Mumhanzi fomu |

Greek morpn, lat. chimiro - chitarisiko, chifananidzo, zvinyorwa, chitarisiko, runako; ChiGerman Chimiro, ChiFrench chimiro, ital. fomu, eng. chimiro, chimiro

gutsikana

I. Zvinorehwa nezwi iri. Etymology II. Fomu uye zvinyorwa. General nheyo dzekuumba III. Mafomu emimhanzi asati asvika 1600 IV. Polyphonic mimhanzi yemhando V. Homophonic mafomu emimhanzi emazuva ano VI. Mimhanzi mafomu ezana remakore rechi20 VII. Dzidziso pamusoro pemafomu emimhanzi

I. Zvinorehwa nezwi iri. Etymology. Izwi rokuti F.m. inoshandiswa munzira dzakawanda. kukosha: 1) rudzi rwekuumbwa; def. hurongwa hwekunyora (kunyanya, "fomu-chirongwa", maererano neBV Asafiev) muses. mabasa ("chimiro chechimiro", maererano naPI Tchaikovsky; semuenzaniso, rundo, fugue, motet, ballata; chikamu chinoswedera kune pfungwa yemhando, kureva, rudzi rwemimhanzi); 2) mimhanzi. iwo embodiment yezviri mukati (sangano rakazara remelodic motifs, kuwirirana, mita, polyphonic jira, timbres, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvemimhanzi). Pamusoro pezvirevo zviviri izvi zvikuru zvezwi rokuti “F. m." (mumhanzi uye aesthetic-uzivi) kune vamwe; 3) imwe neimwe yakasarudzika inonzwika mufananidzo wemuses. chidimbu (kunyatso nzwikwa kwechinangwa chayo chinongowanikwa mubasa iri; chimwe chinhu chinosiyanisa, semuenzaniso, imwe sonata fomu kubva kune mamwe ese; mukusiyana neiyo fomu-mhando, inowanikwa neiyo thematic hwaro isingadzokororwe mu. mamwe mabasa uye budiriro yaro yega; kunze kwezvesainzi abstractions, mumhanzi mhenyu munongova nemunhu F. m.); 4) kunaka. kurongeka munziyo dzenziyo ("kuwirirana" kwezvikamu zvayo uye zvikamu), zvichipa kunaka. chiremerera chemimhanzi. nziyo (kukosha kwechimiro chayo chakakosha; "chimiro chinoreva runako ...", maererano naMI Glinka); iyo yakanaka kukosha kwehutano hwepfungwa yeF. m. inowanikwa mukupikisa: "chimiro" - "kusaumbwa" ("deformation" - kukanganisa kwechimiro; chii chisina chimiro chinokanganisa, chakashata); 5) imwe yematatu makuru. zvikamu zvekushandiswa kwemimhanzi-tioretical. sainzi (pamwe nekubatana uye counterpoint), iyo nyaya iri kudzidza kwaF. Dzimwe nguva mimhanzi. chimiro chinonziwo: chimiro chemuses. prod. (chimiro chayo), idiki pane zvese zvigadzirwa, zvidimbu zvakazara zvemimhanzi. nziyo zvikamu zvechimiro kana zvikamu zvemimhanzi. op., pamwe nekutaridzika kwavo sese, chimiro (semuenzaniso, maumbirwo emodal, cadences, budiriro - "chimiro chemutsara", nguva se "chimiro"; "random inowirirana mafomu" - PI Tchaikovsky; "mamwe chimiro, ngatitii, rudzi rwe cadence” – GA Laroche; “Pane mamwe marudzi emimhanzi yemazuva ano” – VV Stasov). Etymologically, chiLatin chimiro - lexical. Kutsvaga bepa kubva kuGreek morgn, kusanganisira, kunze kweiyo huru. zvinoreva "chitarisiko", pfungwa ye "runako" chitarisiko (muEuripides eris morpas; - gakava pakati pevamwari pamusoro pekutaridzika kwakanaka). Lat. izwi rokuti chimiro - chimiro, chimiro, mufananidzo, chimiro, chimiro, runako (somuenzaniso, muCicero, forma muliebris - kunaka kwevakadzi). Mashoko anoenderana: formose - mutete, ane nyasha, akanaka; formosulos - yakanaka; rum. frumos nechiPutukezi. formoso - yakanaka, yakanaka (Ovid ane "formosum anni tempus" - "mwaka wakanaka", kureva, chirimo). (Ona Stolovich LN, 1966.)

II. Fomu uye zvinyorwa. General nheyo dzekuumba. Pfungwa ye "fomu" inogona kuva correlate mu decomp. vaviri vaviri: chimiro uye nyaya, chimiro uye zvinhu (zvichienderana nemimhanzi, mukududzirwa kumwe, chinhu chikamu chayo chemuviri, chimiro hukama pakati pezvinhu zvinonzwika, pamwe nezvose zvinovakwa kubva kwavari; mune imwe dudziro, zvinyorwa ndizvo zvikamu zvekuumbwa - melodic, harmonic formations, timbre inowana, nezvimwewo, uye chimiro - kurongeka kunopindirana kwezvakavakwa kubva munyaya iyi), chimiro uye zvinyorwa, chimiro uye kusava. Main terminology zvinhu. maviri echimiro - zvirimo (sechikamu chehuzivi, pfungwa ye "zviri mukati" yakaunzwa naGVF Hegel, uyo akaidudzira muchirevo chekudyidzana kwezvinhu uye chimiro, uye zvirimo sechikamu zvinosanganisira zvese, mu fomu rakabviswa. Hegel, 1971, mapeji 83-84). Mudzidziso yeMarxist yeunyanzvi, chimiro (kusanganisira F. m.) chinotariswa muzvikamu zviviri izvi, apo zvirimo zvinonzwisiswa seratidziro yechokwadi.

Zviri mumhanzi - ext. chikamu chemweya chebasa; izvo mimhanzi inotaura. Center. music concepts. zvemukati - mimhanzi. pfungwa (pfungwa yemimhanzi), muz. chifananidzo (chimiro chakanyatsoratidzwa chinovhura zvakananga kumanzwiro emumhanzi, se "mufananidzo", chifananidzo, pamwe nekuratidzwa kwemimhanzi yemanzwiro uye pfungwa dzepfungwa). Zviri mukati mekudaro zvakazadzwa nechishuwo chevakakwirira, mukuru ("Muongorori chaiye ... anofanira kuedza nekutsva nekuda kwezvinangwa zvikuru," tsamba kubva kuna PI Tchaikovsky kuenda kuAI Alferaki yeAugust 1, 8). Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chezvinyorwa zvemimhanzi - runako, runako, runako. yakanaka, callistic chikamu chemimhanzi seyakanaka. phenomena. MuMarxist aesthetics, runako runodudzirwa kubva pakuona kwevanhu. maitiro evanhu seaesthetic. iyo yakanaka mufananidzo unofungidzirwa wenyama yekuzadzikiswa kwepasi rose kwerusununguko rwevanhu (LN Stolovich, 1891; S. Goldentricht, 1956, p. 1967; uyewo Yu. B. Borev, 362, p. 1975-47). Mukuwedzera, kuumbwa kwemamusi. zvemukati zvinogona kusanganisira mifananidzo isiri yemimhanzi, pamwe nemamwe marudzi emimhanzi. mabasa anosanganisira off-mimhanzi. zvinhu - zvinyorwa zvemifananidzo mu wok. mimhanzi (inenge marudzi ese, kusanganisira opera), dariro. zviito zvakabatanidzwa muimba yemitambo. music. Nokuda kwekukwana kwemifananidzo. kuvandudzwa kwemativi ese ari maviri kwakakosha pakuita basa - ese ari maviri ane pfungwa dzakapfuma zvinokatyamadza, zvinonakidza zvemukati, uye hunyanzvi hwakagadziridzwa. mafomu. Kushaikwa kweimwe kana imwe kunokanganisa aesthetic. kunaka kwebasa.

Chimiro mumimhanzi (mune aesthetic and philosophical sense) ndiko kunzwisiswa kwemukati nerubatsiro rwehurongwa hwezvinonzwika, nzira, hukama, kureva, sei (uye nei) zviri mumhanzi zvinoratidzwa. Kunyanya, F. m. (mupfungwa iyi) ane stylistic. uye rudzi rwakatemerwa rwezvinhu zvemimhanzi (somuenzaniso, yerwiyo - rakagadzirirwa kuti vanhu vakawanda vaone mhemberero; kureruka uye kupfava kwerwiyo rwenziyo runoda kuitwa nekwaya ichitsigirwa neokestra), defin. kusanganiswa kwavo uye kupindirana (yakasarudzwa hunhu hwe rhythmic movement, tonal-harmonious machira, dynamics of shape, etc.), holistic organisation, inotsanangurwa. music technique. nziyo (chinonyanya kukosha chinangwa chetekinoroji ndiko kugadzwa kwe "kubatana", kukwana, runako mukuumbwa kwemimhanzi). Zvose zvicharatidzwa. Nzira dzemimhanzi, dzakafukidzwa nemafungiro ezve "maitiro" uye "maitiro", anoratidzwa pane chimwe chinhu chakazara - mimhanzi chaiyo. kuumbwa, paF.m.

Chimiro uye zvemukati zviripo mukubatana kusinga patsanurwe. Iko hakuna kana diki diki diki remamuses. zvemukati, izvo zvaisazofanira kuratidzwa neimwe kana imwe musanganiswa wekutaura. zvinoreva (somuenzaniso, mazwi akajeka, asingatsananguriki anoratidza mimvuri yekurira kwenzwi, zvichienderana nenzvimbo chaiyo yematoni ayo kana kuti matanda akasarudzwa kune rimwe nerimwe rawo). Uye zvakasiyana, hapana zvakadaro, kunyangwe iyo yakanyanya "abstract" tekinoroji. nzira, iyo isingashande sekutaura kwe c.-l, kubva muzvikamu zvezviri mukati (somuenzaniso, mhedzisiro yekutevedzana kwekuwedzera kwekanoni nguva mukusiyana kwega kwega, isingaonekwe zvakananga nenzeve mukusiyana kwega kwega, nhamba iyo inopatsanurwa nevatatu pasina yasara, mu "Goldberg Variations" JS Bach haingorongedze kutenderera kwese kwese, asi inopindawo mune pfungwa yemukati wemweya webasa). Kusapatsanurika kwechimiro nezviri mumhanzi kunoonekwa zvakajeka kana tichienzanisa gadziriro dzemutinhimira mumwe chete nevanyori vakasiyana (cf., semuenzaniso, The Persian Choir kubva mu opera Ruslan naLyudmila naGlinka naI. Kufora kwaStrauss kwakanyorerwa kuimba imwechete- dingindira) kana mumisiyano (semuenzaniso, I. Brahms's B-dur piano kusiyana, dingindira reGF Handel, uye mimhanzi yeBrahms inonzwika mune yekutanga musiyano). Panguva imwecheteyo, mukubatana kwechimiro uye zvemukati, zvirimo ndizvo zvinotungamira, zvine simba mobile factor; ane basa rakasimba mukubatana uku. Paunenge uchiita zvinyorwa zvitsva, mutsauko uripo pakati pefomu uye zvirimo ungamuka, kana zvinyorwa zvitsva zvisingakwanisi kukudziridzika mukati mechimiro chechimiro chekare (kupokana kwakadaro kunoumbwa, semuenzaniso, panguva yekushandiswa kwemagetsi kwe baroque rhythmic maitiro uye polyphonic. mafomu ekugadzira 12-tone melodic thematism mumimhanzi yemazuva ano). Kupokana kunogadziriswa nekuunza fomu kuti rienderane nezviri mukati, uchitsanangura. zvinhu zvechimiro chekare zvinopera. Kubatana kwaF.m. uye zviri mukati zvinoita kuti kuratidzirana kwemumwe kune mumwe kubvire mupfungwa dzemuimbi; zvisinei, kufambiswa kwakadaro kunowanzoitika kwezvivakwa zvemukati kuti zviumbe (kana zvinopesana), zvine chekuita nekugona kwemuoni "kuverenga" zvinyorwa zvekufananidzira mumubatanidzwa wezvinhu zvechimiro uye kuzvifunga maererano neF. m. , hazvirevi kuzivikanwa kwechimiro uye zvinyorwa.

Mumhanzi. mhosva, sevamwe. mhando dze art-va, iratidziro yechokwadi muzvikamu zvayo zvese zvezvimiro, nekuda kwekushanduka. nhanho dzekukura kwayo kubva kumhando dzekutanga dzepasi kusvika kune dzepamusoro. Sezvo mimhanzi iri kubatana kwemukati uye chimiro, chokwadi chinoratidzwa nezvose zvirimo uye chimiro chayo. Mumimhanzi-yakanaka se "chokwadi" chemimhanzi, aesthetic-value hunhu uye inorganic zvinosanganiswa. nyika (chiyero, kuenzana, kuenzana, kuenzana kwezvikamu, kazhinji, kubatana uye kuwirirana kwehukama; cosmological. pfungwa yekuratidzwa kwechokwadi nemimhanzi ndiyo yekare kwazvo, inobva kuvaPythagoreans naPlato kuburikidza naBoethius, J. Carlino, I. Kepler uye M. Mersenne kusvika ikozvino; cm. Kayser H., 1938, 1943, 1950; Losev A. F., 1963-80; Losev, Shestakov V. P., 1965), uye nyika yezvisikwa zvipenyu ("kufema" uye kudziya kwemazwi ehupenyu, pfungwa yekufananidza kutenderera kwehupenyu hwemuses. kukura muchimiro chekuzvarwa kwemimhanzi. kufunga, kukura kwayo, kusimuka, kusvika kumusoro uye kupedzisa, zvichiteerana. kududzirwa kwemimhanzi nguva senguva ye "hupenyu hwehupenyu" hwemimhanzi. "chipenyu"; pfungwa yezvirimo semufananidzo uye chimiro sechipenyu, chakakosha chipenyu), uye kunyanya munhu - nhoroondo. uye zvemagariro - nyika yemweya (zvinorehwa neasociative-yemweya subtext inoraramisa zvimiro zvinonzwika, kutungamira kune tsika. uye aesthetic yakanaka, mufananidzo werusununguko rwemweya rwemunhu, nhoroondo. uye kusarudzika kwemagariro ezvese zviri zviviri zvekufananidzira uye zvepfungwa zvemumhanzi, uye F. m.; "Chimiro chemumhanzi sechinhu chakatemerwa munharaunda chinotanga kuzivikanwa sechimiro ... chekuwanikwa kwemimhanzi mumhanzi mukuita manzwi" - Asafiev B. V., 1963, p. 21). Kubatanidza muhumwe hunhu hwekunaka, ese akaturikidzana ezvemukati basa, kureva o., seratidziro yechokwadi muchimiro chekufambisa kwechipiri, hunhu "hwemunhu". Musical Op., Inyanzvi inoratidza nhoroondo. uye magariro akatemerwa chokwadi kuburikidza nechakanaka cherunako sechiyereso cherunako rwayo. kuongorora, uye naizvozvo inoshanduka kuva nzira yatinoziva nayo - "inoda" runako, basa reunyanzvi. Nekudaro, kuratidzwa kwechokwadi muzvikamu zvechimiro uye zvemukati hakusi kungochinjisa kwechokwadi chakapihwa mumimhanzi (kuratidzwa kwechokwadi muunyanzvi kungangove kudzokororwa kwezviripo pasina izvozvo). Sekuziva kwevanhu "kwete chete kuratidza nyika ine chinangwa, asi zvakare inoigadzira" (Lenin V. I., PSS, 5 ed., t. 29, peji. 194), pamwe nehunyanzvi, mimhanzi inoshandura, yekugadzira nzvimbo. chiitiko chevanhu, nzvimbo yekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva (zvemweya, zvekunaka, zvehunyanzvi. values) izvo zvisipo muchinhu chinoratidzwa mumaonero aya. Saka kukosha kwehunyanzvi (sechimiro chekuratidzira kwechokwadi) yepfungwa dzakadai senjere, tarenda, hunyanzvi, pamwe nekurwisa mafomu ekare, ekudzokera kumashure, pakusikwa kwezvitsva, izvo zvinoratidzwa zvese zviri mukati. mumhanzi uye muF. m Saka F. m nguva dzose ideological e. rine chisimbiso. maonero enyika), kunyange b. h inoratidzwa pasina yakananga yekutaura politico-ideological. formulations, uye mune isiri-chirongwa instr. mimhanzi - kazhinji pasina k.-l. zvine musoro-pfungwa mafomu. Kuratidzira mumimhanzi yemagariro nenhoroondo. tsika inosanganiswa nekugadziriswa kwakanyanya kwezvinhu zvakaratidzwa. Shanduko inogona kuve yakakosha zvekuti kana mimhanzi-yekufananidzira yemukati kana F. m zvingasafanana nezviri kuratidzwa. Maonero akajairika ndeokuti mubasa raStravinsky, mumwe wevanonyanya kuzivikanwa vemazuva ano. chokwadi mukupokanidza kwayo, kunonzi haina kugamuchira ratidziro yakakwana yechokwadi chezana ramakore rechi20, yakavakirwa pane zvakasikwa, mechanical. kunzwisisa chikamu che "reflection", pamusoro pekusanzwisisa kwebasa mune zvehunyanzvi. kuratidzira chinhu chekushandura. Ongororo yeshanduko yechinhu chinoratidzwa mukuita kwekugadzira art. mabasa akapihwa naV.

Misimboti yakajairika yekuvaka-fomu, iyo ine chekuita nemhando ipi neipi (uye kwete yakasarudzika dhizaini, semuenzaniso, yeViennese classics yenguva yeBaroque), inofananidzira F. m. semhando ipi neipi uye, sezvazviri, saka zvakanyanyisa kugadzirwa. Misimboti yakawanda yakadaro yechero F. m. ratidza kudzika kwemimhanzi semhando yekufunga (mumifananidzo inonzwika). Nokudaro kuenzanisa kunosvika kure nemamwe marudzi ekufunga (kutanga pane zvose, zvine musoro pfungwa, izvo zvingaita sezvisinganzwisisiki zvachose maererano neunyanzvi, mimhanzi). Iko kunangisa chaiko kwemubvunzo weiyi misimboti yakajairika yeF.m. Mumhanzi weEuropean tsika yezana ramakore rechi20 (Chinzvimbo chakadaro hachigone kuvapo muNyika Yekare, apo mimhanzi - "melos" - yakaumbwa mukubatana nevhesi uye kutamba, kana mumhanzi weWestern Europe kusvika 1600, kureva kusvika mimhanzi yakavambwa. chikamu chakazvimirira chemumhanzi kufunga, uye chete nekufunga kwezana ramakore rechi20 zvakave zvisingaite kuti tizvisungirire pakubvunza mubvunzo wekuumbwa kwenguva yakapihwa chete).

Misimboti yese yechero F. m. kurudzira mutsika yega yega mamiriro eimwe kana imwe mhando yezvinyorwa nemhando yemamuses. mhosva mune zvakawanda, istorich yake. determinism maererano nebasa chairo remagariro, tsika, rudzi uye nyika. mavambo. Chero F. m. chiratidzo chemisisi. pfungwa; nokudaro batano inokosha pakati paF. m. uye mapoka emimhanzi. rhetoric (ona mberi muchikamu V; onawo Melody). Mafungiro anogona kunge ari ega-mumhanzi (kunyanya mumimhanzi yeEurope ine misoro yakawanda yemazuva ano), kana yakabatana nezvakanyorwa, kutamba. (or marching) kufamba. Chero mumhanzi. pfungwa inoratidzwa mukati megadziriro yetsanangudzo. Kuvaka izwi, mimhanzi-kutaura. zvinhu zvinonzwika (rhythmic, pitch, timbre, etc.). Kuva nzira yekuratidza mimhanzi. pfungwa, mataurirwo eFM zvakarongwa zvakanyanya pahwaro hwemusiyano wekutanga: kudzokorora maringe nekusadzokororwa (mupfungwa iyi, FM sechinhu chinotaridza kurongeka kwezvinhu zvinonzwika mukuzarurwa kwekanguva kwekufunga mutinhiro wepedyo-up); zvakasiyana F.m. mune izvi - marudzi akasiyana ekudzokorora. Pakupedzisira, F.m. (kunyangwe kusvika pachiyero chisina kuenzana) ndiko kunatsa, kukwana kwekutaura kwemuses. pfungwa (aesthetic chimiro cheF.m.).

III. Mafomu emimhanzi asati asvika 1600. Dambudziko rekudzidza nhoroondo yekutanga yemimhanzi yemimhanzi yakaomeswa nekushanduka kwechinhu chechiitiko chinorehwa nepfungwa yemimhanzi. Mimhanzi mupfungwa yeunyanzvi hwaL. Beethoven, F. Chopin, PI Tchaikovsky, AN Scriabin, pamwe chete neiyo F. m. m., yakanga isipo zvachose munyika yekare; mu4 c. mugwaro raAugustine “De musica libri sex” bh tsananguro yemimhanzi, inotsanangurwa sesainzi bene modulandi – lit. “sainzi yekumisikidza zvakanaka” kana kuti “ruzivo rwemaumbirwo chaiwo” inosanganisirwa mukutsanangura dzidziso yemamita, mutinhimira, vhesi, zvimiso nenhamba (F. m. mupfungwa yemazuva ano haikurukurwi pano zvachose).

Pakutanga Kwakabva F.m. inonyanya kuita rhythm ("Pakutanga kwaiva nerhythm" - X. Bülow), iyo sezviri pachena inomuka pamusana pemamita enguva dzose, inotamirwa zvakananga kumimhanzi kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu - pulse, kufema, nhanho, rhythm yezvirongwa. , maitiro ekushanda, mitambo, nezvimwewo (ona Ivanov-Boretsky MV, 1925; Kharlap MG, 1972), uye mune aestheticization ye "natural" rhythms. Kubva pakutanga kuwirirana pakati pekutaura nekuimba ("Kutaura uye kuimba kwaiva pakutanga chinhu chimwe" - Lvov HA, 1955, p. 38) iyo inonyanya kukosha F. m. ("F. m. nhamba yekutanga") yakaitika - rwiyo, chimiro chenziyo chakabatanidzawo chimiro chenhetembo, ndima. Izvo zvinonyanya kukosha zvefomu rerwiyo: pachena (kana kusarira) kubatana nevhesi, stanza, zvakaenzana rhythmic. (ichibva kutsoka) hwaro hwemutsara, kusanganiswa kwemitsara kuita stanza, hurongwa hwerhyme-cadences, maitiro ekuenzana kwezvivakwa zvakakura (kunyanya - kune squareness ye4 + 4 mhando); uyezve, kazhinji (mune rumwe rwiyo fm) kuvapo mufm kwematanho maviri - kutsanangura nekusimudzira-kupedzisa. Muses. muenzaniso weimwe yekare mienzaniso yemimhanzi yenziyo ndiyo Tafura Seikila (1st century AD (?)), ona Art. Maitiro echiGiriki ekare, chikamu 306; onawo whale. rwiyo (1 mireniyamu BC (?)):

Pasina mubvunzo, mavambo uye mavambo. kukudziridzwa kwechimiro chenziyo mungano dzevanhu vose. Kusiyana pakati peP.m. Nziyo dzinobva kune akasiyana mamiriro ekuvapo kweiyo genre (zvichienderana, imwe kana imwe yakananga hupenyu chinangwa cherwiyo) uye akasiyana metric., Rhythmic. uye maumbirwo enhetembo, mutinhimira. mafomula mumhando dzekutamba (gare gare, 120 rhythmic mafomula neiyo 13th-century Indian theorist Sharngadeva). Yakabatanidzwa neizvi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha ye "genre rhythm" sechinhu chikuru mukuumba-unhu. sign defined. rudzi (kunyanya kutamba, kufora), inodzokororwa rhythmic. mafomula se quasi-thematic. (vavariro) chinhu F. m.

Wed-century. European F. m. akakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru anosiyana mune zvakawanda zvakanyanya - monodic fm uye polyphonic (kunyanya polyphonic; ona chikamu IV).

F. m. monodies inomiririrwa zvakanyanya naGregorian chant (ona Gregorian chant). Mamiriro emhando dzayo anobatanidzwa nechitendero, netsanangudzo yezvinyorwa uye chinangwa chaicho. Mumhanzi weLiturgical. hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hunosiyanisa kubva mumimhanzi muEurope yakazotevera. pfungwa inoshandiswa ("inoshanda") chimiro. Muses. chinyorwa chine hunhu husiri hwemunhu, husiri hwemunhu (kutendeuka kwemelodic kunogona kutamiswa kubva kune imwe mutinhi kuenda kune imwe; kushaikwa kweunyori hwemimhanzi chiratidzo). Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yekumisikidzwa kwekereke yemonodich. F. m. ndiwo mujaho wekutonga kwemashoko pamusoro pemimhanzi. Izvi zvinotarisa rusununguko rwemamita uye rhythm, izvo zvinoenderana nekutaura. mataurirwo echinyorwa, uye hunhu "kupfava" kweiyo contours yeFM, sekunge isina nzvimbo yesimba rinokwevera pasi, kuzviisa pasi kune chimiro chechinyorwa chemashoko, chine chekuita neiyo pfungwa dzeFM uye genre zvine chekuita nemonodic. . nziyo dziri pedyo zvikuru muchirevo. Iyo yekare monodic. F. m. ndevekutanga. 1st millennium. Pakati pezviridzwa zveByzantine (mhando), inonyanya kukosha ndeye ode (rwiyo), pisarema, troparion, rwiyo, kontakion, uye canon (ona mimhanzi yeByzantine). Iwo anoratidzirwa nekutsanangurwa (izvo, semune mamwe mamiriro akafanana, anoratidza yakagadziridzwa nyanzvi yekuumba tsika). Muenzaniso weByzantine F.m.:

Anonymous. Canon 19, Ode 9 (III plagal mode).

Gare gare, uyu weByzantine F. m. akagamuchira zita. "bhawa".

Musimboti weWestern European monodic phrasing ndipsalmodia, kudzokorora kuita kwemapisarema kunoenderana nematoni episarema. Sechikamu chepisarema rakatenderedza 4th century. matatu makuru episarema akanyorwa. F. m. - responsory (zvichida mushure mekuverenga), antiphon uye pisarema pacharo (pisarema mudirectum; pasina kusanganisira anopindura uye antiphonal mafomu). Kuti uwane muenzaniso wePisarema F. m., ona Art. Medieval frets. Psalmodic. F. m. inoburitsa pachena, kunyangwe ichiri kure, kufanana nenhambo yemitsara miviri (ona Kuzere cadence). Vakadaro monodic. F.m., seritany, rwiyo, versicule, magnificat, pamwe nekutevedzana, prose, uye tropes, zvakamuka gare gare. Vamwe F.m. vaiva chikamu cheoffficium (chechi. masevhisi ezuva, kunze kwemisa) - rwiyo, pisarema rine antiphon, responsor, magnificat (kunze kwavo, vespers, invitatorium, nocturne, canticle ne antiphon) zvinosanganiswa. mumukuru. Ona Gagnepain B., 1968, 10; onawo art. Mumhanzi wechechi.

Yakakwirira, monumental monodich. F. m. - misa (misa). Iyo yazvino FM yakagadziridzwa yeMisa inoumba kutenderera kukuru, kwakavakirwa pakutevedzana kwezvikamu zvezvakajairwa (ordinarium missae - boka rekugara nziyo dzeMisa, rakazvimiririra nezuva regore rechechi) uye propria (proprium missae). - zvinosiyana) zvakatemerwa nechitendero-yemazuva ese genre chinangwa. nziyo dzakatsaurirwa zuva ranhasi regore).

Hurongwa hwese hwechimiro cheMisa yeRoma (nhamba dzechiRoma dzinoratidza kupatsanurwa kwechinyakare kwechimiro cheMisa kuita zvikamu zvikuru zvina)

Uzivi hwakakudziridzwa muMisa yaGregory yekare yakachengeta ukoshi hwadzo mune imwe nzira nokuda kwenguva dzakatevera, kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi20 chaimo. Mafomu ezvikamu zvezvakajairwa: Kyrie eleison ine zvikamu zvitatu (zvine chirevo chekufananidzira), uye chishevedzo chega chega chinoitwawo katatu (zvimiro zvingasarudzwa aaabbbece kana aaa bbb a 1 a1 a1; aba ede efe1; aba cbc dae) . Madiki P. m. Gloria anogara achishandisa imwe yemisimboti yakakosha yechinangwa-thematic. zvimiro: kudzokororwa kwemazwi - kudzokororwa kwemimhanzi (muzvikamu gumi nezvisere zveGloria kudzokorora kwemazwi anoti Domine, Qui tollis, tu solus). P. m. Gloria (mune imwe yesarudzo):

Gare gare (muna 1014), Credo, iyo yakava chikamu cheMisa yeRoma, yakavakwa seyakaderera F. m., yakafanana naGloria. P. m. Sanestus inovakwawo maererano nezvinyorwa - ine 2 zvikamu, wechipiri wavo kazhinji - ut supra (= da capo), maererano nekudzokorora kwemazwi Hosanna m excelsis. Agnus Dei, nekuda kwechimiro chechinyorwa, ane mativi matatu: aab, abc kana aaa. Muenzaniso weF.m. monodich. nokuda kweMisa yaGregory, ona chikamu 883.

F. m. Gregorian melodies - kwete zvisinganzwisisiki, zvinoparadzaniswa kubva kumhando yemimhanzi yakachena. kuvaka, asi chimiro chakatemwa nechinyorwa uye genre (chinyorwa-mumhanzi fomu).

Typological parallel kuna F. m. Western-Europe. chechi monodic. mimhanzi - imwe Russian. F. m. Kufananidza pakati pavo kune chekuita nekunaka. zvinodikanwa zveF.m., kufanana mumhando uye zvirimo, pamwe nemimhanzi. zvinhu (rhythm, melodic mitsara, kuwirirana pakati pezvinyorwa nemimhanzi). Iwo masampuli anodudzirwa auya kwatiri kubva kune mamwe maRussia. nziyo dziri mumanyoro ezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18, asi zviridzwa zvawo zvenziyo pasina panikiro ndezvamavambo ekare zvikurusa. Rutivi rwemhando yeF.m. inotemerwa nechinangwa chechitendero cheOp. uye text. Chikamu chikuru chemhando uye F. m. maererano nemhando dzemasevhisi: Misa, Matins, Vespers; Compline, Midnight Hofisi, Maawa; iyo All-Night Vigil mubatanidzwa weGreat Vespers neMatins (zvisinei, kutanga kusiri kwemumhanzi ndiko kwaive kubatana kweF. m. pano). Mabhii ezvinyorwa zvechinyakare nouzivi—stichera, troparion, kontakion, antiphon, theotokion (dogmatist), litanies—kuratidza kufanana kwokufananidzira nouzivi hwakafanana hweByzantine; chikamu F.m. iriwo kanoni (ona Canon (2)). Mukuwedzera kwavari, boka rinokosha rinoumbwa nekrete-zvinyorwa zvinyorwa (uye, zvakafanana, fm): akakomborerwa, "Kufema kwose", "Zvakakodzera kudya", "Chiedza chakanyarara", sedate, Cherubic. Iwo emhando dzekutanga uye F.m., senge zvinyorwa-mhando-mafomu muWestern Europe. mhanzi – Kyrie, Gloria, Te Deum, Magnificat. Kubatanidzwa kwechirevo cheP.m. nechinyorwa (uye nerudzi) chimwe chehunhu. nheyo dzekare F. m.; chinyorwa, kunyanya chimiro chayo, chinosanganisirwa muchirevo cheFM (FM inotevera kupatsanurwa kwechinyorwa kuita mitsetse).

Gregorian Mass din Feriis pagore” (mafaro anoratidzwa munhamba dzechiRoma).

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, hwaro (zvinhu) F. m. nziyo (ona Metallov V., 1899, mapeji 50-92), uye nzira yekushandiswa kwavo mutsauko (mukusiyana kwemahara kwechimiro chenziyo dzedzimwe nziyo dzeRussia, mumwe wemisiyano pakati pekwaya yavo yeF. m. , iyo hunhu hwekurongeka kwemaitiro ane musoro). Kuoma kwenziyo ndeye thematic. hwaro hwehuwandu hwekuumbwa kweF.m. Muzvinyorwa zvakakura, iwo general contours yeF.m. composition (non-musical) mabasa: kutanga – pakati – kupera. Mhando dzakasiyana dzeF.m. akaiswa mumapoka akapoteredza chikuru. akasiyana marudzi eF.m. - korasi uye kuburikidza. Chorus F. m. zvinobva pakushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwevaviri: vhesi - refrain (refrains inogona kuvandudzwa). Muenzaniso wechimiro chekudzivisa (katatu, ndiko kuti, nemitambo mitatu yakasiyana-siyana) rwiyo rwenziyo huru yeznamenny "Rumbidzai, mweya wangu, Ishe" (Obikhod, chikamu 1, Vespers). F. m. inosanganisira kutevedzana "mutsara - korasi" (SP, SP, SP, nezvimwewo) nekubatana kwekudzokorora uye kusadzokororwa muzvinyorwa, kudzokorora uye kusadzokorora murwiyo. Muchinjikwa F. m. dzimwe nguva dzinoratidzirwa nechishuvo chakajeka chokudzivisa yakajairwa kuWestern Europe. nziyo dzemitoo inovaka ine mufungo yokuvaka zviridzwa, dzokororo chaidzoidzo, uye dzokororo; mune yakagadziridzwa zvikuru F, m. yerudzi urwu, chimiro hachina asymmetric (pachikonzero cheiyo radical isiri-squareness), infinity yekukwira inokunda; musimboti weF.m. haina muganhu. mutsara. Nheyo inovaka yeF. m. in kubudikidza nemafomu ndiko kupatsanurwa kuita zvidimbu zvezvikamu-mitsetse zvine chekuita nechinyorwa. Mienzaniso yemafomu makuru ekucheka-cheka ndeye 11 gospel sticheras naFyodor Krestyanin (zana remakore rechi16). Kuti uwane ongororo yeF.m yavo, yakaitwa naMV Brazhnikov, ona bhuku rake: "Fyodor Krestyanin", 1974, p. 156-221. Onawo "Ongororo yeMabasa eMimhanzi", 1977, p. 84-94.

Mimhanzi yekunyika yeMiddle Ages uye Renaissance yakagadzira akati wandei emhando uye zviridzwa zvemimhanzi, zvakare zvichibva mukudyidzana kwezwi uye mutinhimira. Aya marudzi akasiyana-siyana enziyo nekutamba. F. m .: ballad, ballata, villancico, virele, canzo (canzo), la, rondo, rotrueng, estampi, nezvimwewo (ona Davison A., Apel W., 1974, NoNo 18-24). Mamwe acho anodetemba zvakakwana. chimiro, chinova chinhu chakakosha cheF.m., icho kunze kwenhetembo. chinyorwa, chinorasa chimiro chayo. Izvo zvakakosha zveF.m. iri mukudyidzana kwekudzokororwa kwemavara uye nziyo. Semuenzaniso, fomu rondo (pano 8 mitsetse):

Mufananidzo we8-line rondo: Nhamba dzemitsetse: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nhetembo (rondo): AB c A de AB (A, B zvirambidzo) Mimhanzi (nenhetembo): abaaabab

G. de Macho. 1st rondo "Doulz viaire".

Kutsamira kwekutanga kwePm pashoko uye kufamba kwakaramba kuchienderera kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi 16 nerechi 17, asi maitiro ekusunungurwa kwavo zvishoma nezvishoma, kupenya kwemhando dzakatsanangurwa dzemhando yekuumbwa, kwave kucherechedzwa kubva mukupera kweMiddle Ages, kutanga mumhando dzenyika. , zvino mumhando dzechechi (somuenzaniso, kutevedzera uye canonical F. m. muhuwandu, motets yezana remakore rechi15-16).

Chinhu chitsva chine simba chekuumba kwaive kubuda uye kusimuka kwepolyphony semhando yakazara-yakazara yemamuses. mharidzo (ona Organum). Nekugadzwa kwepolyphony muFm, chimiro chitsva chemimhanzi chakazvarwa-iyo yaimbove isina kunzwika-ye "yakatwasuka" yeFm.

Yakazvimisikidza mumimhanzi yeEurope muzana ramakore repfumbamwe, polyphony zvishoma nezvishoma yakashanduka kuita iyo huru. mhando yemachira emimhanzi, zvichiratidza shanduko yemamuses. kufunga kune imwe nhanho. Mukati megadziriro yepolyphony, itsva, polyphonic, yakaonekwa. tsamba, pasi pechiratidzo icho vazhinji veRenaissance fm vakaumbwa (ona chikamu IV). polyphony uye polyphony. kunyora kwakagadzira hupfumi hwemhando dzemimhanzi (nemhando) dzekupedzisira Middle Ages uye Renaissance, kunyanya kuwanda, motet, uye madrigal, pamwe nemhando dzemimhanzi dzakadai sekambani, clause, maitiro, goket, mhando dzakasiyana dzenziyo dzenyika. uye mafomu ekutamba, diferencias (nezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana fm), quadlibet (nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana), instrumental canzona, ricercar, fantasy, capriccio, tiento, instrumental prelude fm - preamble, intonation (VI), toccata (pl. m., ona Davison A., Apel W., 9). Zvishoma nezvishoma, asi zvishoma nezvishoma kuvandudza art F. m. – G. Dufay, Josquin Despres, A. Willart, O. Lasso, Palestrina. Vamwe vavo (somuenzaniso, Palestrina) vanoshandisa nheyo yekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro mukuvaka F. m., iyo inoratidzwa mukukura kwekuoma kwemaitiro nekuguma kwekugadzirwa. (asi hapana dynamic effects). Semuenzaniso, madrigal yePalestrina "Amor" (mumuunganidzwa "Palestrina. Choral Music", L., 1974) inovakwa nenzira yekuti mutsara wechigumi nematanhatu unogadzirwa sefugato yakarurama, mune inotevera kutevedzera kunova. zvakanyanya uye zvakasununguka, iyo 15 inotsigirwa mune chordal warehouse, uye canonically kutanga iyo yekupedzisira nekutevedzera kwayo inofanana nekuumbwa kwemaitiro. Mafungiro akafanana aF.m. zvinogara zvichiitwa muPalestrina's motets (mu-multi-choir F. m., mutinhimira we antiphonal sumo unoteererawo musimboti wekuvandudza kwemaitiro).

IV. polyphonic mumhanzi mafomu. Polyphonic F. m. anosiyaniswa nekuwedzera kune matatu makuru. zvikamu zveF.m. (genre, text – in wok. music and horizontal) imwezve – vertical (kupindirana uye hurongwa hwekudzokorora pakati pemanzwi akasiyana, panguva imwe chete). Sezviri pachena, polyphony yaivepo nguva dzese (“… kana tambo dzichiburitsa mutinhi mumwe, mudetembi ndokuumba mumwe mutinhimira, kana awana makonzonenzi nezvinonzwika…” – Plato, “Mitemo”, 812d; cf. zvakare Pseudo-Plutarch, "PaMumhanzi", 19), asi yakanga isiri chinhu chemuses. kufunga uye kuumba. Basa rinonyanya kukosha mukuvandudzwa kweF.m. zvakakonzerwa nazvo ndezveWestern European polyphony (kubva ku9th century), iyo yakapa vertical aspect kukosha kwekodzero dzakaenzana neradical horizontal (ona Polyphony), zvakakonzera kuumbwa kwemhando itsva yakakosha yeF. - polyphonic. Aesthetically uye psychological polyphonic. F. m. paruzha rwakabatana rwezvikamu zviviri (kana zvakati wandei) zvemimhanzi. pfungwa uye zvinoda tsamba. maonero. Saka, kuitika kwe polyphonic. F. m. inoratidza kuvandudzwa kwechimwe chinhu chitsva chemimhanzi. Ndinotenda nemumhanzi uyu. mhosva yakawana itsva aesthetics. kukosha, pasina izvo zvaakawana zvikuru zvingadai zvisina kuitika, kusanganisira muOp. homoph. imba yekuchengetera zvinhu (mumhanzi wePalestrina, JS Bach, BA Mozart, L. Beethoven, PI Tchaikovsky, SS Prokofiev). Ona homophony.

Iyo mikuru nzira yekuumbwa uye kubudirira kwepolyphonic. F. m. akaiswa nekugadzirwa kwepolyphonic chaiyo. maitiro ekunyora uye kuenda munzira yekubuda nekusimbiswa kwekuzvimirira uye kusiyana kwemanzwi, dingindira ravo. tsananguro (musiyano wedingindira, budiriro yemusoro kwete chete yakatwasuka, asiwo yakatwasuka, maitiro ekuenda kuburikidza nematemu), kuwedzera kweiyo polyphonic. F. m. (isingadzoreki kurudzi rwepolyphonically yakatsanangurwa general F. m. - rwiyo, kutamba, nezvimwewo). Kubva kwakasiyana-siyana kwekutanga kwepolyphonic. F. m. uye polygonal. mabhii (bourdon, marudzi akasiyana-siyana eheterophony, duplication-second, ostinato, kutevedzera uye canonical, responsorial and antiphonal structures) munhoroondo, pekutangira kwekuumbwa kwavo kwaiva paraphony, mufambiro wakafanana wezwi rakapikiswa, kunyatsodzokorora chakapihwa chikuru - vox (cantus) principalis (ona. Organum), cantus firmus (“statutory melody”). Chokutanga pane zvose, ndiyo yekutanga yemhando dze organum - iyo inonzi. parallel (9th-10th mazana emakore), uyewo gare gare gimel, foburdon. Aspect polyphonic. F. m. heino chikamu chinoshanda cheCh. inzwi (mumashoko akazotevera soggetto, "Subjectum oder Thema" - Walther JG, 1955, S. 183, "dingindira") uye vanopikisa vanopikisa, uye pfungwa yekubatana pakati pavo panguva imwechete inotarisira vertical aspect ye polyphonic. . F. m. (inonyanya kuoneka mu bourdon uye isina kunanga, ipapo mu "yemahara" organum, mune "noti inopesana nenoti" nzira, yakazonzi contrapunctus simplex kana aequalis), semuenzaniso, mune zvinyorwa zve9th century. "Musica enchiriadis", "Scholia enchiriadis". Zvine musoro, nhanho inotevera yebudiriro yakabatana nekugadzwa kweiyo chaiyo polyphonic. zvimiro nenzira yekupikisa kunopikisa panguva imwe chete yevaviri kana kupfuura. manzwi (mu melismatic organum), muchidimbu kushandisa musimboti webourdon, mune mamwe marudzi epolyphonic. hurongwa uye mutsauko pane cantus firmus, mune yakapusa counterpoint ye clauses uye yekutanga motets yeParis School, munziyo dzechechi dzepolyphonic. nemhando dzenyika, nezvimwe.

Iyo metrization yepolyphony yakavhura mikana mitsva ye rhythmic. misiyano yemanzwi uye, nekudaro, yakapa kutaridzika kutsva kune polyphonic. F. m Kutanga nesangano rationalist remetrorhythm (modal rhythm, mensural rhythm; ona. Modus, Mensural notation) F. m zvishoma nezvishoma anowana chaiyo. kuMumhanzi weEurope musanganiswa wezvakakwana (zvakawedzerwa kunyange zvakagozha) zvine musoro. kuvaka nemweya wepamusoro uye manzwiro akadzama. Basa guru mukugadzirwa kweF. m vaiva veChikoro cheParis, tevere vamwe. Furanzi. vanyori vezana remakore rechi12-14. Approx. 1200, muzvikamu zveChikoro cheParis, musimboti we rhythmically ostinato kugadzirisa rwiyo rwekwaya, yaive hwaro hweF. m (nerubatsiro rwepfupi rhythmic mafomula, kutarisira isorhythmic. talea, ona Motet; muenzaniso: zvikamu (Benedikamusl Domino, cf. Davison A., Apel W., v. 1, peji. 24-25). Unyanzvi humwe chetehwo hwakava hwaro hwezvikamu zviviri nezvikamu zvitatu zvezana remakore rechi13. (muenzaniso: motets yechikoro cheParis Domino fidelium - Domino uye Dominator - Esce - Domino, ca. 1225, ibid., p. 25-26). Muzvinyorwa zvezana remakore rechi13. inoburitsa maitiro ekugadzirisa kwevanopikisa kuburikidza naDec. mhando yedzokororo yemitsara, mitsetse, mutinhimira. nhamba, kunyange kuedza panguva imwe chete. masangano akasiyana. nziyo (cf. мотет «En non Diu! – Quant voi larose espanie – Ejus in oriente “yeParis School; Parrish K., Ole J., 1975, p. 25-26). Zvadaro, mutsauko wakasimba wekusiyanisa unogona kutungamira kune yakapinza polymetry (Rondo B. Cordier "Amans ames", ca. 1400, ona Davison A., Apel W., v. 1, peji. 51). Tichitevera mutsauko une mutinhimira, pane mutsauko mukureba kwezvirevo decomp. mazwi (rudiment of counterpoint structures); kusununguka kwemanzwi kunosimbiswa nekusiyana kwavo kwezvinyorwa (uyezve, zvinyorwa zvinogona kunge zviri mumitauro yakasiyana, somuenzaniso. Latin in tenor uye motetus, French in triplum, ona Polyphony, chinyorwa muenzaniso mukoromo 351). Kupfuura kudzokororwa kamwe chete kwerwiyo rwetenor seye ostinato dingindira mupokana ine inochinja counterposition inopa imwe yeakanyanya kukosha polyphonic. F. m - misiyano pabasso ostinato (semuenzaniso, muchiFrench. mufananidzo 13 c. "Kwaziwai, mhandara inokudzwa - Shoko raMwari - Chokwadi", cm. Wolf J., 1926, S. 6-8). Kushandiswa kwerhythmostinatal formulas kwakatungamira kune pfungwa yekuparadzanisa uye kusununguka kweiyo paramita yepitch uye rhythm (muchikamu chekutanga cheyakataurwa tenor motet "Ejus in oriente", mabara 1-1 uye 7-7; mune instrumental tenor motet "Mu seculum" muhukama hwakafanana hwekudzokorodza kwepitch line panguva ye rhythmic ostinato kune formula ye 13st ordo ye1nd modhi, kune zvikamu zviviri zvezvikamu zviviri zvefomu; cm. Davison A., Apel W., v. 1, peji. 34-35). Mhedzisiro yebudiriro iyi yaive isorhythmic. F. m 14th-15th mazana emakore (Philippe de Vitry, G. de Macho, Y. Ciconia, G. Dufay nevamwe). Nekuwedzera kwekukosha kweiyo rhythmic formula kubva pamutsara kuenda kune yakatambanudzwa mutinhimira, mhando yemutinhimira pateni inobuda mutenoro. dingindira ndere nyaya. Kuita kwayo ostinato mune tenor inopa F. m isorhythmic. (T. e. isorhythm.) chimiro (isorhythm - repetition in melodic. inzwi rakaiswa mutinhimira chete. mafomula, iyo yakakwirira-inosimuka yemukati inochinja). Kune ostinato kudzokorora kunogona kubatanidzwa - mune imwechete tenor - kudzokorora kweakakwirira zvisingaenderane navo - ruvara (ruvara; nezve isorhythmic. F. m ona Saponov M. A., 1978, p. 23-35, 42-43). Pashure pezana remakore rechi16 (A. Willart) isorhythmic. F. m kunyangarika uye kuwana hupenyu hutsva muzana remakore rechi20. mune rhythm-modhi nzira yeO. Messiaen (yakaenzana kanoni muNo. 5 ye “Twenty Views …”, kutanga kwayo, ona p.

Mukuvandudzwa kweiyo vertical aspect ye polyphonic. F. m. zvichabvisa. kuvandudzwa kwekudzokorora nenzira yekutevedzera nzira uye kanoni, pamwe chete nenharembozha, yaive yakakosha. Kuve rakazove iro rakakura uye rakasiyana dhipatimendi rekunyora maitiro uye chimiro, kutevedzera (uye canon) yakava hwaro hweiyo yakanyanya kujeka polyphonic. F. m. Nhoroondo, ekutanga kutevedzera. magwaro eBhaibheri F. m. inobatanidzwawo ne ostinato - kushandiswa kwezvinonzi. kuchinjana kwemanzwi, iko kudzokororwa chaiko kwekuvakwa kwezvikamu zviviri kana zvitatu, asi chete nziyo dzinoigadzira dzinopfuudzwa kubva kune rimwe izwi kuenda kune rimwe (semuenzaniso, Chirungu rondelle "Nunc sancte nobis spiritus", 2nd hafu. yezana ramakore rechi 12, ona “Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart”, Bd XI, Sp. 885, onawo rondelle “Ave mater domini” kubva mumhanzi waOdington's De speculatione, munenge muna 1300 kana 1320, muCoussemaker, “Scriptorum… “, t . 1, peji 247a). Tenzi wechikoro cheParis Perotin (uyo anoshandisawo nzira yekutsinhana manzwi) muKisimusi quadruple Viderunt (c. 1200), zviri pachena, achiziva atoshandisa kutevedzera kunoramba kuchiita - kanoni (chidimbu chinowira pashoko rokuti "ante" mu. tenor). Mabviro emhando idzi dzekutevedzera. tekinoroji inoratidza kubuda kubva mukuoma kwe ostinato F. m. Pahwaro uhwu, zviri pamutemo chete. mafomu - kambani (13-14 mazana emakore; kusanganiswa kwekambani yekanoni uye rondel-kuchinjana kwemanzwi inomiririrwa neChirungu yakakurumbira "Summer Canon", 13 kana 14 mazana emakore), Italian. kachcha ("kuvhima", nechirongwa chekuvhima kana rudo, muchimiro - kanoni-manzwi maviri ane cont. 3rd voice) uye French. shas (zvakare "kuvhima" - kanoni yemanzwi matatu pamwe chete). Mamiriro enganonyorwa anowanikwawo mune mamwe marudzi (Machot's 17th ballad, muchimiro che shas; rondo rechigumi nemana raMachaud “Ma fin est mon commencement”, ingangove munhoroondo muenzaniso wekutanga wecanon canon, kwete pasina kubatana nerevo ye chinyorwa: ” Magumo angu ndiko kutanga kwangu”; 14th le Machaux kutenderera kwe1-manzwi matatu canons-shas); saka kanoni seyakakosha polyphonic. F. m. inoparadzaniswa nemamwe marudzi uye P. m. Huwandu hwemanzwi muF.m. nyaya dzakanga dzakakura zvikuru; Okegem inonzi ine 17-izwi canon-monster "Deo gratias" (umo, zvisinei, nhamba yemanzwi chaiwo haipfuuri 12); iyo yakanyanya polyphonic canon (ine 36 manzwi chaiwo) ndeyeJosquin Despres (mune motet "Qui habitat in adjutorio"). P. m. yeCanon yakanga yakavakirwa kwete chete pakuteedzera kwakananga (mune dufay's motet "Inclita maris", c. 18-24, sezviri pachena, yekutanga proportional canon; munziyo yake "Bien veignes vous", munenge muna 1420-26, pamwe yekutanga kanoni mukukudza). OK. 1420 ekutevedzera F. m. akapfuura, zvichida nomukachcha, ndokupinda mumotet - paCiconia, Dufay; zvakare muF.m. zvikamu zvevazhinji, muchanson; kusvika pa26nd floor. 1400th c. kugadzwa kwemusimboti wekupedzisira-ku-kuguma kutevedzera sehwaro hweF. m.

Izwi rokuti "canon" (canon), zvisinei, raivepo mumazana emakore 15-16. special meaning. Kutaura-kutaura kwemunyori (Inscriptio), kazhinji kuvhiringa nemaune, kukangaidza, kwainzi canon (“mutemo unoratidza kuda kwemunyori pasi pechifukidziro cherimwe rima”, J. Tinktoris, “Diffinitorium musicae”; Coussemaker, “Scriptorum …”, t. 4, 179 b ), zvichiratidza kuti maviri anogona kutorwa sei kubva kuzwi rimwechete rinozivikanwa (kana kutopfuura, semuenzaniso, manzwi mana ese e P. de la Rue – “Missa o salutaris nostra” – inotorwa kubva kune rimwe izwi rakanyorwa); ona cryptic canon. Naizvozvo, zvigadzirwa zvese zvine kanoni-inonyorwa ndeye F. m. nemanzwi anodonhedza (mamwe ese F.m anovakwa nenzira yekuti, sekutonga, haabvumidze kuvharirwa kwakadaro, kureva kuti, haana kubva pane chaiyo inocherechedzwa "nheyo yekuzivikanwa"; izwi rekuti BV Asafiev. ) Maererano naL. Feininger, marudzi eDutch canons ndeaya: nyore (imwe-yakasviba) yakananga; yakaoma, kana mubatanidzwa (yakawanda-yakasviba) yakananga; zvakaenzana (mesural); mutsetse (mutsara mumwechete; Formalkanon); inversion; kubvisa (Reservatkanon). Nokuda kweizvi, ona bhuku: Feininger LK, 1937. "Zvinyorwa" zvakafanana zvinowanikwa gare gare muS. Scheidt ("Tabulatura nova", I, 1624), muJS Bach ("Musikarisches Opfer", 1747).

Mune basa rehuwandu hwevatenzi vezana remakore rechi15-16. (Dufay, Okeghem, Obrecht, Josquin Despres, Palestrina, Lasso, nezvimwewo) inopa zvakasiyana-siyana zvepolyphonic. F. m. (kunyora kwakasimba), DOS. pamisimboti yekutevedzera nekusiyanisa, kusimudzira vavariro, kusununguka kwemanzwi ane mutsindo, kupokana kwemazwi nemitsara yemavhesi, kupindirana kwakapfava uye kwakanaka kwazvo (kunyanya mumhando dzewok dzemass uye motet).

Kuwedzera kweCh. polyphonic mafomu - fugues - anoratidzwawo nekusiyana pakati pekuvandudzwa kweSamui F. m. uye, kune rumwe rutivi, pfungwa uye nguva. Nezvezvinoreva, izwi rekuti “fugue” (“running”; Italian consequenza) rine chekuita nemazwi okuti “kuvhima”, “rudzi”, uye pakutanga (kubva muzana remakore rechi14) izwi iri raishandiswa nenzira yakafanana, zvichiratidza canon (zvakare mune zvinyorwa zvinyorwa: "fuga mu diatessaron" nezvimwe). Tinctoris inotsanangura fugue se "kuzivikanwa kwemanzwi". Kushandiswa kweshoko rokuti “fugue” murevo ye“canon” kwakapfuurira kusvikira muzana ramakore rechi17 nerechi18; yakasara yeiyi tsika inogona kunzi izwi rekuti "fuga canonica" - "canonical. fugue”. Muenzaniso we fugue se canon kubva kumadhipatimendi akati wandei mu instr. mimhanzi - "Fuge" ye 4 tambo zviridzwa ("violin") kubva "Musica Teusch" naX. Gerle (1532, ona Wasielewski WJ v., 1878, Musikbeilage, S. 41-42). All R. 16th century (Tsarlino, 1558), pfungwa yefugue inopatsanurwa kuita fuga legate (“coherent fugue”, canon; gare gare futi fuga totalis) uye fuga sciolta (“divided fugue”; later fuga partialis; kutevedzana kwekutevedzera- canonical zvikamu, semuenzaniso, abсd, nezvimwewo . P.); wekupedzisira P.m. ndeimwe ye pre-forms ye fugue - ketani ye fugato maererano nemhando: abcd; kunonzi. motet, uko musiyano wemisoro (a, b, c, nezvimwewo) unokonzerwa nekushandurwa kwechinyorwa. Musiyano wakakosha pakati pe "lowercase" yakadaro F. m. uye fugue yakaoma kusavapo kwemusanganiswa wemisoro. Muzana remakore rechi17 fuga sciolta (partialis) yakapfuura mufugue chaiyo (Fuga totalis, uyewo legata, integra yakazozivikanwa seCanon muzana remakore rechi17-18). Nhamba yemamwe marudzi uye F. m. 16 remakore. yakashanduka yakananga kurudzi rwuri kubuda rwemhando yefugue - motet (fugue), ricercar (uko kwakatamisirwa misimboti yenhamba yezvivakwa zvekutevedzera; pamwe ndiyo yepedyo fugue kuna F. m.), fantasy, Spanish. tiento, imitative-polyphonic canzone. Kuwedzera fugue mu instr. mimhanzi (apo pasina chekare chekubatanidza chinhu, kureva kubatana kwechinyorwa), maitiro ekuti thematic akakosha. centralization, kureva, pahukuru hweimwe melodic. madingindira (kusiyana nemanzwi. yakawanda-yakasviba) - A. Gabrieli, J. Gabrieli, JP Sweelinck (nokuda kwevakatangira fugue, ona bhuku: Protopopov VV, 1979, p. 3-64).

Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi17 yakagadzira iyo yakakosha kusvika nhasi polyphonic. F. m. - fugue (yemarudzi ese ezvimiro nemhando), canon, polyphonic musiyano (kunyanya, misiyano pabasso ostinato), polyphonic. (kunyanya, chorale) gadziriro (semuenzaniso, kune yakapihwa cantus firmus), polyphonic. kutenderera, polyphonic preludes, etc. Pesvedzero yakakosha pakuvandudzwa kwepolyphonic F. yenguva ino yakaitwa neiyo huru-diki harmonic system (inovandudza dingindira, kudoma iyo tonal-modulating chinhu sechinhu chinotungamira muFM; budiriro. yehomophonic-harmonic mhando yekunyora uye inoenderana F. m.). Kunyanya, iyo fugue (uye yakafanana polyphonic fm) yakavapo kubva kune yakakurumbira modal mhando yezana ramakore rechi 17. (apo kushandura kusati kwava hwaro hwepolyphonic F. m.; semuenzaniso, muScheidt's Tabulatura nova, II, Fuga contraria a 4 Voc.; I, Fantasia a 4 Voc. super lo son ferit o lasso, Fuga quadruplici ) kusvika tonal ("Bach") mhando ine tonal musiyano muchimiro checf. zvikamu (kazhinji zviri muparallel mode). Rega. kukosha munhoroondo yepolyphony. F. m. aive nebasa raJS Bach, akafemera hupenyu hutsva mavari nekuda kwekugadzwa kwekubudirira kwezviwanikwa zveiyo huru-diki tonal system ye thematism, thematic. kuvandudza uye nzira yekugadzira. Bach akapa polyphonic F. m. new classic. chitarisiko, pamusoro pacho, sezvazviri pane chikuru. mhando, iyo yakatevera polyphony iri kuziva kana kusaziva (kusvika P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich, RK Shchedrin). Achiratidza maitiro akajairwa panguva iyoyo uye hunyanzvi hutsva hwakawanikwa nevakamutangira, akadarika vanhu venguva yake (kusanganisira brilliant GF Handel) muhukuru, simba uye kunyengetedza kwekutaura kwemisimboti mitsva yemimhanzi yepolyphonic. F. m.

Mushure meJS Bach, chinzvimbo chepamusoro chakagarwa nehomophonic F. m. (ona. Homophony). Chaizvoizvo polyphonic. F. m. dzimwe nguva dzinoshandiswa mune imwe nzira itsva, dzimwe nguva isina kujairika (iyo fughetta yevarindi mukwaya "Inotapira kupfuura Huchi" kubva kune yekutanga chiitiko cheRimsky-Korsakov's opera "The Tsar's Bride"), vanowana dramaturgical vavariro. character; vanyori vanovareva sechishoro chakakosha, chakakosha. zvinoreva. Kusvika pamwero mukuru, ichi chimiro chepolyphonic. F. m. muchiRussian. mimhanzi (mienzaniso: MI Glinka, "Ruslan naLyudmila", kanoni munzvimbo yekudonha kubva pachiito chekutanga; kusiyanisa polyphony mumutambo "MuCentral Asia" naBorodin uye mumutambo "VaJudha Vaviri" kubva ku "Mifananidzo paChiratidziro "Mussorgsky; iyo canon "Vavengi" kubva pachiitiko chechishanu che opera "Eugene Onegin" naTchaikovsky, nezvimwewo).

V. Homophonic mimhanzi yemazuva ano. Kutanga kwenguva yezvinonzi. nguva itsva (mazana emakore 17-19) yakaratidza kuchinja kwakapinza mukugadzirwa kwemuses. kufunga uye F.m. (kubuda kwemhando itsva, kukosha kukuru kwemimhanzi yenyika, kutonga kweiyo huru-diki tonal system). Mune ideological uye aesthetic sphere yakasimudzira nzira nyowani dzehunyanzvi. kufunga - kukwezva kumimhanzi yenyika. zviri mukati, chirevo chemusimboti wekuzvimiririra semutungamiri, kuburitswa kwemukati. nyika yemunhu (" soloist akava chimiro chikuru", "individualization yemafungiro evanhu uye manzwiro" - Asafiev BV, 1963, p. 321). Kusimuka kwe opera kune kukosha kwemumhanzi wepakati. genre, uye instr. mimhanzi - chirevo chenheyo yekonisheni (baroque - nguva ye "concert style", mumashoko aJ. Gandshin) inonyanya kubatanidzwa. kuendeswa kwechifananidzo chemunhu wega mavari uye inomiririra kutarisa kwekunaka. zvishuviro zvenguva itsva (an aria mu opera, solo mukonsati, rwiyo mumucheka wehomophonic, chiyero chinorema mumamita, tonic mukiyi, dingindira mukuumbwa, uye pakati pemimhanzi yemimhanzi. - kuratidzwa kwakasiyana-siyana uye kukura kwe "soloness", "singularity", kutonga kweumwe pamusoro pevamwe muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekufunga kwemimhanzi). Tsika yakanga yatozviratidza kare (semuenzaniso, mune iso-rhythmic motet yezana ramakore rechi 14-15) yakanangana nekuzvitonga kwemisimboti yemimhanzi yekuumbwa mumazana emakore 16-17. zvakatungamirira kune unhu. svetuka - kuzvimiririra kwavo, zvakanyanya kuratidzwa mukugadzirwa kwe autonomous instr. music. Nheyo dzemimhanzi yakachena. kuumba, iyo yakava (kwekutanga munhoroondo yenyika yemimhanzi) yakasununguka neshoko uye kufamba, yakaitwa instr. mimhanzi pakutanga yakaenzana nekodzero nemimhanzi yezwi (yatova muzana ramakore rechi 17 - mune zviridzwa canzones, sonatas, concertos), uyezve, zvakare, kuumbwa kwakaiswa muwok. mhando zvichienderana nemimhanzi inozvimiririra. mitemo yeF.m. (kubva kuna JS Bach, Viennese classics, vanyori vezana ramakore rechi 19). Kuzivikanwa kwemimhanzi yakachena. mitemo yeF.m. ndechimwe chezvakanakisa kubudirira kwemimhanzi yenyika. tsika dzakawana hutsva hwekunaka uye hwemweya hwaimbozivikanwa mumimhanzi.

Nezve fm Nguva yenguva itsva yakakamurwa zvakajeka muzvikamu zviviri: 1600-1750 (zvichienderana - baroque, kutonga kweiyo bass general) uye 1750-1900 (Viennese classics uye romanticism).

Misimboti yekuumbwa muF.m. Baroque: mukati meimwe-chikamu fomu b. maawa, kutaura kweimwe kukanganisa kunochengetwa, saka F. m. zvinoonekwa nekuwanda kwehomogeneous thematicism uye kusavapo kweinotorwa musiyano, kureva kutorwa kweimwe musoro kubva pane ino. Zvivakwa mumimhanzi yeBach neHandel, hukuru hunobatanidzwa nekusimba kunobva pano, ukuru hwezvikamu zvefomu. Izvi zvinotarisawo "terraced" dynamics yeVF m., uchishandisa simba. misiyano, kushaikwa kweinochinjika uye ine simba crescendo; pfungwa yekugadzira isinganyanyi kusimukira sezviri kuitika, sekunge iri kupfuura nematanho akatemerwa. Mukubata ne thematic material inokanganisa simba rakasimba repolyphonic. tsamba uye polyphonic mafomu. Iyo huru-diki tonal system inowedzera uye inowedzera inoburitsa maitiro ayo ekugadzira (kunyanya munguva yaBach). Chord uye tonal shanduko inoshandisa masimba matsva. nzira yekufamba kwemukati muF.m. Iko mukana wekudzokorora zvinhu mune mamwe makiyi uye yakazara pfungwa yekufamba netsanangudzo. denderedzwa rematoni rinogadzira nheyo itsva yemafomu ematoni (mupfungwa iyi, tonality ndiyo hwaro hweF.m. yenguva itsva). MuArensky's “Guidelines…” (1914, pp. 4 ne 53), izwi rekuti “homophonic forms” rinotsiviwa serimwe chirevo neizwi rekuti “harmonic. mafomu”, uye nekuwirirana tinoreva kuwirirana kwemanzwi. Iyo baroque fm (isina dhizaini yekumisikidza uye mutsauko wemusoro) inopa iyo yakapusa mhando yekuvaka yefm nekudaro fungidziro ye "denderedzwa"), ichipfuura nemumacadenza pane mamwe matanho eiyo tonality, semuenzaniso:

mukuru: I - V; VI - III - IV - I mudiki: I - V; III - VII - VI - IV - I ine tsika yekusadzokororwa kwekiyi pakati pe tonic pakutanga uye pakupedzisira, maererano neT-DS-T musimboti.

Semuyenzaniso, mune konzati fomu (iyo yairidzwa mu sonatas uye baroque concerts, kunyanya naA. Vivaldi, JS Bach, Handel, basa rakafanana nebasa resonata fomu mumitambo yezviridzwa zve classical-romantic music):

Nyaya — Uye — Nyaya — Uye — Nyaya — Uye — Nyaya T — D — S — T (I – interlude, – modulation; mienzaniso – Bach, 1st movement of the Brandenburg Concertos).

Zviridzwa zvakapararira zveBaroque zviri homophonic (kunyanya, kwete-fugued) uye polyphonic (ona Chikamu IV). Main homophonic F. m. baroque:

1) mafomu ebudiriro (mu instr. mimhanzi, mhando huru inotangira, mu wok. - recitative); samples - J. Frescobaldi, preambles yenhengo; Handel, clavier suite mu d-moll, prelude; Bach, organ toccata in d minor, BWV 565, prelude movement, before fugue;

2) mafomu madiki (akareruka) - bha (kudzokororwa uye kusadzokorora; semuenzaniso, rwiyo rwaF. Nicolai "Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern" ("Nyeredzi yemangwanani inopenya zvinoshamisa sei", kugadziridzwa kwayo naBach mu1st cantata uye mu. vamwe. op.)), maviri-, matatu- uye akawanda-chikamu mafomu (muenzaniso wekupedzisira ndiBach, Misa muh-moll, No14); wok. mimhanzi inowanzosangana nechimiro da capo;

3) maumbirwo (akaoma) mafomu (kusanganiswa kwediki) - yakaoma maviri-, matatu- uye akawanda-chikamu; kusiyanisa-composite (somuenzaniso, zvikamu zvekutanga zve orchestral overtures naJS Bach), iyo da capo fomu inonyanya kukosha (kunyanya, muBach);

4) kusiyana uye kuchinja kwekwaya;

5) rondo (mukuenzanisa nerondo yezana remakore rechi13-15 - chimbo chitsva cheF. m. pasi pezita rimwe chete);

6) yekare sonata fomu, imwe-yakasviba uye (mu embryo, kukura) maviri-yakasviba; chimwe nechimwe chazvo chisina kukwana (zvikamu zviviri) kana kukwana (zvikamu zvitatu); semuenzaniso, mune sonatas yaD. Scarlatti; yakazara imwe-yakasviba sonata fomu - Bach, Matthew Passion, No 47;

7) konzati fomu (imwe yemabviro makuru emangwana classical sonata fomu);

8) marudzi akasiyana-siyana emawoki. uye instr. cyclic mafomu (iwo mamwe marudzi emimhanzi) - Passion, misa (kusanganisira organ), oratorio, cantata, concerto, sonata, suite, prelude uye fugue, overture, akasiyana marudzi emafomu (Bach, "Musical Offering", "The Art yeFugue"), "matenderedzwa ematenderera" (Bach, "The Well-Tempered Clavier", French suites);

9) opera. (Ona "Ongororo yeMimhanzi Mabasa", 1977.)

F. m. classical-romantic. nguva, pfungwa ye to-rykh inoratidzwa padanho rekutanga rehumanistic. Mazano eEurope. Kujekesa uye rationalism, uye muzana remakore rechi19. pfungwa dzemunhu mumwe nemumwe dzerudo ("Romanticism hachisi chimwe chinhu kunze kweapotheosis yehunhu" - IS Turgenev), kuzvimiririra uye kunakidzwa kwemimhanzi, inoratidzirwa nekuratidzwa kwepamusoro kweanozvimiririra muses. Mitemo yekuumbwa, kukosha kwemisimboti yekubatana kwepakati uye simba, kudzikamisa semantic kusiyaniswa kweF.m., uye kusunungurwa kwekuvandudzwa kwezvikamu zvayo. For classic romantic Pfungwa yeF. m. inofananidzirawo kusarudzwa kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemhando dzakakwana dzeF.m. (nemisiyano yakanyatsodudzwa pakati pavo) ine hupfumi husina kujairika uye hwakasiyana-siyana kongiri kuitiswa kwemhando dzakafanana dzechimiro (musimboti wekusiyana mukubatana), iyo yakafanana neiyo optimality yemamwe ma paramita F. m. (semuenzaniso, kusarudzwa kwakasimba kwemhando dzematanho ekutevedzana, mhando dzetoni hurongwa, hunhu hwakagadzirwa manhamba, akakwenenzverwa orchestral nziyo, metric zvimiro zvinokwevera kune squareness, nzira dzekukurudzira kusimudzira), kunzwa kwakanyanya kwakanyanya kwekunzwa mimhanzi. nguva, yakavanzika uye yakaringana kuverenga kwezvikamu zvenguva. (Chokwadi, mukati mehurongwa hwemakore zana nemakumi mashanu enhoroondo, misiyano pakati peViennese-classical uye yerudo pfungwa dzeF.m. zvakare yakakosha.) Mune zvimwe zvinhu, zvinokwanisika kumisa chimiro chedialectical chemukuru. pfungwa yebudiriro muF.m. (Beethoven's sonata fomu) . F. m. batanidza kutaura kwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro, hwekunakisa, pfungwa dzehuzivi nehunyoro "hwepanyika" hunhu hwemamusi. kufananidzira (zvakare zvinhu zvine musoro zvinotakura mucherechedzo wemimhanzi yemazuva ese, ine maficha emumhanzi; izvi zvinoshanda kune chikuru arr. F. m. yezana ramakore rechi 150).

General logical classical romantic principles. F. m. iwo akasimba uye akapfuma embodiment yezvimiro zvechero kufunga mumunda wemimhanzi, inoratidzwa mune tsananguro. semantic mabasa ezvikamu zveF.m. Sekufunga kupi zvako, mimhanzi ine chinhu chekufunga, zvinhu zvayo (mune dimikira pfungwa, dingindira). Kufunga kunoratidzwa mumimhanzi-inonzwisisika. "Kukurukurirana kwechinyorwa" ("Mumhanzi fomu mhedzisiro ye "kukurukurirana kunonzwisisika" kwezvinyorwa zvemimhanzi" - Stravinsky IF, 1971, peji 227), iyo, nekuda kwechimiro chenguva uye chisiri chepfungwa chemimhanzi seunyanzvi. , inopatsanura F. m. mudhipatimendi maviri ane musoro - kuratidzwa kwemimhanzi. pfungwa nekukura kwayo (“hurukuro”). Zvakare, mimhanzi inonzwisisika inokura. pfungwa inoumbwa ne“kufunga” kwayo uye “mhedziso” inotevera; saka budiriro sedanho rine musoro. Kubudirira kweF.m. yakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zviviri - kukura chaiko uye kupedzisa. Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kweiyo classic F. m. anoona matatu makuru. mabasa ezvikamu (zvinoenderana neAsafiev triad initium - motus - terminus, ona Asafiev BV, 1963, mapeji 83-84; Bobrovsky VP, 1978, pp. 21-25) - kujekesa (kuratidzwa kwemafungiro), kukudziridza (chaiyo budiriro) uye yekupedzisira (chirevo chepfungwa), yakabatana zvakanyanya nemumwe:

(Somuenzaniso, muchimiro chakapfava chezvikamu zvitatu, muchimiro chesonata.) Mukusiyanisa zvakanaka F. m., mukuwedzera kuzvinhu zvitatu zvinokosha. ebetsero mabasa ezvikamu zvinomuka - sumo (basa rayo rinobva pakuratidzwa kwekutanga kwechinyorwa), shanduko uye mhedziso (bazi kubva pabasa rekupedzisa uye nekudaro kuchikamura kuita maviri - kusimbisa uye mhedziso yepfungwa). Nokudaro, zvikamu zveF.m. vane mabasa matanhatu chete (cf. Sposobin IV, 1947, p. 26).

Kuve kuratidzwa kwemitemo yakajairwa yekufunga kwevanhu, kuoma kwemabasa ezvikamu zveF.m. inoburitsa chimwe chinhu chakafanana nemashandiro ezvikamu zvekuratidzwa kwemufungo munzvimbo ine musoro-inonzwisisika yekufunga, mitemo inoenderana nayo inotsanangurwa mudzidziso yekare yekutaura (kutaura). Mabasa ezvikamu zvitanhatu zvekirasi. rhetoric (Exordium – sumo, Narratio – narration, Propositio – main position, Confutatio – challenging, Confirmatio – statement, Conclusio – mhedziso) inenge yakanyatso pindirana mukuumbwa uye kutevedzana nemabasa ezvikamu zveF. m. (mabasa makuru eFM anosimbiswa. m.):

Exordium - intro Propositio - mharidzo (chinyorwa chikuru) Narratio - budiriro seshanduko Confutatio - inosiyanisa chikamu (budiriro, inosiyanisa dingindira) Simbiso - reprise Conclusio - kodhi (kuwedzera)

Rhetoric mabasa anogona kuzviratidza nenzira dzakasiyana. mazinga (somuenzaniso, anovhara zvose kuratidzwa kwe sonata uye fomu yose ye sonata yose). Kusangana kunosvika kure kwemabasa ezvikamu murhetoric uye zvikamu zveF.m. inopupurira kubatana kwakadzika kwekuparara. uye zvinoita kunge zviri kure kubva kune imwe neimwe mhando dzekufunga.

Misc. ice element (zvinonzwika, timbres, rhythms, chords" melodic. izwi rezwi, melodic line, dynamic. nuances, tempo, agogics, tonal mabasa, cadences, chimiro chemavara, nezvimwe. n.) imhanzi. zvinhu. K F. m (mupfungwa yakafara) ndeyemumhanzi. kurongeka kwezvinhu, zvinotariswa kubva kudivi rekutaura kwemuses. kugutsikana. Muhurongwa hwemasangano emimhanzi hazvisi zvese zvemimhanzi. zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaenzana. Profaili zvikamu zve classical-romantic. F. m - tonality sehwaro hwechimiro cheF. m (cm. Tonality, Mode, Melody), mita, chimiro chechinangwa (ona. Motif, Homophony), counterpoint basic. mitsetse (in homof. F. m kazhinji t. Mr. contour, kana chikuru, maviri-izwi: rwiyo + bass), thematicism uye kuwirirana. Tsanangudzo yekugadzira ye tonality inosanganisira (mukuwedzera kune iri pamusoro) mukuungana kwetoni-yakagadzikana dingindira nekukwezva kunowanzo kune imwechete tonic (ona. dhayagiramu A mumuenzaniso uri pazasi). Chirevo chechimiro chemita ndechekugadzira hukama (metric. symmetry) yezvikamu zvidiki F. m ( chits. musimboti: 2nd cycle inopindura kune yekutanga uye inogadzira maviri-kutenderera, yechipiri-mbiri-yechipiri inopindura 1 uye inogadzira mana-kutenderera, 2nd mana-kutenderera inopindura 1 uye inogadzira masere-kutenderera; ndosaka kukosha kwakakosha kwe squareness kune classical-romantic. F. m.), nokudaro vachigadzira zvivakwa zvidiki zveF. m - mitsara, mitsara, nguva, zvakafanana zvikamu zvepakati uye reprises mukati memadingindira; classical mita zvakare inotarisisa nzvimbo yemacadence erumwe rudzi kana rumwe uye simba rekuita kwavo kwekupedzisira (semi-mhedziso pakupera kwemutsara, mhedziso yakazara pakupera kwenguva). Iko kuumba kukosha kwevavariro (mune pfungwa huru, zvakare dingindira) budiriro iri muchokwadi chekuti hombe-mus. pfungwa inotorwa kubva pakati payo. semantic musimboti (kazhinji ndiro boka rekutanga rinokurudzira kana, kashoma, chinangwa chekutanga) kuburikidza nekudzokorora kwakasiyana-siyana kwezvikamu zvaro (kudzokororwa kwekukurudzira kubva kune imwe chord ruzha, kubva kune vamwe. matanho, nezvimwewo. kuwirirana, nekuchinja kwepakati mumutsara, kusiyanisa mutsindo, mukuwedzera kana kuderera, mukutenderera, nekupatsanurwa - inonyanya kushanda nzira yekusimudzira manzwiro, mikana iyo inowedzera kusvika pakushandurwa kwechikonzero chekutanga kune vamwe. vavariro). Ona Arensky A. C, 1900, map. 57-67; Sopin I. V., 1947, p. 47-51. Kukurudzira kwekusimudzira kunotamba mune homophonic F. m nezvebasa rakafanana nekudzokororwa kwedingindira uye zvikamu zvaro mupolyphonic. F. m (semuenzaniso mu fugue). Iko kukosha kwekuumba kwe counterpoint mune homophonic F. m inozviratidza mukugadzirwa kwechimiro chavo chakatwasuka. Anenge homophonic F. m mukati mayo ndeye (zvishoma) kusanganiswa kwezvikamu zviviri muchimiro chemazwi akanyanyisa, kuteerera zviga zvepolyphony yemhando iyi (basa repolyphony rinogona kunge rakanyanya kukosha). Muenzaniso we contour maviri-izwi - V. A. Mozart, symphony mu g-moll Nhamba 40, minuet, ch. musoro. Iko kuumbwa kwekukosha kweiyo thematism uye kuwirirana kunoratidzwa mumisiyano yakabatana yepedyo-yakabatana mitsara yekuratidzwa kwemadingindira uye ine musoro isina kugadzikana kusimudzira, kubatanidza, kumhanya zvivakwa zveimwe mhando kana imwe (zvakare zvine musoro "kupeta" kwekupedzisira uye zvine musoro "kupenya" zvikamu zvekusuma. ), tonally yakagadzikana uye modulating zvikamu; zvakare mukusiyanisa zvivakwa zvemonolithic zvemadingindira makuru uye mamwe "akasununguka" echipiri (semuenzaniso, mune sonata mafomu), zvichiteerana, mukusiyanisa marudzi akasiyana ekugadzikana kwetoni (semuenzaniso, simba rekubatanidza tonal pamwe nekufamba kwe kuwirirana muna Ch. zvikamu, chokwadi uye kubatana kwe tonality yakasanganiswa neyakapfava chimiro padivi, kuderedzwa kune tonic mucoda). Kana iyo mita inogadzira F.

Kune madhayagiramu emamwe makuru echinyakare-erudo mumhanzi zviridzwa (kubva pakuona kwepamusoro zvinhu zvechimiro chazvo; T, D, p ndiwo madhizaini anoshanda emakiyi, ndiko modulation; mitsara yakatwasuka inogadzika kuvaka, mitsara yakakomberedzwa ndiyo. isina kugadzikana) ona chikamu 894.

The cumulative effect ye yakanyorwa main. zvinhu zve classical romanticism. F. m. inoratidzwa pamuenzaniso weAndante cantabile weTchaikovsky's 5th symphony.

Chirongwa A: yose ch. dingindira rekutanga chikamu cheAndante chakavakirwa pane tonic D-dur, yekutanga kuita kweyechipiri theme-yekuwedzera iri pane tonic Fis-dur, ipapo ese ari maviri anodzorwa ne tonic D-dur. Scheme B (chitsauko dingindira, cf. ine chirongwa C): imwe-bhaa imwe inopindura kune imwe-bha, imwe inoenderera mberi yekuvaka-mabhawa maviri inopindura mhedzisiro ye-two-bar, mana-bar mutsara wakavharwa ne cadence inopindurwa imwe yakafanana ine cadence yakagadzikana. Scheme B: yakavakirwa pametric. zvimiro (Chirongwa B) kusimudzira kwekukurudzira (chidimbu chinoratidzwa) chinobva kune imwe-bhawa chinangwa uye chinoitwa nekuchidzokorora mune mamwe mawirirano, neshanduko mumhanzi. mutsetse (a1) uye metro rhythm (a1, a2).

Scheme G: contrapuntal. hwaro hweF.m., iko iko 2-izwi kubatana kwakavakirwa pamvumo mukonsoner. nguva uye misiyano mukufamba kwemanzwi. Scheme D: kutaurirana zvine musoro. uye harmonic. zvinhu zvinoumba F. m. yebasa rose (rudzi irworwo rwakaoma-zvikamu zvitatu chimiro chine chiitiko, chine "kutsauka" kubva kune yakajairika classical fomu yakanangana nekuwedzera kwemukati kwechikamu chikuru chekutanga).

Kuti zvikamu zveF.m. kuti vaite mabasa avo ekugadzirisa, vanofanira kuvakwa maererano. Semuenzaniso, dingindira rechipiri reGavotte yeProkofiev "Classical Symphony" inonzwisiswa kunyange kunze kwechirevo sechimiro chetatu chechimiro chakaoma chezvikamu zvitatu; ese ari maviri madingindira makuru ekuratidzwa kwe8 fp. Sonatas yaBeethoven haigoni kumiririrwa munhevedzano yakarongeka - iyo huru sedivi, uye iyo yedivi seyo huru. Mapeteni echimiro chezvikamu zveF.m., zvichiratidza mabasa avo ehurongwa, anonzi. mhando dzekuratidzwa kwemimhanzi. zvinhu (dzidziso yeSposobina, 1947, peji 27-39). Ch. Kune marudzi matatu emharidzo - exposition, yepakati uye yekupedzisira. Chiratidzo chinotungamira chekuratidzwa kugadzikana pamwe chete nebasa rekufamba, iro rinoratidzwa mune thematic. kubatana (kuvandudzwa kwechinangwa chimwe chete kana mashoma), kubatana kwe tonal (kiyi imwe ine misiyano; diki modulation kumagumo, kwete kukanganisa kugadzikana kwese), kubatana kwechimiro (mitsara, nguva, cadences, chimiro 4 + 4, 2) + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 uye zvakafanana pasi pemamiriro ekugadzikana kwe harmonic); ona Mufananidzo B, mitsara 9-16. Chiratidzo chemhando yepakati (zvakare kusimudzira) kusagadzikana, fluidity, yakawana kuwirirana. kusagadzikana (kusavimba neT, asi pane mamwe mabasa, semuenzaniso D; kutanga hakusi neT, kudzivisa uye kusundira tonic, modulation), thematic. kupatsanurwa (kusarudzwa kwezvikamu zvekuvakwa kukuru, zvidimbu zvidiki kupfuura muchikamu chikuru), kusagadzikana kwemaitiro (kushaikwa kwemitsara uye nguva, kutevedzana, kushaikwa kweakagadzikana cadences). Pedzisa. mhando yemharidzo inosimbisa tonic yakatowanikwa nekudzokororwa cadences, cadence akawedzera, organ point paT, kutsauka kuna S, uye kupera kwedingindira. kusimudzira, kupatsanurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwezvivakwa, kudzikiswa kwekusimudzira kuchengetedza kana kudzokorora tonic. chord (muenzaniso: Mussorgsky, chorus code "Kubwinya kwamuri, musiki weWemasimbaose" kubva mu opera "Boris Godunov"). Kuvimba naF.m. mimhanzi yechivanhu seyakanaka. kuiswa kwemimhanzi yenguva itsva, yakasanganiswa nehupamhi hwekuvandudzwa kwemabasa ekugadzirisa F. m. uye marudzi ekuratidzwa kwemimhanzi inoenderana navo. Izvo zvinhu zvakarongwa kuita yakabatana sisitimu yezviridzwa zvemimhanzi, iyo yakanyanyisa mapoinzi ari rwiyo (zvichienderana nehutongi hwehukama hwemetric) uye fomu ye sonata (yakavakirwa pane thematic uye tonal kukura). General systematics of the main. mhando dze classical-romantic. F. m.:

1) Nzvimbo yekutanga yegadziriro yezviridzwa zvemimhanzi (kusiyana, semuenzaniso, zviridzwa zvine mutinhimira weRenaissance) ndiyo fomu yenziyo inotamiswa zvakananga kubva mumhanzi wemazuva ese (mhando huru dzechimiro ndezviviri-zvikamu uye zviri nyore zvitatu- chikamu chinoumba ab, aba; mberi mumadhayagiramu A), zvakajairika kwete muwoki chete. mhando, asi zvakare inoratidzwa mu instr. miniatures (preludes, etudes naChopin, Scriabin, zvidimbu zviduku zvepiyano naRachmaninov, Prokofiev). Kuwedzera kukura uye kuomerwa kweF.m., zvichibva pachimiro checouplet nar. nziyo, dzinoitwa nenzira nhatu: nekudzokorora (kuchinjwa) dingindira rimwe chete, kusuma imwe dingindira, uye mukati kuomesa zvikamu (kukura kwenguva kusvika kune "yepamusoro" fomu, kupatsanura nepakati kuita chimiro: kufamba - theme- embryo - kudzoka kufamba, autonomization yekuwedzera kune iro basa theme-embryos). Nenzira idzi, fomu renziyo rinokwira kune mamwe epamusoro.

2) Couplet (AAA…) uye musiyano (А А1 А2…) mafomu, osn. pakudzokorora dingindira.

3) Kusiyana. marudzi maviri- uye akawanda-madingindira anoumba (“complex”) mafomu uye rondo. Iyo inonyanya kukosha yemubatanidzwa F. m. ndiyo yakaoma-zvikamu zvitatu ABA (mamwe marudzi akaomesesa maviri-chikamu AB, arched kana concentric ABBCBA, ABCDCBA; mamwe marudzi ABC, ABCD, ABCDA). Kune rondo (AVASA, AVASAVA, ABACADA) kuvapo kwezvikamu zvekuchinja pakati pezvinyorwa zvinowanzoitika; rondo inogona kusanganisira sonata elements (ona Rondo sonata).

4) Sonata fomu. Imwe yemabviro ndeye "kumera" kwayo kubva kune yakapfava maviri- kana matatu-zvikamu fomu (ona, semuenzaniso, iyo f-moll inotangira kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu yeSakha's Well-Tempered Clavier, iyo minuet kubva kuMozart Quartet Es-dur. , K.-V 428; iyo sonata fomu isina budiriro muchikamu chekutanga cheAndante cantabile cheTchaikovsky's 1th symphony ine genetic kubatana neiyo thematic inosiyanisa nyore 5-movement fomu).

5) Pahwaro hwekusiyana kwe tempo, hunhu, uye (kazhinji) mita, zvichienderana nekubatana kwekubata pamuviri, yakakura yataurwa pamusoro imwe-chikamu F. metres inopetwa kuita mativi mazhinji-chikamu cyclic uye inobatanidzwa muchikamu chimwe chete. mafomu akasiyana-siyana (masamples ekupedzisira - Ivan Susanin naGlinka, No 12, quartet; chimiro che "Great Viennese Waltz", semuenzaniso, nhetembo yechoreographic "Waltz" naRavel). Pamusoro pemhando dzemimhanzi dzakarongwa, kune akasanganiswa uye ega ega mafomu emahara, anowanzo batanidzwa nepfungwa yakakosha, pamwe programmatic (F. Chopin, 2nd ballad; R. Wagner, Lohengrin, sumo; PI Tchaikovsky, symphony . fantasy " The Tempest”), kana nemhando yefungidziro yemahara, rhapsodies (WA ​​Mozart, Fantasia c-moll, K.-V. 475). Mune mafomu emahara, zvisinei, zvinhu zvemafomu akataipa zvinenge zvichishandiswa nguva dzose, kana kuti zvinonyatsodudzirwa zvakajairwa F. m.

Mumhanzi weOpera unoenderana nemapoka maviri emisimboti yekugadzira: yemitambo-inoshamisira uye yemimhanzi chete. Zvichienderana nekuwedzera kweimwe musimboti kana imwe, nziyo dzemimhanzi dzakaiswa mumapoka matatu akakosha. mhando: opera ine nhamba (semuenzaniso, Mozart mune opera "The Marriage of Figaro", "Don Giovanni"), mimhanzi. mutambo (R. Wagner, “Tristan and Isolde”; C. Debussy, “Pelleas and Mélisande”), yakavhenganiswa, kana kuti yakagadzirwa., mhando (MP Mussorgsky, “Boris Godunov”; DD Shostakovich, “Katerina Izmailov”; SS Prokofiev, "Hondo uye Rugare"). Ona Opera, Dramaturgy, Musical Drama. Mhando yakasanganiswa yefomu yeopera inopa musanganiswa wakakwana wekuenderera mberi kwedariro. zviito neFM yakatenderedzwa Muenzaniso weFM yerudzi urwu chiitiko mutavern kubva kuMussorgsky's opera Boris Godunov (kugovera kwakakwana kwehunyanzvi hweariose uye zvinoshamisa zvinhu zvine chekuita nechimiro chechiito chechiito).

VI. Mimhanzi mhando dzezana remakore rechi20 F. m. 20 p. zvakakamurwa kuva marudzi maviri: imwe ine kuchengetedzwa kwezvinyorwa zvekare. mhando - yakaoma-zvikamu zvitatu fm, rondo, sonata, fugue, fantasy, nezvimwewo (na AN Scriabin, IF Stravinsky, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, P. Hindemith, B. Bartok, O. Messiaen , vanyori vechikoro chitsva cheViennese, nezvimwewo), imwe pasina kuchengetedzwa kwavo (naC. Ives, J. Cage, vanyori vechikoro chitsva chePolish, K. Stockhausen, P. Boulez, D. Ligeti, nevamwe vanyori veSoviet - LA Grabovsky, SA Gubaidullina, EV Denisov, SM Slonimsky, BI Tishchenko, AG Schnittke, R K. Shchedrin nevamwe). Mu 1st floor. 20th century mhando yekutanga yeF.m inotonga, mu2nd floor. zvakanyanya kuwedzera basa rechipiri. Kuvandudzwa kwekuwirirana kutsva muzana remakore rechi20, kunyanya mukubatana nebasa rakasiyana retimbre, rhythm, uye kuvaka kwemucheka, inokwanisa kuvandudza zvikuru rudzi rwekare rwemhando yemimhanzi ine rhythmic (Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, the yekupedzisira rondo yeGreat Sacred Dance ine chirongwa cheAVASA, yakadzokororwa maererano nekuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwose hwemutauro wemimhanzi). Nemukati wakakura kuvandudzwa kweF.m. inogona kuenzaniswa neitsva, sezvo kubatana neaimbova maumbirwo emhando kungasaonekwa sekudaro (semuenzaniso, iyo orc. , zvisinei, haionekwe seyakadaro nekuda kweiyo sonoristic tekinoroji, inoita kuti ive yakafanana neiyo F. m. yeimwe sonoristic op. pane yakajairika tonal op. mu sonata fomu). Saka iyo yakakosha pfungwa ye "technique" (kunyora) yekudzidza kweF. munziyo dzemuzana remakore rechi20. (iyo pfungwa ye "tekinoroji" inosanganisa iyo pfungwa yechinhu chinonzwika chinoshandiswa uye zvimiro zvayo, zvekuwirirana, kunyora uye fomu zvinhu).

Mune tonal (chaizvoizvo, itsva-tonal, ona Tonality) mimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20. Kuvandudzwa kwechinyakare F. m. inowanzoitika nekuda kwemhando itsva dze harmonica. nzvimbo uye inoenderana neiyo itsva harmonic properties. zvinhu zvehukama hwekushanda. Saka, muchikamu chekutanga che1 fp. sonatas naProkofiev zvechinyakare. kusiyanisa chimiro "chakasimba" cheCh. chikamu uye "yakasununguka" (kunyangwe yakatsiga) chikamu chedivi chinoratidzirwa nemutsauko weiyo yakasimba A-dur tonic much. dingindira uye nheyo yakapfava yakafukidzwa (hdfa chord) parutivi. Kusunungurwa kwaF.m. inowanikwa neharmonics itsva. uye nzira dzemaitiro, nekuda kwezvitsva zvemukati memuses. mhosva. Mamiriro acho akafanana nemaitiro e modal (muenzaniso: 6-chikamu fomu mumutambo waMesiaen "Calm Complaint") uye neinonzi. atonality yakasununguka (somuenzaniso, chimedu naRS Ledenev chembira uye tambo, quartet, op. 3 No 16, inoitwa muunyanzvi hwepakati consonance).

Mumumhanzi wezana ramakore rechi 20, polyphonic renaissance iri kuitika. kufunga uye polyphonic. F. m. Contrapuntal. tsamba uye yekare polyphonic F. m. rakava hwaro hwezvinonzi. neoclassical (bh neo-baroque) gwara ("Kumimhanzi yemazuva ano, kuwirirana kwacho kuri kurasikirwa zvishoma nezvishoma netoni, simba rekubatanidza remafomu ekupikisa rinofanira kunyanya kukosha" - Taneyev SI, 1909). Pamwe chete nekuzadza yekare F. m. (fugues, canons, passacaglia, misiyano, zvichingodaro) nerunyoro rutsva. zviri mukati (muHindemith, Shostakovich, B. Bartok, chikamu Stravinsky, Shchedrin, A. Schoenberg, nevamwe vakawanda) dudziro itsva yepolyphonic. F. m. (semuenzaniso, mu "Passacaglia" kubva kuStravinsky's septet, iyo neoclassical musimboti wemutsara, rhythmic uye hukuru-hukuru kusapindirana kweiyo ostinato theme haina kucherechedzwa, pakupera kwechikamu ichi pane "isina kuenzana" canon, hunhu hwe. iyo monothematism yekutenderera inofanana ne-serial-polyphonic. kusiyana).

Serial-dodecaphonic technique (ona Dodecaphony, Serial technique) yakatanga kuitirwa (muchikoro cheNovovensk) kudzorera mukana wekunyora makirasi makuru, akarasika mu "atonality". F. m. Muchokwadi, iko kugona kwekushandisa nzira iyi mune neoclassical. chinangwa chine mubvunzo. Kunyangwe quasi-tonal uye tonal mhedzisiro inowanikwa zviri nyore uchishandisa serial technique (somuenzaniso, muminuet trio yeSchoenberg's suite op. 25, tonality ye es-moll inonzwika zvakajeka; mune yese sutu, inonangana kune yakafanana Bach nguva kutenderera. , mitsara yakatevedzana inotorwa chete kubva kumanzwi e uye b, imwe neimwe iri yekutanga uye yekupedzisira inzwi mumitsara miviri, uye nokudaro monotony ye baroque suite inotevedzwa pano), kunyange zvazvo zvisingazove zvakaoma kuti tenzi apikise. "Tolly" yakagadzikana uye isina kugadzikana zvikamu, modulation-transposition, inowirirana reprises yezvinyorwa uye zvimwe zvikamu zve tonal F. m., kupesana kwemukati (pakati peizwi idzva uye nzira yekare ye tonal F. m.), hunhu hwe neoclassical. kuumba, kubata pano neimwe simba. (Semutemo, izvo zvinongedzo ne tonic uye zvinopikisa zvichibva pazviri hazvigoneke kana kugadzirwa pano, izvo zvakaratidzwa muScheme A yemuenzaniso wekupedzisira maererano ne classical-romantic. F. m.) samples dzeF. . Kudyidzana kunyoreswa kweizwi nyowani, harmonic. mafomu, maitiro ekunyora uye maitiro emafomu anowanikwa naA. Webern. Semuenzaniso, muchikamu chekutanga che symphony op. 1 haavimbe chete nemaitiro ekugadzira e serial conduction, pane neoclassical. nemabviro, canons uye quasi-sonata pitch ratios, uye, uchishandisa zvese izvi sezvinhu, zvinoiumba nerubatsiro rwemitoo mitsva yeF.m. - kubatana pakati pepitch uye timbre, timbre uye chimiro, symmetries yakawanda mupitch-timbre-rhythm. machira, mapoka epakati, mukugovera kwehutsi hunonzwika, nezvimwewo, panguva imwe chete vachisiya nzira dzekugadzira dzakave dzakasarudzika; itsva F.m. inopa aesthetic. mhedzisiro yekuchena, sublimity, kunyarara, masakaramende. kupenya uye panguva imwe chete kudedera kweinzwi rega rega, hukama hwakadzama.

Mhando yakakosha yezvivakwa zvepolyphonic inoumbwa neiyo serial-dodecaphone nzira yekugadzira mimhanzi; zvakateerana, F.m., yakagadzirwa muiyo serial tekiniki, ndeye polyphonic mune essence, kana kanenge zvinoenderana neiyo yakakosha musimboti, zvisinei nekuti iwo ane textured chitarisiko chepolyphonic. F. m. (semuenzaniso, macanoni ari muchikamu chechipiri cheWebern's symphony op. 2, ona Art. Rakohodnoe movement, muenzaniso mumakoramu 21-530; muchikamu chekutanga che "Concerta-buff" naSM Slonimsky, minuet trio kubva ku suite yepiyano, op. 31 by Schoenberg) kana quasi-homophonic (somuenzaniso, fomu ye sonata mu cantata "Chiedza cheMeso" op. 1 naWebern; muchikamu chekutanga chechitatu symphony naK. Karaev; rondo - sonata mukupedzisira kweSchoenberg's 25rd quartet). Mubasa reWebern kune mukuru. maitiro ekare epolyphonic. F. m. yakawedzera maitiro ayo matsva (kusunungurwa kwemimhanzi paramita, kubatanidzwa mune polyphonic chimiro, kuwedzera kune yakakwira-karira, kudzokorora kwemusoro, kuzvimiririra kupindirana kwetimbres, rhythms, hukama hwerejista, kutaura, masimba; ona, semuenzaniso, 26nd chikamu misiyano yepiyano. op.1, orc.variations op.3), izvo zvakavhura nzira yeimwe shanduko yepolyphonic. F. m. - mune serialism, ona Seriality.

Mumhanzi wesonoristic (ona Sonorism) predominates inoshandiswa. yakasarudzika, yemahara, mafomu matsva (AG Schnittke, Pianissimo; EV Denisov, piano trio, 1st chikamu, uko hombe dhizaini "gomera", ine asymmetrically siyana, inoshanda sechinhu chekuvaka nyowani, isiri-yekirasi yechitatu-chikamu fomu. , A. Vieru, “Eratosthenes’ sieve”, “Clepsydra”).

Polyphonic mumavambo F. m. Muzana remakore rechi20, osn. pakusiyanisa kupindirana kwemamitsiri anonzwika panguva imwe chete. zvimiro (zvidimbu No. 145a uye 145b kubva kuBartok's Microcosmos, iyo inogona kuitwa zvose zvakasiyana uye panguva imwe chete; D. Millau's quartets No. 14 uye 15, iyo ine chinhu chimwe chete; K. Stockhausen's Mapoka emitambo mitatu yakasiyana-siyana ye orchestra). Limit kurodza polyphonic. iyo musimboti wekuzvimiririra kwemanzwi (layers) yejira ndeye aleatoriki yejira, inobvumira kupatsanurwa kwechinguvana kwezvikamu zvezwi rose uye, maererano, kuwanda kwekusanganiswa kwavo panguva imwe chete. misanganiswa (V. Lutoslavsky, 2nd symphony, "Bhuku reOrchestra").

Zviridzwa zvitsva, zvakasarudzika zvemimhanzi (apo "chirongwa" chebasa ndicho chinyorwa chezvakagadzirwa, kusiyana nemhando yemazuva ano yezviridzwa zvemimhanzi) inotonga mumhanzi wemagetsi (muenzaniso ndiDenisov's "Birdsong"). Mobile F. m. (yakagadziridzwa kubva pane imwe kuita kuenda kune imwe) inowanikwa mune mamwe marudzi ealea-toric. mimhanzi (semuenzaniso, muStockhausen's Piano Piece XI, Boulez's 3rd Piano Sonata). F. m. 60-70s. nzira dzakasanganiswa dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya (RK Shchedrin, 2nd uye 3rd piano concertos). Izvo zvinonzi. kudzokorora (kana kudzokorora) F. m., chimiro chayo chakavakirwa pakudzokorora kwakawanda b. maawa emimhanzi yekutanga. zvinhu (somuenzaniso, mune mamwe mabasa naVI Martynov). Mundima yemhando dzematanho - zvichiitika.

VII. Dzidziso pamusoro pemafomu emimhanzi. Dzidziso yaF. m se dep. bazi reApped theoretical musicology uye pasi pezita iri rakamuka muzana remakore rechi18. Zvisinei, nhoroondo yaro, iyo inofambirana nekukudziridzwa kwedambudziko reuzivi hwehukama pakati pechimiro nechinhu, chimiro uye zviri mukati, uye inopindirana nenhoroondo yedzidziso yevamuse. zvinyorwa, zvakatangira kunguva yeNyika Yekare - kubva muchiGiriki. atomist (Democritus, 5th c. BC. BC) naPlato (akagadzira pfungwa dze "chirongwa", "morphe", "mhando", "pfungwa", "eidos", "maonero", "mufananidzo"; maona. Losev A. F., 1963, p. 430-46 nevamwe; zvake, 1969, p. 530-52 nevamwe). Dzidziso yakakwana yehuzivi hwechinyakare ("eidos", "morphe", "logos") uye nyaya (inoenderana nedambudziko rechimiro uye zvirimo) yakaiswa pamberi naAristotle (pfungwa dzekubatana kwezvinhu uye chimiro; iyo hutungamiri hwehukama pakati pechinhu nechimiro, apo chimiro chepamusoro-soro chiri vanamwari. mind; cm. Aristotle, 1976). Dzidziso yakafanana nesainzi yaF. m., yakagadziridzwa mukati meiyo melopei, iyo yakagadzirwa seyakakosha. mumhanzi theorist chirango, pamwe pasi peAristoxenus (2nd hafu. 4 mukati); cm. Cleonides, Janus S., 1895, p. 206-207; Aristides Quintilian, "De musica libri III"). Anonymous Bellerman III muchikamu che "About melopee" chinobuda (nemimhanzi. mifananidzo) ruzivo nezve "rhythms" uye mutinhimira. nhamba (Najock D., 1972, p. 138-143), Vol. e. asi nezvezvinhu zveF. m. kupfuura F. m mupfungwa chaiyo, kuenda kudenga muchirevo chekare chemumhanzi seutatu chaifungwa zvakanyanya maererano nenhetembo. zvimiro, maumbirwo echitanza, ndima. Kubatana neshoko (uye mune izvi kushomeka kwedzidziso yekuzvimiririra yePh. m mupfungwa yemazuva ano) inofananidzirawo dzidziso yaF. m medieval uye renaissance. Mupisarema, Magnificat, nziyo dzeMisa (cf. chikamu III), nezvimwewo. mhando dzenguva ino F. m chaizvoizvo, zvakafanotemerwa nemashoko uye dzidziso dzechitendero. chiito uye zvaisada zvakakosha. kuzvimiririra dzidziso pamusoro paF. m In arts. marudzi enyika, uko rugwaro rwaiva chikamu chaF. m uye yakasarudza chimiro chemuses chete. kuvaka, mamiriro acho akafanana. Uye zvakare, iwo mafomula emamodhi, akaiswa mumhanzi-theoretical. zvinyorwa, kunyanya chiyero chakashanda semhando ye "modhiyo rwiyo" uye zvaidzokororwa mukuora. zvigadzirwa zvezwi rimwe chete. Mitemo multigoal. mavara (kutanga kubva ku "Musica enchiriadis", kupera. 9 c.) akawedzera F. zvakanyorwa murwiyo rwakapihwa. m.: ivo zvakare havagone kutorwa sedzidziso yePh. m mupfungwa yazvino. Saka, muchinyorwa cheMilan "Ad Organum faciendum" (c. 1100), yerudzi rwe "mimhanzi-technical." inoshanda pamimhanzi. nziyo (sei "kugadzira" organum), mushure meiyo huru. tsananguro (organum, copula, diaphony, organizatores, "hama" yemazwi - affinitas vocum), nzira yekonsonances, "nzira shanu dzesangano" (modi organizandi), kureva. e. marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekushandiswa kwemakonzoni mu "kuumbwa" kwe-organum-counterpoint, nemimhanzi. mienzaniso; zvikamu zvezvivakwa zvemanzwi maviri zvakapihwa mazita (maererano nemusimboti wekare: kutanga - pakati - kupera): prima vox - mediae voces - ultimae voces. Wed zvakare kubva kuch. 15 "Microlog" (ca. 1025-26) Guido d'Arecco (1966, p. 196-98). Kudzidziso yaF. m tsananguro dzakasanganawo dziri pedyo. marudzi. Muchinyorwa chaJ. de Groheo ("De musica", ca. 1300), yakaratidzwa nesimba rekare Renaissance nzira, ine tsananguro yakakura yevamwe vazhinji. marudzi uye F. m . .), invitatorium, Venite, antiphon, rwiyo. Pamwe chete navo, kune dhata pane iyo nhoroondo yechimiro chePh. m - nezve "pfungwa" (zvikamu F. m.), mhando dzemhedziso dzezvikamu F. m (arertum, clausuni), nhamba yezvikamu muF. m Zvakakosha kuti Groheo ashandise zvakanyanya izwi rekuti "F. m.”, uyezve, mupfungwa yakafanana neyazvino uno: formae musicales (Grocheio J. zve, p. 130; cm. achapindawo. chinyorwa naE. Rolof kuenzanisa nekududzirwa kwezwi rokuti forma y naAristotle, Grocheio J. zve, p. 14-16). Kutevera Aristotle (ane zita rinotaurwa kanopfuura kamwe), Groheo anotsinhiranisa “fomu” ne“nyaya” (p. 120), uye “nyaya” inonzi “harmonic. manzwi”, uye “chimiro” (pano chimiro chekonsonanti) chinobatanidzwa ne”nhamba” (p. 122; Russian pa. — Groheo Y. uko, 1966, p. 235, 253). Tsanangudzo yakafanana yakadzama yaF. m inopa, semuenzaniso, V. Odington mune chinyorwa "De speculatione musice": treble, organum, rondel, conduct, copula, motet, goquet; mumhanzi Anopa mienzaniso yezvibodzwa zviviri uye zvitatu-mazwi. Mune dzidziso dzekupikisa, pamwe chete nehunyanzvi hwepolyphonic. zvinyorwa (semuenzaniso, muY. Tinctorisa, 1477; N. Vicentino, 1555; J. Tsarlino, 1558) inotsanangura zvinhu zvedzidziso yeimwe polyphonic. mafomu, eg. canon (pakutanga muhunyanzvi hwekutsinhana manzwi - rondelle naOdington; "rotunda, kana rotundel" naGroheo; kubva muzana ramakore rechigumi nemana. pasi pezita rekuti “fugue”, rakataurwa naJacob weLiege; zvakare yakatsanangurwa naRamos de Pareja; cm. Parekha, 1966, p. 346-47; pedyo neTsarlino, 1558, ibid., p. 476-80). Kuvandudzwa kwechimiro chefugue mudzidziso kunowira kunyanya pazana ramakore rechi 17-18. (kunyanya J. M. Bononcini, 1673; Uye. G. Walter, 1708; UYE. Uye. Fuchsa, 1725; Uye. A. Shaybe (oc. 1730), 1961; I. Mattheson, 1739; F. AT. Marpurga, 1753-54; I. F. Kirnberger, 1771-79; UYE. G.

Padzidziso yaF.m. 16-18 mazana emakore. pesvedzero inocherekedza yakaitwa nekunzwisisa kwemabasa ezvikamu pahwaro hwedzidziso yekutaura. Kubva muGreece (c. 5th century BC), pamucheto wekupera kwekare uye Middle Ages, rhetoric yakava chikamu che "seven liberal arts" (septem artes liberales), apo yakasangana ne "sainzi ye mumhanzi” (“… rhetoric haigone asi kuve nesimba zvakanyanya maererano nemimhanzi sechinhu chinoburitsa mutauro “- Asafiev BV, 1963, p. 31). Rimwe remadhipatimendi erhetoric - Dispositio ("kuronga"; kureva, chirongwa chekugadzira op.) - sechikamu chinoenderana nedzidziso yeF.m., inoratidza tsananguro. mabasa ekuumbwa kwezvikamu zvayo (ona Chikamu V). Kune pfungwa uye chimiro chemuses. cit., uye mamwe madhipatimendi emimhanzi zvakare ndeaF. rhetoric - Inventio ("kugadzirwa" kwemafungiro emimhanzi), Decoratio ("kushongedza" kwayo nerubatsiro rwemimhanzi-rhetorical manhamba). (Pamashoko emumhanzi, ona: Calvisius S., 1592; Burmeister J., 1599; Lippius J., 1612; Kircher A., ​​1650; Bernhard Chr., 1926; Janowka Th. B., 1701; Walther JG, 1955; Mattheson J., 1739; Zakharova O., 1975.) Kubva pakuona kwemimhanzi. rhetoric (mabasa ezvikamu, dispositio) Mattheson anoongorora chaizvo F. m. munhoroondo yaB. Marcello (Mattheson J., 1739); maererano nemimhanzi. rhetoric, iyo sonata fomu yakatanga kutsanangurwa (ona Ritzel F., 1968). Hegel, achisiyanisa pfungwa dzechinhu, chimiro uye zvirimo, akaunza iyo yekupedzisira pfungwa mukushandisa kwakafara kwehuzivi uye nesainzi, akazvipa (zvisinei, pahwaro hwechinangwa chekufungidzira) dhizaini yakadzama. tsananguro, yakaita kuti ive chikamu chakakosha chedzidziso yeunyanzvi, yemimhanzi ("Aesthetics").

Sainzi nyowani yeF.m., mune yavo. pfungwa yedzidziso yaF.m., yakagadzirwa mumazana emakore 18-19. Mune akati wandei mabasa ezana ramakore rechi 18. matambudziko emamita ("dzidziso yekurova"), kusimudzira kwevavariro, kuwedzera uye kupatsanurwa kwemamusi kunoongororwa. kuvaka, chirevo chechimiro uye nguva, chimiro cheimwe inonyanya kukosha homophonic instr. F. m., yakagadziriswa resp. pfungwa nemashoko (Mattheson J., 1739; Scheibe JA, 1739; Riepel J., 1752; Kirnberger J. Ph., 1771-79; Koch H. Ch., 1782-93; Albrechtsberger JG, 1790). In con. 18 - kupemha. 19th century a general systematics yehomophonic F. m. yakatsanangurwa, uye akabatanidza mabasa paF.m. akaoneka, achifukidza muudzame zvose zviri zviviri dzidziso yavo yose nechimiro chavo chechimiro, tonal harmonic. chimiro (kubva padzidziso dzezana remakore rechi19 - Weber G., 1817-21; Reicha A., 1818, 1824-26; Logier JB, 1827). Classic AB Marx akapa dzidziso yakabatanidzwa yeF. m.; yake "Kudzidzisa nezveMumhanzi. nziyo” (Marx AV, 1837-47) inofukidza zvese zvinodiwa nemunyori kuti ave nyanzvi pakuumba mimhanzi. F. m. Marx anodudzira se "kutaura ... kwezvemukati", kwaanoreva "kunzwa, pfungwa, pfungwa dzemunyori." Marx's system ye homophonic F.m. inobva ku "mhando dzekutanga" dzemimhanzi. pfungwa (kufamba, chirevo, uye nguva), inotsamira pachimiro che“rwiyo” (pfungwa yaakasuma) seyakakosha muhurongwa hwese hwaF.m.

Mhando huru dzehomophonic F. m.: rwiyo, rondo, sonata fomu. Marx akaronga mafomu mashanu e rondo (akagamuchirwa mu19th - kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 muRussia musicology uye tsika yekudzidzisa):

(Examples of rondo forms: 1. Beethoven, 22nd piano sonata, 1st part; 2. Beethoven, 1st piano sonata, Adagio; 3. Mozart, rondo a-moll; 4. Beethoven, 2- 5st piano sonata, finale 1. Beethoven , 1st piano sonata, finale.) Mukuvaka kwekirasi. F. m. Marx akaona kushanda kwemutemo “wakasikwa” wevatatu somukuru mumimhanzi ipi neipi. magadzirirwo: 2) thematic. kuratidzwa (isu, tonic); 3) modulating inofamba chikamu (kufamba, gamma); 1900) reprise (kuzorora, tonic). Riemann, achiziva kukosha kwehunyanzvi hwechokwadi hwe "kukosha kwemukati", "pfungwa", iyo inoratidzwa nenzira yeF.m. (Riemann H., (6), S. 1901), akadudzira iyo yekupedzisira zvakare se“nzira yekuunganidza zvikamu zvemabasa muchikamu chimwe. Pamusoro pezvinozoitika "general aesthetic. nheyo” akatsanangura “mitemo yemimhanzi chaiyo. kuvaka "(G. Riemann, "Musical Dictionary", M. - Leipzig, 1342, p. 1343-1907). Riemann akaratidza kupindirana kwemamusi. zvinhu mukugadzirwa kweF.m. (somuenzaniso, “Katekisimu yekuridza piyano”, M., 84, mapeji 85-1897). Riemann (ona Riemann H., 1902, 1903-1918, 19-1892; Riemann G., 1898, 1806), achivimba nezvinonzi. iambic musimboti (cf. Momigny JJ, 1853, uye Hauptmann M., XNUMX), vakagadzira dzidziso itsva yekirasi. metric, sikweya sere-kutenderera, umo kutenderera kwega kwega kune imwe metric. kukosha kwakasiyana nevamwe:

(makoshero ezviyero zvisinganzwisisiki zviyero zvinoenderana nezvinorema zvavanotungamira). Nekudaro, kuparadzira zvakaenzana maitiro ezvimiro zvemetrically yakagadzikana zvikamu kune izvo zvisina kugadzikana (kufamba, kusimukira), Riemann, saka, haana kufunga nezvekusiyana kwemaitiro mukirasi. F. m. G. Schenker akasimbisa zvakadzama kukosha kwe tonality, tonics pakuumbwa kwekirasi. F.m., yakagadzira dzidziso yezvimiro zvemazinga eF.m., ichikwira kubva kune yekutanga tonal musimboti kuenda kune "matanho" emumhanzi wakabatanidzwa. nziyo (Schenker H., 1935). Iye zvakare ane ruzivo rwe monumental holistic analysis otd. anoshanda (Schenker H., 1912). Kukudziridzika kwakadzama kwedambudziko rekuumba kukosha kwekuwirirana kwechinyakare. fm yakapa A. Schoenberg (Schönberg A., 1954). Maererano nekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro matsva mumimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20. paiva nedzidziso pamusoro peP. m. uye muses. kuumbwa kwechimiro chakavakirwa pane dodecaphony (Krenek E., 1940; Jelinek H., 1952-58, nezvimwewo), maitiro uye mutsva rhythmic. tekinoroji (Messiaen O., 1944; inotaurawo nezvekutangazve kwemamwe Middle Ages. F. m. - hallelujah, Kyrie, sequences, etc.), kuumbwa kwemagetsi (ona "Die Reihe", I, 1955), mutsva P. m. (semuenzaniso, iyo inonzi yakavhurika, nhamba, nguva P. m. mune dzidziso yeStockhausen - Stockhausen K., 1963-1978; zvakare Boehmer K., 1967). (Ona Kohoutek Ts., 1976.)

MuRussia, dzidziso yaF. m inobva mu "Music Grammar" naN. AP Diletsky (1679-81), iyo inopa tsananguro yeakanyanya kukosha F. m yenguva iyoyo, polygonal tekinoroji. mavara, mabasa ezvikamu F. m ("mumusangano wega wega" panofanira kunge paine "kutanga, pakati uye kupera" - Diletsky, 1910, p. 167), zvinhu uye zvinhu zvekuumba ("padyzhi", vol. e. cadenzas; "kukwira" uye "kudzika"; "dudal rule" (kureva. e. org point), “countercurrent” (counterpoint; zvisinei, rhythm ine dotted inorehwa), zvichingodaro). Mukududzirwa kwaF. m Diletsky anonzwa pesvedzero yezvikamu zvemuses. rhetoric (mazwi ayo anoshandiswa: "disposition", "invention", "exordium", "amplification"). Dzidziso yaF. m mupfungwa itsva inowira pauriri hwechipiri. 19 - kupemha. 20 cc Chikamu chechitatu che "Yakazara gwara rekunyora mimhanzi" naI. Gunke (1863) - "PamaFomu eMimhanzi Mabasa" - ine tsananguro yevakawanda vakaiswa F. m (fugue, rondo, sonata, concerto, symphony poem, etude, serenade, ed. madhanzi, nezvimwewo), ongororo yezvinyorwa zvemuenzaniso, tsananguro yakadzama yemamwe "mafomu akaoma" (semuenzaniso. sonata fomu). Muchikamu chechipiri, polyphonic yakarongwa. maitiro, anotsanangurwa osn. polyphonic. F. m (fugues, canons). Nezvinyorwa zvinoshanda. zvinzvimbo, pfupi "Nhungamiro yekudzidza yemhando dzezviridzwa uye mimhanzi yezwi" yakanyorwa naA. C. Arensky (1893-94). Pfungwa dzakadzama pachimiro cheF. m., hukama hwayo kune harmonic. system uye nhoroondo yakaitika yakataurwa naS. Uye. Taneev (1909, 1927, 1952). Pfungwa yekutanga yechimiro chenguva cheF. m yakagadzirwa naG. E. Conus (base. basa - "Embryology uye morphology yemuviri wemimhanzi", manyoro, Museum of Musical Culture. M. Uye. Glinka; cm. uyewo Konus G. E., 1932, 1933, 1935). Nhamba yemafungiro uye mazwi edzidziso yeF. m yakagadzirwa naB. L. Yavorsky (pre-test, shanduko muchikamu chechitatu, kuenzanisa nechigumisiro). Mune basa raV. M. Belyaev "Kuratidzwa kupfupi kweDzidziso ye Counterpoint uye Dzidziso yeMumhanzi Mafomu" (1915), iyo yakave nemhedzisiro pane yakatevera pfungwa yeF. m mune owls musicology, kutsva (kwakareruka) kunzwisisa kwechimiro che rondo kunopiwa (zvichienderana nekupikisa kweCh. theme uye nhamba yezvikamu), pfungwa ye "rwiyo rwiyo" yakabviswa. B. AT. Asafiev mubhuku. “Chimiro chenziyo semuitiro” (1930-47) chakasimbiswa naF. m kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekutaura maererano nenhoroondo. kushanduka kwekuvapo kwemimhanzi sechisarudzo chemagariro evanhu. chiitiko (pfungwa yeF. m sokusava nehanya nematauriro. Zvirongwa zvemidziyo "zvakaunza hunyambiri hwechimiro uye zvemukati kusvika pakusanzwisisa" - Asafiev B. V., 1963, p. 60). Immanent zvimiro zvemimhanzi (incl. uye F. m.) - chete zvingangoitika, kuitwa kwayo kunotemerwa nechimiro chenzanga (p. 95). Kutangazve yekare (ichiri Pythagorean; cf. Bobrovsky V. P., 1978, p. 21-22) iyo pfungwa yevatatu sekubatana kwekutanga, pakati nekupedzisira, Asafiev akakurudzira dzidziso yakajairika yekuumbwa-maitiro echero F. m., ichiratidza nhanho dzebudiriro neipfupi formula initium - motus - terminus (ona. chikamu V). Chakanyanya kutariswa pachidzidzo ndechekuona zvinodikanwa zvemataurirwo emimhanzi. kuumbwa, kukura kwedzidziso yemukati. dynamics F. m (“ice. fomu senzira"), iyo inopesana ne "akanyarara" mafomu-zvirongwa. Naizvozvo, Asafiev anotamba muF. m "mativi maviri" - fomu-maitiro uye fomu-kuvaka (p. 23); anosimbisawo kukosha kwezvinhu zviviri zvakajairika mukuumbwa kwaF. m - kuzivikanwa uye kusiyanisa, kurongedza ese F. m maererano nehukuru hweimwe kana imwe (Vol. 1, chikamu 3). Chimiro F. m., maererano naAsafiev, inosanganiswa nekutarisa kwayo pane psychology yekuona kwevateereri (Asafiev B. V., 1945). Mune chinyorwa V. A. Zuckerman nezve opera naN. A. Rimsky-Korsakov "Sadko" (1933) mimhanzi. prod. kwekutanga kutariswa nenzira ye "holic analysis". Zvinoenderana neiyo huru classic marongero. dzidziso dzemetrics dzinodudzirwa naF. m paG. L. Catuara (1934-36); akatanga pfungwa ye "trochea yerudzi rwechipiri" (metrical fomu ch. zvikamu zve 1st chikamu 8th fp. sonatas naBeethoven). Kutevera nzira dzesainzi Taneyev, S. C. Bogatyrev akagadzira dzidziso yekaviri canon (1947) uye reversible counterpoint (1960). Uye. AT. Sposobin (1947) akagadzira dzidziso yemabasa ezvikamu muF. m., akaongorora basa rekubatana mukuumba. A. TO. Butskoy (1948) akaedza kuvaka dzidziso yaF. m., kubva pakuona kwechiyero chemukati uye kuratidza. nzira dzenziyo, kuunza pamwechete tsika. theorist. musicology uye aesthetics (p. 3-18), achitarisa kutarisisa kwemuongorori padambudziko rekuongorora mimhanzi. mabasa (p. 5). Kunyanya, Butskoy anomutsa mubvunzo wezvinoreva izvi kana izvo kutaura. nzira dzemimhanzi nekuda kwekusiyana kwezvazvinoreva (semuenzaniso, kuwedzera. vatatu, p. 91-99); mukuongorora kwake, nzira yekubatanidza mazwi inoshandiswa. mhedzisiro (content) ine musanganiswa wezvinoreva kuzvitaura (p. 132-33 nevamwe). (Enzanisa: Ryzhkin I. Ya., 1955.) Bhuku raButsky chiitiko chekugadzira dzidziso. nheyo dze "kuongorora kwemimhanzi. anoshanda” - chirango chesainzi uye chedzidzo chinotsiva chekare. sainzi yeF. m (Bobrovsky V. P., 1978, p. 6), asi padyo padyo nayo (ona Fig. ongororo yemimhanzi). Mubhuku rezvinyorwa zveLeningrad vanyori, ed. Yu N. Tyulin (1965, 1974) akaunza pfungwa dze "kubatanidzwa" (mune nyore-zvikamu zviviri fomu), "multi-parts refrain form", "chikamu chekutanga" (murutivi rwechikamu che sonata fomu), uye mafomu epamusoro. zverondo zvakatsanangurwa zvakadzama. Mune basa raL. A. Mazel uye V. A. Zuckerman (1967) aigara achiita pfungwa yekufunga nzira dzeF. m (kusvika pamwero mukuru - zvinhu zvemimhanzi) mukubatana nezviri mukati (p. 7), mimhanzi-kutaura. mari (kusanganisira yakadaro, to-rye haiwanzo kutariswa mudzidziso dzeF. m., - dynamics, timbre) uye maitiro avo kumuteereri (ona. Onawo: Zuckerman W. A., 1970), iyo nzira yekuongorora yakazara inotsanangurwa zvakadzama (p. 38-40, 641-56; mberi - samples yekuongorora), yakagadzirwa naZuckerman, Mazel naRyzhkin kumashure kwe30s. Mazel (1978) akapfupisa ruzivo rwekusangana kwemimhanzi uye muses. aesthetics mumutambo wekuongorora mimhanzi. anoshanda. Mumabasa aV. AT. Protopopov yakaunza iyo pfungwa yekusiyanisa-yakaumbwa fomu (ona. basa rake "Contrasting Composite Forms", 1962; Stoyanov P., 1974), mikana yekusiyana. mafomu (1957, 1959, 1960, nezvimwewo), kunyanya, izwi rokuti "chimiro chechipiri chirongwa" chakatangwa, nhoroondo yepolyphonic. mavara uye polyphonic mafomu e17th-20th century. (1962, 1965), izwi rokuti "hombe polyphonic fomu". Bobrovsky (1970, 1978) akadzidza F. m seyakawanda-nhanho yehierarchical sisitimu ine zvinhu zvine mativi maviri akabatana-anoshanda (apo basa iri "general musimboti wekubatana") uye chimiro (chimiro "inzira chaiyo yekushandisa iyo general musimboti", 1978, p. . 13). Iyo (Asafiev's) pfungwa yemabasa matatu ebudiriro yakajairika yakatsanangurwa zvakadzama: "kukurudzira" (i), "kufamba" (m) uye "kupedzisa" (t) (p. 21). Mabasa akakamurwa kuita zvakajairwa, zvakajairwa kuumbwa, uye kunyanya kurongeka (p. 25-31). Pfungwa yekutanga yemunyori musanganiswa wemabasa (echigarire uye nhare), zvichiteerana - "kuumbwa. kutsauka", "kuumbwa. modulation” uye “kuumbwa.

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Yu. H. Kholopov