Nototyping |

Notoprinting - polygraphic kuberekazve kwezvinyorwa. Kudikanwa kwokudhinda kwakamuka nokukurumidza pashure pokutangwa kwokudhinda (c. 1450); pakati pezvinyorwa zvakadhindwa zvapakuvamba, chechi yaidzora. mabhuku, mumizhinji yacho maipiwa nziyo dzenziyo. Pakutanga, nzvimbo dzisina chinhu dzakasiiwa kwavari, apo zvinyorwa zvakapinda nemaoko (ona, somuenzaniso, Latin Psalter - Psalterium latinum, yakabudiswa muMainz muna 1457). Muchiverengero chakati cheincunabula (zvinyorwa zvokutanga), mukuwedzera kumashoko, tsvimbo dzenziyo dzakatsikirirwawo, nepo manotsi ainyorwa kana kuti kudhirowa mukuwirirana nechinokosha. templates. Zvinyorwa zvakadaro hazvireve kuti hucheche hwaN. (sezvo vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vakakakavadzana) - vamwe vadhindi vemimhanzi vane ruzivo vakavabudisawo mu con. 15th c. (muenzaniso - bhuku "Musical Art" - "Ars mu-sicorum", rakabudiswa muValencia muna 1495). Chikonzero, sezviri pachena, chaiva chokuti munharaunda dzakasiyana minamato imwe cheteyo yaiimbwa mumitauro yakasiyana. nziyo. Nekudhinda imwe rwiyo, muparidzi munyaya iyi aizoita kuti denderedzwa revatengi vebhuku rive nyore.

Seti yemanotsi ekwaya. "Misa yeRoma". Printer W. Khan. Roma. 1476.

Chaizvoizvo N. yakasimuka approx. 1470. Imwe yemabhuku emimhanzi ekutanga-tanga aripo, Graduale Constantiense, sezviri pachena yakadhindwa pasati papfuura 1473 (nzvimbo yakadhindwa isingazivikanwe). Kutozosvikira muna 1500, vakaedza kuunza kuoneka kwezvinyorwa zvakadhindwa pedyo neakanyorwa nemaoko. Tsika yekudhirowa mitsara yemimhanzi neingi tsvuku, uye kunyora zvidhori pachazvo nedema, zvaitadzisa kuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi padanho rekutanga, zvichivamanikidza kutsvaga nzira dzekudhinda-mavara maviri - matanda akasiyana uye manotsi akasiyana, pamwe chete kugadzirisa matambudziko akaoma ehunyanzvi. dambudziko rekurongeka kwavo chaiko. Munguva iyi, pakanga pane nzira N. Set. Tsamba imwe neimwe yaigona kuva nezvose zviviri uye akati wandei. (kusvika ku4) manotsi. Kazhinji matanda aitanga kudhindwa (inki tsvuku yakavhara nzvimbo shoma uye yakaomeswa nekukurumidza), uye ipapo ("yechipiri inomhanya") zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa. Dzimwe nguva zvinyorwa zvine zvinyorwa chete zvakadhindwa, uye mitsetse yaidhirowa nemaoko, semuenzaniso. mu "Collectorium super Magnificat" (Collectorium super Magnificat), ed. muEsslingen muna 1473. Saka mabhuku akabudiswa, akarekodhwa mukwaya, uye dzimwe nguva muzvinyorwa zvisiri zvepfungwa. Mumhanzi wekwaya wakatanga kudhindwa kubva mumabhii ekuseta naUlrich Hahn mu“Roman Mass” (“Missale Romanum” Rome 1476). Chinyorwa chekaresa chine notation ye mensural ndiP. Niger's “Short Grammar” (“Grammatica brevis”) (mudhindi T. von Würzburg, Venice, 1480).

Seti yezvinyorwa zvevarume (pasina vatongi) F. Niger. Grammar pfupi. Printer T. von Würzburg, Venice. 1480.

Mariri, mienzaniso yemimhanzi inoratidza decomp. nhetembo metres. Kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa zvakadhindwa pasina vatongi, zviri pakukwirira kwakasiyana. Zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti vatongi vaifanira kukweverwa nemaoko.

Wood engraving. "Misa yeRoma". Printer O. Scotto. Venice. 1482.

Wood engraving (xylography). Vadhindi vaiona mienzaniso yemimhanzi mumabhuku semhando yemifananidzo uye vakaigadzira muchimiro chezvinyorwa. Madhinda emazuva ose aiwanikwa pakudhinda kubva pamufananidzo weconvex, kureva nzira yeletterpress. Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kwechinyorwa chakadaro kwaitora nguva yakawanda, nokuti. zvaive zvakafanira kutema zvakanyanya pamusoro pebhodhi, zvichisiya chete zvinyorwa zvekudhinda zvechimiro - zviratidzo zvemimhanzi). Kubva pamatanda ekutanga. zvinyorwa zvinomira zvakatanhamara “vazhinji veRoma” nomudhindi weVenetian O. Scotto (1481, 1482), pamwe chete ne“Maruva enziyo dzeGregorian tunes” (“Flores musicae omnis cantus Gregoriani”, 1488) nomudhindi weStrasbourg I. Prius.

Nzira yehuni yakashandiswa naCh. arr. pakudhinda mimhanzi-tioretical. mabhuku, pamwe chete nemabhuku, maiva nenziyo. Kashoma, miunganidzwa yemachechi yaidhindwa pachishandiswa nzira iyi. tunes. Engraving yakave yakachipa uye iri nyore pakudhinda mienzaniso yemimhanzi inodzokororwa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana. zvinyorwa. Mienzaniso yakadaro yaiwanzopiwa mumapepa. Mafomu ekudhinda aiwanzopfuura kubva kune imwe printer kuenda kune imwe; Zvinokwanisika kuona kuti iyi mienzaniso yakanyorerwa chinyorwa chipi kekutanga nekubatana kwemavara muzvinyorwa zvemienzaniso yacho uye mubhuku racho pacharo.

Woodcut. N. yakatanga kusvika muzana remakore rechi17. Kubva muna 1515 nzira iyi yakashandiswawo kudhinda mimhanzi yekufananidzira. Mu 1st floor. zana remakore rechi16 akawanda akadhindwa neiyi nzira. Mabhuku eminamato yeLutheran (semuenzaniso, "Singing Book" - "Sangbüchlein" naI. Walther, Wittenberg, 1524). MuRoma muna 1510, Nziyo Itsva (Canzone nove) naA. de Antikis dzakabudiswa, idzo panguva imwe cheteyo. aiva muvezi wematanda uye munyori. Mienzaniso yakanakisa yemapuranga ndeake anotevera editions (Missae quindecim, 1516, uye Frottolo intabulatae da suonar organi, 1517). Mune ramangwana, Antikis, pamwe chete nemapuranga, anoshandisawo kunyora pasimbi. Imwe yemabhuku ekutanga emimhanzi yakadhindwa kubva pakunyora pasimbi ndeye "Canzones, Sonnets, Strambotti and Frottola, Book One" ("Canzone, Sonetti, Strambotti et Frottole, Libro Primo" nemudhindi P. Sambonetus, 1515). Pamberi pekutanga kwezana remakore rechi16 vabudisi vemabhuku vakawanda vakanga vasina vagadziri vemimhanzi yavo pachavo uye seti yemimhanzi; Mienzaniso yemimhanzi mupl. nyaya dzakagadzirwa nevadhinda mimhanzi vanotenderera.

Mune ramangwana, mabhesi maviri akagadzirwa uye akagadziridzwa. mhando N., yakarondedzerwa kare muzana remakore rechi15 - kutaipa nekunyora.

Muna 1498, O. dei Petrucci akagamuchira kubva kuVenice Council ropafadzo yokudhinda mimhanzi achishandisa mabhii aifambiswa (akavandudza nzira yaW. Khan ndokuishandisa pakudhinda manotsi evarume). Yekutanga edition yakabudiswa naPetrucci muna 1501 ("Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A"). Muna 1507-08, kekutanga munhoroondo yaN., akabudisa muunganidzwa wezvidimbu zveruti. Kudhinda maererano nePetrucci nzira yakaitwa mumatanho maviri - mitsara yekutanga, ipapo pamusoro pavo - madhaimondi-akaumbwa nemimhanzi zviratidzo. Kana zvinyorwa zvaive nemavara, kumwe kumhanya kwaidiwa. Iyi nzira yaibvumira kudhinda musoro mumwe chete. music. Kugadzirira mabhuku kwaidhura uye kuchidya nguva. Zvinyorwa zvePetrucci kwenguva yakareba zvakaramba zvisingaenzaniswi mukunaka kwemavara emimhanzi uye mukururama kwekubatana kwezviratidzo zvemimhanzi nevatongi. Apo, mushure mekupera kweropafadzo yaPetrucci, J. Giunta akatendeukira kunzira yake uye akadhindazve Motetti della Corona muna 1526, akanga asingakwanisi kusvika pedyo nekukwana kwezvinyorwa zveakatangira.

Kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi16 N. inokura mune dzimwe dzakawanda. nyika. MuGermany, chinyorwa chokutanga chakadhindwa maererano nenzira yePetrucci chaiva P. Tritonius' Melopea, chakabudiswa muna 1507 muAugsburg nemudhindi E. Eglin. Kusiyana nePetrucci, mitsetse yaEglin yakanga isina kusimba, asi yakatorwa kubva kune zvidiki zvikamu. Zvinyorwa zvemudhindi weMainz P. Schöffer “Organ Tablature” naA. Schlick (Tabulaturen etlicher, 1512), “Bhuku reNziyo” (Liederbuch, 1513), “Chants” (“Сantiones”, 1539) akanga asiri pasi pemaItaly. , uye dzimwe nguva aitovapfuura.

Kumwe kunatsiridzwa kunzira yekunyora manotsi kwakaitwa muFrance.

Single print kubva P. Attenyan's set. "Nziyo makumi matatu neina dzine Mumhanzi". Paris. 1528.

Muparidzi weParisian P. Attenyan akatanga kuburitsa mimhanzi kubva pane yakagadzikwa nenzira yekudhindwa kumwe chete. Kekutanga akaburitsa nenzira iyi "Nziyo makumi matatu neina dzine mimhanzi" ("Trente et quatre chansons musicales", Paris, 1528). Iyo yakagadzirwa, sezviri pachena, ndeye printer uye mhando caster P. Oten. Mumafonti matsva, tsamba imwe neimwe yaisanganisira kubatanidzwa kwenoti nechikamu chidiki chetsvimbo, izvo zvaiita kuti zvibvire kwete kungorerutsa dhinda (kuriita nekumhanya kumwe), asiwo kutaipa polygonal. mimhanzi (kusvika kumanzwi matatu pane imwe tsvimbo). Nekudaro, iwo chaiwo maitiro ekutora polyphonic muses. prod. yaitora nguva yakawanda, uye nzira iyi yakachengetedzwa chete seti yezvinyorwa zve monophonic. Pakati pezvimwe French. vadhindi vakashanda pamusimboti wemuchina mumwe chete kubva pane seti - Le Be, iyo mabhii ayo akazotorwa nefemu yeBallard neLe Roy uye, achidzivirirwa namambo. ropafadzo, yakashandiswa kusvika muzana remakore rechi18.

Tsamba dzemimhanzi muna dec. vaparidzi vakasiyana muhukuru hwemisoro, kureba kwemadzinde uye chiyero chekukwana kwekuurayiwa, asi misoro muzvinyorwa zvemimhanzi ye mensural pakutanga yakachengetedza chimiro chedhaimondi. Misoro yakatenderera, iyo yaive yakajairika mumhanzi notation yatova muzana remakore rechi15, yakatanga kukandwa muna 1530 naE. Briard (akatsivawo ligatures mumhanzi we mensural nekududza nguva yakazara yezvinyorwa). Mukuwedzera kune editions (somuenzaniso, mabasa eComp. Carpentre), misoro yakatenderera (iyo inonzi musique en copie, kureva "manotsi akanyorwazve") yakanga isingawanzoshandiswa uye yakapararira chete mu con. 17th century (muGermany, chinyorwa chekutanga chine misoro yakatenderera chakabudiswa muna 1695 nemuparidzi weNuremberg uye mudhindi VM Endter ("Spiritual Concertos" naG. Wecker).

Kudhinda kaviri kubva pakaseti. A uye B - font uye kudhindwa naO. Petrucci, C - font naE. Briard.

Isa muBreitkopf font. Sonnet nemunyori asingazivikanwe, yakaiswa kumumhanzi naIF Grefe. Leipzig. 1755.

Main kushaikwa kwemimhanzi set to ser. 18th century pakanga paine kusagoneka kuburitsa machords, saka yaingokwanisa kushandiswa pakuburitsa monophonic muses. prod. Muna 1754, IGI Breitkopf (Leipzig) akagadzira mimhanzi "inotakurika uye inodonha", iyo, senge mosaic, yaisanganisira yakaparadzana. zvimedu (mabhii anosvika mazana mana), semuenzaniso wechisere wega wega waitaipa nerubatsiro rwemavara matatu - musoro, dzinde uye muswe (kana chidimbu chekuruka). Iyi font yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuburitsa chero chords, nerubatsiro rwayo zvaigoneka kugadzirira zvakanyanya kuomarara zvigadzirwa kuti zvibudiswe. Mumhando yeBreitkopf, zvese zvese zvemumhanzi seti zvinokwana zvakanaka (pasina mapundu). Dhirowa yemumhanzi yaive nyore kuverenga uye yaive nechitarisiko chinoyevedza. Nzira itsva yeN. yakatanga kushandiswa muna 400 pakadhindwa aria Wie mancher kann sich schon entschliessen. A promotional edition of sonnet set to music inorumbidza mabhenefiti ekugadzirwa kweBreitkopf yakateverwa muna 1754. Chinyorwa chikuru chekutanga chaive mafuro Kukunda kweKuzvipira (Il trionfo della fedelta, 1755), rakanyorwa neSaxon muchindakadzi Maria Antonia Walpurgis. Munguva pfupi, nerubatsiro rweseti, Breitkopf yakasvika pakukura kusati kwamboitika. Iye zvino chete N. yakakwanisa kukwikwidzana kubudirira munzvimbo dzose nezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa nemaoko, izvo kusvikira panguva iyoyo yakanga isati yarasikirwa nekutonga kwavo mumusika wemimhanzi. Breitkopf akaburitsa mabasa anenge ese makuru echiGerman. vanyori venguva ino - vanakomana vaJS Bach, I. Mattheson, J. Benda, GF Telemann nevamwe. Iyo Breitkopf nzira yakawana yakawanda. vatevedzeri nevateveri muHolland, Belgium neFrance.

Kutemera pamhangura. “Mufaro Pakunamata” Printer. S. Verovio. Roma. 1586.

To con. 18th century mamiriro achinja - muz. magadzirirwo acho akabva aoma zvekuti kutaipa kwakabva kwaita basa. Paunenge uchigadzira editions emabasa matsva, akaoma kunzwisisa, kunyanya orc. zvibodzwa, zvakave zvakakosha kushandisa nzira yekunyora, panguva iyoyo yakavandudzwa zvakanyanya.

Muzana remakore rechi20 nzira yakatarwa inopota ichishandiswa chete pakudhinda mienzaniso yemimhanzi mumabhuku (ona, semuenzaniso, bhuku raA. Beyschlag "Ornament in Music" - A. Beyschlag, "Die Ornamentik der Musik", 1908).

Kutemera kwakanyatsogadzirwa pamhangura pamwe chete nenzira yokudhinda yeintaglio kwakatanga kushandiswa neRoma. printer S. Verovio mubhuku rinonzi "Spiritual Delight" ("Diletto spirituale", 1586). Akashandisa nzira yeNiederl. engravers, to-rye muzvinyorwa zvekare zvemifananidzo nevanyori vakadai saMartin de Vos, vakaburitsa mapeji ese emimhanzi. Zvinyorwa zvaVerovio zvakanyorwa naNiederl. tenzi M. van Buiten.

Mutoo wekunyora waitora nguva, asi wakaita kuti zvikwanisike kutamisa dhizaini yemimhanzi yemhando ipi neipi yakaoma uye saka yakapararira munyika dzakawanda. nyika. MuEngland, nzira iyi yakatanga kushandiswa mukugadzirira kubudiswa kweO. Gibbons' Fantasy for Viols, 1606-1610 (bd); mumwe weChiRungu chapakuvamba Vanyori vakanga vari W. Hole, uyo akanyora Parthenia (1613). MuFrance, kutangwa kwokutemera kwakanonoka nokuda kweropafadzo yeimba inotsikirira yeBallard paN. mugadziriro yetaipi.

Engraving. I. Kunau. New clavier exercise. Leipzig. 1689.

Yekutanga yakavezwa edition yakaonekwa muParis muna 1667 - Niver's "Organ Book" (engraver Luder). Atova mu con. 17th century pl. Vaimbi veFrance vaitsvaga kunzvenga kutonga kwaBallard vakapa nziyo dzavo dzekunyora (D. Gauthier, c. 1670; N. Lebesgue, 1677; A. d'Anglebert, 1689).

Engraving. GP Handel. Kusiyana kubva kune suite E-dur ye clavier.

Engraved notes dec. nyika dzinotarisa zvakasiyana: chiFrench - chekare, chiItaly - chakanyanya kunaka (chiyeuchidzo chezvinyorwa), Eng. kunyora kunorema, pedyo nekunyora, chinyorwa cheGermany chakajeka uye chakajeka. Muzvinyorwa zvemimhanzi (kunyanya zvezana ramakore rechi 17), zita rekuti “intavolatura” (intavolatura) raireva kunyora, “chibodzwa” (partitura) kune seti yezvinyorwa.

Pakutanga. 18th century French yakawana mukurumbira. music engravers. Munguva iyi, vazhinji vevanyori-vanyori vaiita basa rekunyora mimhanzi, vachinyatsoteerera kuumbwa kwebhuku rose.

Muna 1710 muAmsterdam, muparidzi E. Roger akatanga kuverenga mabhuku ake kekutanga. Munguva yezana ramakore rechi 18 imba yekutsikisa pl. nyika dzakateverawo. Kubva muzana remakore rechi19 inogamuchirwa pasi rose. Nhamba dzinoiswa pamapuranga uye (kwete nguva dzose) pane peji remusoro. Izvi zvinogonesa kudhinda (kurova netsaona kwemapeji kubva kune mamwe edition haabatanidzwe), pamwe nekufambidzana kwezvinyorwa zvekare, kana kufambidzana kwekutanga kwechinyorwa chino (nekuti nhamba hadzichinji panguva yekudhindwazve).

Kuchinja kukuru mukunyora kwemimhanzi, iyo yakaiparadzanisa kubva kune unyanzvi hwemifananidzo. zvinyorwa, zvakaitika kuma20s. Muzana ramakore rechi 18 MuUK, J. Kluer akatanga kushandisa panzvimbo pemapuranga emhangura akagadzirwa nesimbi inopinza zvikuru yerata nomutobvu. Pamapuranga akadaro muna 1724 akanga akanyorwa zvigadzirwa. Handel. J. Walsh naJ. Eyre (J. Hare) vakaunza zvibhakera zvesimbi, nebetsero yazvo zvakanga zvichibvira kugogodza zviratidzo zvose zvinogarosangana nazvo. Zvinoreva. dhigirii rakabatanidza kutaridzika kwezvinyorwa, zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kuverenga. Muitiro wakavandudzwa wokunyora nziyo wakapararira munzvimbo dzakawanda. nyika. OK. 1750 yekunyora yakatanga kushandisa mahwendefa 1 mm gobvu akagadzirwa neakasimba zinc kana alloy yetin, lead uye antimony (inonzi garth). Nekudaro, iyo nzira yemimhanzi yekuchera pachayo haina kumbopfuura nezvisikwa. shanduko. Kutanga pabhodhi spec. raster (chisel chine mazino mashanu) inocheka mitsetse yemimhanzi. Ipapo makiyi, misoro yenotsi, tsaona, mashoko ekutaura anoroverwa paari nezvibhakera muchimiro chegirazi. Mushure meizvozvo, kunyora chaiko kunoitwa - nerubatsiro rweguva, izvo zvinhu zvekunyora kwemimhanzi zvinotemwa, izvo, nekuda kwechimiro chavo chega, hazvigone kurohwa nezvibhakera (kudzikama, knittings, ligi, maforogo, nezvimwewo, nezvimwe. .). Kusvikira con. Muzana remakore rechi18 N. yakagadzirwa zvakananga kubva kumapuranga, izvo zvakaita kuti vapfeke nokukurumidza. Nekugadzirwa kwelithography (1796), zvidimbu zvakakosha zvakaitwa kubva kune rimwe nerimwe bhodhi. dhinda kuti uendeswe kune lithographic stone kana gare gare - kune simbi. mafomu ekudhinda flat. Nekuda kwekuremerwa kwemapuranga ekugadzira ane akanyorwa muses. prod. dzairangarirwa kuva guta rinokosha zvikurusa reimba ipi neipi yokutsikisa mimhanzi.

Nhanho nhanho engraving maitiro.

Muzana remakore rechi20 mumhanzi kudhirowa photomechanical. nzira inotamisirwa kune zinc (yezincographic cliches) kana kumahwendefa matete (zingi kana aluminium), ari mafomu ekudhinda. Sekutanga, panzvimbo yemapuranga, masiraidhi anotorwa kubva kwavari anochengetwa.

MuRussia, kuedza kwekutanga neN. kunodzokera kuzana remakore rechi17. Dzakanga dzakabatanidzwa nokudikanwa kwokubatanidza chechi. kuimba. Muna 1652, muvezi Mosk. Kubva kuPrinting House, F. Ivanov akarayirwa kuti atange "bhizinesi rekudhinda rakasainwa", kureva N. nerubatsiro rwezvisina mutsara zviratidzo zvemimhanzi. Zvibhakera zvesimbi zvakachekwa uye taipa yakakandirwa, asi hapana kana chinyorwa chimwe chakadhindwa pachishandiswa rudzi urwu, sezviri pachena chine chokuita neChechi. shanduko dzaPatriarch Nikon (1653-54). Muna 1655 komisheni inokosha yokururamisa chechi. mabhuku enziyo, ayo akashanda kutozosvikira muna 1668. A. Mezenets (mutungamiriri waro) akatsiva ma<em>cinnabar marks (achidudza manzwi) ne“zviratidzo” zvakadhindwa nomuvara wakafanana panzvimbo huru. zviratidzo, izvo zvakaita kuti zvibvire kubudisa rwiyo. mabhuku asingashandisi kudhinda kwakaoma kwemavara maviri. Muna 1678, kukanda kwemhanzi yemimhanzi kwakapedzwa, kwakaitwa naI. Andreev pamirairo yeMezenet. Mutsamba nyowani, "mabhena" akaiswa pane otp. mabhii, ayo aikubvumira kuti udhaye zvakasiyana-siyana zvekusanganiswa. N. kuburikidza nefont iyi hainawo kuitwa. Panguva ino, mutsara wenziyo notation yakatanga kupararira muRussia, uye iyo Mezenz system yakazova anachronism yatove pakuvambwa kwayo. Chiitiko chekutanga chakapedzwa muRussia. N. yakabatanidzwa neshanduko kuenda kumutsara wenziyo notation - idzi dzaive dzekuenzanisa ("mbiri-chiratidzo") matafura e hoko uye mutsara manotsi. Kuburitswa kwakaitwa ca. 1679 kubva pamapuranga akavezwa. Munyori uye muiti weiyi edition (peji yemusoro uye imprint haipo), sezviri pachena, aive muimbi S. Gutovsky, pamusoro peiyo mumagwaro eMoscow. The Armory ine chinyorwa che 22 Nov. 1677 kuti "akagadzira chigayo chemapuranga chinodhinda mapepa eFryazh" (kureva mifananidzo yemhangura). Saka, muRussia mune con. Muzana remakore rechi17 Nzira dzose dziri mbiri dzokunyora, dzakanga dzakapararira panguva iyoyo kuMadokero, dzakanga dzanyatsogona: kunyora nokunyora.

Muna 1700, Irmologist yakabudiswa muLvov - yekutanga yakadhindwa monument yeRussia. Znamenny kuimba (ine linear musical notation). Iyo font yayo yakagadzirwa nemudhinda I. Gorodetsky.

Muna 1766, mudhindi Mosk. Synodal printing house SI Byshkovsky akakurudzira rwiyo rwemhanzi rwakagadzirwa naye, rinosiyaniswa nerunako uye kukwana. Mabhuku emimhanzi yeLiturgical akadhindwa mune iyi font: "Irmologist", "Oktoikh", "Utility", "Holiday" (1770-1772).

Peji kubva kuchinyorwa: L. Madonis. Sonata yeviolin ine digital bass. SPB. 1738.

Maererano naVF Odoevsky, mabhuku aya “ipfuma yenyika isingaenzaniswi, iyo isina nyika muEurope ingazvikudza nayo, nokuti maererano nemashoko ose ezvakaitika kare, nziyo dzakafanana dzave dzichishandiswa mumachechi edu kwemakore 700 dzakachengetwa mumabhuku aya” .

Zvinyorwa zvepanyika kusvika kuma70s. 18th century yakadhindwa chete muimba yekutsikirira yeAcademy of Sciences and Arts, mahwendefa ekudhinda akaitwa nekunyora pamhangura. Edition yekutanga yaive "Rwiyo rwakaumbwa muHamburg rwekupemberera kwakadzama kwekugadzwa kwaHer Majesty Empress Anna Ioannovna, Autocrat of All Russia, iyo yaimbova tamo Nyamavhuvhu 10 (maererano nekuverenga kutsva), 1730" naV. Trediakovsky. Kuwedzera kune akati wandei mamwe anogamuchirwa "tray sheets" akadhindwa ane chekuita ne decomp. mhemberero dzematare, muma30s. zvinyorwa zvekutanga zve instr. mimhanzi - 12 sonatas yeviolin ine digital bass naG. Verocchi (pakati pe1735 ne1738) uye 12 sonatas ("Gumi nembiri dzakasiyana symphonies nekuda kweviolin uye bass ...") naL. Madonis (1738). Kunyanya kucherechedzwa ndiyo yakabudiswa muma50s. uye muunganidzwa wakazozivikanwa gare gare “Panguva ino, kusaita basa, kana muunganidzwa wenziyo dzakasiyana-siyana dzine toni dzakabatanidzwa dzemanzwi matatu. Mumhanzi naGT (eplova)”. Muma60s. Imba yekudhinda yeAcademy of Sciences yakawana Breitkopf's music font (pakarepo mushure mekugadzirwa kwayo). Edition yekutanga yakaitwa uchishandisa nzira yakatarwa yaive V. Manfredini's 6 clavier sonatas (1765).

Kubva kuma70s. Muzana remakore rechi18 N. muRussia iri kukura nokukurumidza. Vakawanda vanoonekwa. vaparidzi vega. mafemu. Manotsi anodhindwa zvakare mumhando dzakasiyana. magazini nemaarumanaki (ona Vabudisi veMimhanzi). MuchiRussian N. akashandisa kubudirira kwose kwepamusoro pakudhinda. teknolojia.

Muzana remakore rechi20 zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi zvakadhindwa ch. arr. pamichina yeoffset. Kushandurwa kwemimhanzi yepakutanga mumafomu akadhindwa kunoitwa nephotomechanics. nzira. Dambudziko reMain N. riri mukugadzirira kwemimhanzi yepakutanga. Imwe neimwe yakaoma mimhanzi prod. ine dhizaini yega. Kusvika pari zvino, mhinduro yakapusa uye inodhura yedambudziko rekugadzirwa kwemichina yemimhanzi yepakutanga haisati yawanikwa. Sezvo mutemo, ivo vanogadzirwa nemaoko, nepo hutano hwebasa hunoenderana neunyanzvi. (graphic) matarenda atenzi. Rinoshandiswa rinotevera. nzira dzekugadzirira mabviro eN.:

Engraving (ona pamusoro), kushandiswa kuri kuderera munyika dzose, nokuti nekuda kwekushanda uye kukuvadza kwebasa pagarth, zvigaro zvevatenzi zvinenge zvisingazadziswi.

Kudhinda zvinyorwa neingi yekudhinda papepa remamilimita uchishandisa seti yezvitambi, matemplate uye peni yekudhirowa. Iyi nzira, yakatangwa muzana remakore rechi30, ndiyo inonyanya kuwanika muUSSR. Iyo inotora nguva shoma pane kunyora, uye inobvumidza iwe kuburitsa zvepakutanga zvechero kuomarara nekurongeka kukuru. Iyi nzira inobatanidzwa nekudhirowa kwezvinyorwa pamapepa akajeka, ayo anoshandiswa mukugadzirira zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi mudzimba dzekudhinda dzisina zvitambi.

calligraphic tsamba yezvinyorwa (makiyi chete anodhindwa). Kugadzirwa kwemimhanzi yepakutanga nenzira iyi kwakawana mukurumbira munyika dzakawanda. nyika uye inotanga kuunzwa muUSSR.

Kuendeswa kwezviratidzo zvemimhanzi kune pepa remimhanzi maererano nenheyo yevana decals (Klebefolien). Pasinei nekushanda nesimba uye kudhura kwakabatana, nzira iyi inoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda dzekunze. nyika.

Noteset (shanduko isina chekuita neBreitkopf font). Iyo nzira yakagadziridzwa uye yakaiswa mukugadzirwa muna 1959-60 nevashandi vePolygraphy Research Institute pamwe chete nevashandi veSoviet Composer imba yekutsikisa. Paunenge uchinyora, zvinyorwa zvepeji yemimhanzi zvinoiswa pabhodhi dema. Zvese zvinhu - vatongi, zvinyorwa, ligi, subtext, nezvimwe - zvakagadzirwa nerabha nepurasitiki uye zvakaputirwa nephosphor. Mushure mekutarisa nekugadzirisa kukanganisa, bhodhi rinovhenekerwa uye rinotorwa mifananidzo. Izvo zvinobuda pachena zvinoendeswa kune akadhindwa mafomu. Iyo nzira yakazvinatsa pachezvayo mukugadzirira kwezvinyorwa zvemashoko akawanda ezwi, orc. mavhoti, nezvimwewo.

Kuedza kuri kuitwa kugadzirisa maitiro ekugadzira rwiyo rwekutanga. Saka, mune dzinoverengeka nyika (Poland, USA) mimhanzi notation michina inoshandiswa. Nemhedzisiro yemhando yepamusoro yakakwana, michina iyi haishande. MuUSSR, havana kugamuchira kugoverwa. Mikana iri kuongororwa kuti igadzirise mafototypesetting muchina we typesetting manotsi. Phototypesetting michina kubva pakutanga. 70s 20th century yave kuwanda kwese kwese pakunyora mavara, tk. ivo vanogadzira zvakanyanya, ivo vanokurumidza kupa yakagadzirira-yakagadzirwa positive ye offset kudhinda uye kushanda pairi haina kukuvadza kune hutano. Kuedza kugadzirisa michina iyi yeN. kuri kuitwa nevakawanda. mafemu (femu yeJapan Morisawa ine patent yayo muchina wefotocomposite munyika dzakawanda). Matarisiro makuru ekugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwemimhanzi yepakutanga ndeye phototypesetting.

Mukuwedzera kune nzira dziri pamusoro apa, kushandiswa kwezvinyorwa zvekare zveN. zvakajairika, izvo, mushure mekugadzirisa uye zvakakodzera retouching, inoshanda sepakutanga kwekutora mifananidzo uye kuendesa kune mafomu akadhindwa. Nekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro emifananidzo ane chokuita nekushandiswa kwakapararira kwezvinyorwa zvakare (kudhindwa kwezvinyorwa zvepakutanga zvezvinyorwa zvekare), pamwe chete nefacsimile editions, iyo yemhando yepamusoro yezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvemunyori kana k.-l. chinyorwa chekare chine zvese zvayo (pakati pezvinyorwa zveSoviet facsimile zvichangoburwa pakaburitswa chinyorwa chemunyori che "Mifananidzo paChiratidziro" naMP Mussorgsky, 1975).

Kune madiki madiki anomhanya, pamwe neyekutanga. kujairana kwenyanzvi manotsi anodhindwa pamafotokopi.

References: Bessel V., Zvishandiso zvenhoroondo yekutsikiswa kwemimhanzi muRussia. Wedzero kubhuku: Rindeizen N., VV Bessel. Essay pamusoro pemitambo yake yemimhanzi uye yemagariro, St. Petersburg, 1909; Yurgenson V., Essay panhoroondo yenziyo notation, M., 1928; Volman B., zvinyorwa zvakadhindwa zvechiRussia zvomuzana remakore rechi1957, L., 1970; zvinyorwa zvake, zveRussia zvemumhanzi zve1966 - kutanga kwezana remakore rechi1970, L., 50; Kunin M., Mimhanzi kudhinda. Zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo, M., 1896; Ivanov G., Mimhanzi inotsikiswa muRussia. Nhoroondo yenhoroondo, M., 1898; Riemann H., Notenschrift und Notendruck, mu: Festschrift zum 1-jahrigen Jubelfeier der Firma CG Röder, Lpz., 12; Eitner R., Der Musiknotendruck und seine Entwicklung, “Zeitschrift für Bücherfreunde”, 1932, Jahrg. 26, H. 89; Kinkeldey O., Mimhanzi muIncunabula, Mapepa eBibliographical Society of America, 118, v. 1933, p. 37-1934; Guygan B., Histoire de l'impression de la musique. La typographie musicale en France, "Arts et métiers graphiques", 39, No 41, 43, No 250, 1969, 35; Hoffmann M., Immanuel Breitkopf und der Typendruck, in: Pasticcio auf das 53-jahrige Bestehen des Verlages Breitkopf und Härtel. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Hauses, Lpz., (XNUMX), S. XNUMX-XNUMX.

HA Kopchevsky