekunze. Sezvakataurwa naLaroche, kuRussia muma80s anove akafanana naVerdi aive kuItaly kuma50s. Muimbi, uyo aida kuva oga, iye zvino anozviratidza pachena pamberi pevanhu uye anozviita pachake pamutambo wekonzati, achiita mabasa ake. Muna 1885, akasarudzwa sachigaro webazi reMoscow reRMS uye akatora chikamu mukuronga hupenyu hwekonzati yeMoscow, achipinda bvunzo kuConservatory. Kubva 1888, rwendo rwake rwekukunda rwakatanga muWestern Europe uye United States of America.

Mumhanzi wakasimba, weruzhinji uye mutambo wekonzati hauderedze simba rekugadzira raTchaikovsky. Kuti aise pfungwa dzake pakugadzira mimhanzi panguva yake yakasununguka, akagara pedyo neKlin muna 1885, uye muchirimo cha1892 akarenda imba kunze kweguta reKlin pacharo, iyo ichiripo kusvika nhasi. ndangariro yomunyori mukuru uye dura guru renhaka yake yakapfuma zvikurusa yamanyoro.

Makore mashanu ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwemunyori akaonekwa nekupenya kwakanyanya uye kwakajeka kwekuita kwake kwekusika. Munguva 1889 - 1893 akasika mabasa anoshamisa akadai semaopera "The Queen of Spades" uye "Iolanthe", mabheti "Sleeping Beauty" uye "The Nutcracker" uye, pakupedzisira, asingaenzaniswi musimba renjodzi, kudzika kwe. kuumbwa kwemibvunzo yehupenyu hwevanhu uye rufu, ushingi uye panguva imwe chete kujekesa, kukwana kwehutano hwepfungwa yeChitanhatu ("Pathetic") Symphony. Zvave mhedzisiro yehupenyu hwese uye nzira yekugadzira yemunyori, aya mabasa aive panguva imwechete yakashinga budiriro mune ramangwana uye akavhura horizons nyowani yeimba yemumhanzi art. Zvakawanda mavari zvino zvinoonekwa setarisiro yezvakazoitwa nevaimbi vakuru veRussia vezana ramakore rechiXNUMX - Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Shostakovich.

Tchaikovsky aisafanira kupinda nepakati pemapores ekugadzira kuderera uye kusvava - kufa kusingatarisirwi kwenjodzi kwakamubata pane imwe nguva paakanga achiri akazara nesimba uye aive pamusoro peiyo tarenda rake guru.

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Mimhanzi yaTchaikovsky, yatova munguva yehupenyu hwake, yakapinda mukuziva kwezvikamu zvakakura zvevanhu veRussia uye yakava chikamu chinokosha chenhaka yenyika. Zita rake rinoenderana nemazita aPushkin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky nevamwe vamiririri vakuru veRussia classical mabhuku uye hunyanzvi tsika mune zvakazara. Kufa kusingatarisirwi kwemunyori muna 1893 kwakaonekwa neRussia yese yakavhenekerwa sekurasikirwa kusingagadzirisiki kwenyika. Zvaakanga ari kune vakawanda vanofunga vanhu vakadzidza zvinonyatsoratidzwa nekureurura kwaVG Karatygin, kunyanya kukosha nokuti ndeyemunhu akazogamuchira basa raTchaikovsky kure nekusagadzikana uye nekutsoropodza kukuru. Mune imwe nyaya yakatsaurirwa kusvitsa makore makumi maviri erufu rwake, Karatygin akanyora kuti: “… Pakafa Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky muSt. Ndakakwanisa kwete chete kunzwisisa ukuru hwekurasikirwa , yakaitwa neRussia vanhuasiwo zvinorwadza kunzwa mwoyo wekushungurudzika kwese-Russian. Kekutanga, pahwaro uhwu, ndakanzwa kubatana kwangu nenzanga muruzhinji. Uye nokuti zvakazoitika kekutanga, kuti ndine chikwereti Tchaikovsky yekutanga kumuka mandiri yekunzwa kwemugari, nhengo yeRussian Society, zuva rekufa kwake richiri rine zvarinoreva kwandiri.

Simba rezano rakabva kuna Tchaikovsky senyanzvi uye munhu rakanga rakakura: hapana munyori wechiRussia mumwe chete akatanga basa rake rekugadzira mumakumi emakore ekupedzisira ezana remakore rechi900 akapukunyuka simba rake kune imwe dhigirii kana imwe. Panguva imwecheteyo, mu910s uye yekutanga XNUMXs, maererano nekupararira kwechiratidzo uye mamwe maitiro matsva eunyanzvi, maitiro akasimba e "anti-Chaikovist" akabuda mune mamwe mimhanzi. Mimhanzi yake inotanga kuita seyakanyanya kupfava uye yakajairika, isina fungidziro kune "dzimwe nyika", kune zvisinganzwisisike uye zvisingazivikanwi.

Muna 1912, N. Ya. Myaskovsky akataura zvakasimba achipokana nekuzvidzwa kwenhaka yaTchaikovsky mune inozivikanwa chinyorwa "Tchaikovsky naBeethoven." Akatsamwa akaramba kuedza kwevamwe vatsoropodzi kuzvidza kukosha kwomunyori mukuru wokuRussia, “uyo basa rake risina kungopa vanaamai chete mukana wokuva pamwero nemarudzi ose etsika mukuzivikanwa kwavo vamene, asi nokudaro vakagadzirira nzira dzakasununguka dzokuuya. hukuru…” Kufanana kwave kujaira kwatiri pakati pevanyori vaviri vane mazita anofananidzwa mumusoro wechinyorwa kunogona kuita sekunge kune vazhinji kwakashinga uye kukangaidzika. Chinyorwa chaMyaskovsky chakamutsa mhinduro dzinopesana, kusanganisira dzakanyanya kupokana. Asi paive nekutaura mumapepanhau kwaitsigira nekusimudzira pfungwa dzakaburitswa mariri.

Echoes yemafungiro asina kunaka aya kune basa raTchaikovsky, izvo zvakabva mukuzvivaraidza kwekutanga kwezana ramakore, zvakanzwikawo muma20s, zvichipindirana zvisingaite nemaitiro akashata emagariro emakore iwayo. Panguva imwecheteyo, yaive makore gumi aya akaratidzwa nekukwira kutsva kwechido munhaka yemukuru weRussia nyanzvi uye kunzwisisa kwakadzama kukosha kwayo uye zvinoreva, umo kukosha kukuru ndekwaBV Asafiev semuongorori uye propagandist. Zvinyorwa zvakawanda uye zvakasiyana-siyana mumakumi emakore akatevera zvakaratidza hupfumi nekusiyana-siyana kwemufananidzo wekusika waTchaikovsky semumwe wevanyori vakuru vevanhu uye vafungi vekare.

Kukakavadzana pamusoro pekukosha kwemimhanzi yaTchaikovsky kwakarega kuva yakakosha kwatiri, kukosha kwayo kwepamusoro kwete chete kuderera muchiedza chezvino kubudirira zveRussia uye pasi rose zvemimhanzi yenguva yedu, asi inoramba ichikura uye ichizviratidza zvakadzama. uye zvakafara, kubva kumativi matsva, asingacherechedzwi kana kuti asingatarisirwi nevairarama panguva imwe chete naye uye vamiririri vechizvarwa chinotevera chaimutevera.

Yu. Handeyi nazvo

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