Paul Dessau |

Paul Dessau

Muboka renyeredzi remazita ezviumbwa zvinomiririra zvinyorwa uye hunyanzvi hweGDR, imwe yenzvimbo dzekukudza ndeyaP. Dessau. Basa rake, semitambo yaB. Brecht uye zvinyorwa zveA. Segers, nhetembo dzaI. Becher nenziyo dzaG. Eisler, zvivezwa zvaF. Kremer uye mifananidzo yaV. Klemke, iyo opera kutungamira V. Felsenstein uye zvigadzirwa zvecinematographic zveK. Wulff, inonakidzwa nemukurumbira wakakodzera kwete chete pamusha, yakahwina kucherechedzwa kukuru uye ikava muenzaniso wakajeka wehunyanzvi hwezana ramakore rechishanu. Iyo yakakura mimhanzi nhaka yeDessau inosanganisira akanyanya hunhu hwemhando dzemimhanzi yemazuva ano: 5 operas, akawanda cantata-oratorio nziyo, 2 symphonies, zvidimbu zveorchestral, mimhanzi yemitambo yemadhirama, maredhiyo nemafirimu, mazwi uye madiki madiki. Tarenda raDessau rakazviratidza munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzebasa rake rekusika - kuumba, kuitisa, kudzidzisa, kuita, mimhanzi uye magariro.

Muimbi wemakomunisti, Dessau akanyatsopindura kune zvakakosha zviitiko zvezvematongerwo enyika zvenguva yake. Maonero eAnti-imperialist anoratidzwa murwiyo "Murwi Akaurayiwa muSpain" (1937), muchidimbu chepiyano "Guernica" (1938), mumhepo "International ABC of War" (1945). Iyo Epitaph yeRosa Luxembourg naKarl Liebknecht yekwaya uye orchestra (30) yakatsaurirwa kumhemberero yegore re1949 yekufa kunosiririsa kwevane mukurumbira musangano repasi rose remakomunisti. Gwaro remumhanzi nerevatori venhau rakaitirwa kune vakawirwa nerusaruraganda raiva Requiem yaLumumba (1963). Mamwe mabasa echirangaridzo naDessau anosanganisira iyo vocal-symphonic Epitaph kuna Lenin (1951), iyo orchestral inoumbwa Mundangariro yeBertolt Brecht (1959), uye chidimbu chezwi uye piano Epitaph kuna Gorky (1943). Dessau akatendeukira kumagwaro evadetembi vemazuva ano vanofambira mberi kubva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana - kune basa raE. Weinert, F. Wolf, I. Becher, J. Ivashkevich, P. Neruda. Imwe yenzvimbo dzepakati inogarwa nemimhanzi yakafuridzirwa nemabasa aB. Brecht. Muimbi ane mabasa ane chekuita nedingindira reSoviet: opera "Lancelot" (yakavakirwa pamutambo waE. Schwartz "Dragon", 1969), mimhanzi yefirimu "Russian Miracle" (1962). Nzira yaDessau muunyanzvi hwemimhanzi yakatungamirirwa netsika refu yemhuri.

Sekuru vake, maererano nemunyori, aiva cantor anozivikanwa munguva yake, akapiwa tarenda rekunyora. Baba vacho, mushandi wefekitari yefodya, kusvikira pakupera kwemazuva avo vakaramba vaine rudo rwavo rwokuimba uye vakaedza kuzadzisa chiroto chavo chisina kuzadzikiswa chokuva muimbi ane unyanzvi muvana. Kubvira pauduku, izvo zvakaitika muHamburg, Paul akanzwa nziyo dzaF. Schubert, nziyo dzaR. Wagner. Pazera ramakore matanhatu, akatanga kufunda violin, uye pazera ramakore 6 akaimba ari oga manheru nepurogiramu huru yekonzati. Kubva 14, Dessau akadzidza paKlindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory muBerlin kwemakore maviri. Muna 1910, akawana basa paHamburg City Theatre semukuru wekonsati yeorchestra uye mubatsiri wemutungamiriri mukuru, F. Weingartner. Sezvo akanga agara achishuvira kuva kondakita, Dessau akatora nechido zvimiro zveunyanzvi kubva mukukurukurirana kwekugadzira naWeingartner, akafarira kuona zviitwa zvaA. Nikisch, aigara achishanya muHamburg.

Dessau's yakazvimirira yekuitisa basa yakavhiringidzwa nekuputika kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga uye kwakatevera kunyoreswa muchiuto. Kufanana naBrecht naEisler, Dessau akakurumidza kuona utsinye husina musoro hwekuponda kukuru kwakauraya mamiriyoni evanhu, akanzwa mafungiro euto reGermany neAustria.

Rimwe basa semukuru weimba yemimhanzi yeopera rakaitwa nerutsigiro runoshanda rwaO. Klemperer (muCologne) naB. Walter (muBerlin). Zvisinei, chishuvo chokunyora nziyo zvishoma nezvishoma chakawedzera kutsiva chishuvo chekare chebasa somuitisi. Kuma20s. akawanda emabasa ezviridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana anooneka, pakati pavo - Concertino ye solo violin, inoperekedzwa nenyere, clarinet uye nyanga. Muna 1926 Dessau akapedza First Symphony. Yakaitwa zvinobudirira muPrague yakaitwa naG. Steinberg (1927). Mushure memakore maviri, Sonatina ye viola uye cembalo (kana piano) yakaonekwa, umo munhu anonzwa ari pedyo netsika dze neoclassicism uye kutaridzika kune maitiro eP. Hindemith.

Muna Chikumi 1930, mimhanzi yaDessau yeThe Railway Game yakaitwa pamutambo weBerlin Music Week. Rudzi rwe "mutambo wekuvaka", semhando yakakosha ye opera yechikoro, yakagadzirirwa kuona nekuita kwevana, yakagadzirwa naBrecht uye yakatorwa nevakawanda vanotungamira vanyori. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo yekutanga yemutambo weOpera weHindemith "Tiri kuvaka guta" yakaitika. Mabasa ese ari maviri achiri kufarirwa nhasi.

1933 yakava nzvimbo yakakosha yekutanga mune yekugadzira biography yevazhinji maartist. Kwemakore akawanda vakasiya nyika yokumusha kwavo, vachimanikidzwa kutama vachibva kuNazi Germany, A. Schoenberg, G. Eisler, K. Weil, B. Walter, O. Klemperer, B. Brecht, F. Wolf. Dessau akazovewo nhapwa yezvematongerwo enyika. Nguva yeParisian yebasa rake (1933-39) yakatanga. The anti-war theme inova iyo huru yekukurudzira. Mukutanga 30s. Dessau, achitevera Eisler, akaziva rudzi rwerwiyo rwezvematongerwo enyika. Aya ndiwo mabudiro akaita "Thälmann Column" - "... izwi reugamba rekuparadzanisa kune veGerman vanopikisa mafascist, vakananga nemuParis kuenda kuSpain kunotora chikamu muhondo dzekurwisa maFrancoists."

Mushure mekugara kweFrance, Dessau akapedza makore mapfumbamwe ari muUSA (9-1939). MuNew York, kune musangano unokosha naBrecht, uyo Dessau akanga afunga nezvazvo kwenguva refu. Kare muna 48 muParis, munyori wenziyo akanyora "Rwiyo rweHondo yeBlack Straw Hats" zvichibva pane chinyorwa chaBrecht kubva mumutambo wake "Saint Joan weAbattoirs" - dhizaini yakagadziridzwa zvakare yehupenyu hweMaid of Orleans. Mushure mekuziva rwiyo urwu, Brecht akabva afunga kuisanganisira manheru emunyori wake kuimba yemitambo yeNew School for Social Research muNew York. Pamagwaro naBrecht, Dessau akanyora ca. 1936 nziyo - mimhanzi-inoshamisa, cantata-oratorio, inzwi uye kwaya. Nzvimbo yepakati pakati pavo inogarwa nema operas Kubvunzurudzwa kwaLucullus (50) uye Puntila (1949), yakagadzirwa mushure mekudzoka kwemunyori kunyika yake. Kusvika kwavari kwaiva mimhanzi yemitambo yaBrecht - "1959 Percent" (99), yakazonzi "Kutya uye Urombo muHumambo hwechitatu"; "Amai Ushingi nevana vavo" (1938); "Munhu Akanaka kubva kuSezuan" (1946); "Kusiyana uye Rule" (1947); “Mr. Puntila nomuranda wake Matti” (1948); "Caucasian choko denderedzwa" (1949).

Mumakore 60-70. mimhanzi yakaonekwa - "Lancelot" (1969), "Einstein" (1973), "Leone naLena" (1978), rwiyo rwevana "Fair" (1963), Second Symphony (1964), orchestral triptych ("1955" , "Gungwa reMadutu", "Lenin", 1955-69), "Quattrodrama" yemasero mana, pianos maviri uye percussion (1965). “Munyori Mukuru weGDR” akapfuurira kushanda nesimba kusvikira pakupera kwamazuva ake. Nguva pfupi asati afa, F. Hennenberg akanyora kuti: “Dessau akaramba aine unhu hwakanaka kunyange mumakore ake gumi nemapfumbamwe. Achisimbisa maonero ake, dzimwe nguva anogona kurova tafura nechibhakera. Panguva imwecheteyo, achagara achiteerera kune nharo dze interlocutor, asingambozviratidzi seanoziva zvose uye asingakanganisi. Dessau anoziva nzira yekunyengetedza pasina kusimudza inzwi rake. Asi kazhinji anotaura nenzwi remukuchidzira. Zvimwe chetezvo kumimhanzi yake. "

L. Rimsky