New Keys

Husiku hwaSeptember 23-24, Johann Franz Encke, akanga achangobva kupemberera zuva rake rekuzvarwa rechi55, akagogodzwa achiramba ari pamba. Heinrich d'Arre, mudzidzi akanga apererwa nemhepo, akamira pamusuo. Vachinjana mitsara yakati wandei nemuenzi, Encke akakurumidza kugadzirira, uye vaviri vacho vakaenda kuBerlin Observatory inotungamirwa naEncke, uko Johann Galle akafara zvakaenzana akavamirira pedyo neteresikopu yairatidza.

Kucherechedzwa, uko gamba rezuva rakabatana nenzira iyi, rakagara kusvika hafu nehafu yeusiku. Saka muna 1846, nyika yechisere yesolar system, Neptune, yakawanikwa.

Asi kuwanikwa kwakaitwa nenyanzvi dzenyeredzi idzi kwakachinja zvishoma pane kunzwisisa kwedu nyika yakatipoteredza.

Dzidziso uye tsika

Saizi inooneka yeNeptune isingasviki 3 arc masekonzi. Kuti unzwisise kuti izvi zvinorevei, fungidzira kuti uri kutarisa denderedzwa kubva pakati paro. Gurai denderedzwa muzvikamu 360 (Fig. 1).

Kona yatakawana nenzira iyi i1 ° (dhigirii rimwe). Zvino patsanura iyi chikamu chakaonda mune mamwe makumi matanhatu (hazvichagoneki kuratidza izvi mumufananidzo). Chimwe nechimwe chikamu chakadaro chichava 60 arc miniti. Uye pakupedzisira, tinoparadzanisa ne 1 uye arc miniti - tinowana arc sekondi.

Vazivi venyeredzi vakawana sei chinhu chisingaoneki nemaziso chakadaro mudenga, chiri pasi pe 3 arc seconds muhukuru? Iyo poindi harisi simba reteresikopu, asi nzira yekusarudza gwara pane hombe yedenga nzvimbo yekutsvaga nyika itsva.

Mhinduro iri nyore: vacherechedzi vakaudzwa nzira iyi. Mutauri anowanzo kunzi French mathematician Urbain Le Verrier, ndiye uyo, achiona kusaenzana kwemaitiro aUranus, akataura kuti kune imwe nyika kumashure kwake, iyo, ichikwevera Uranus pachezvayo, inoita kuti ibve pa "chaiyo." ” nzira. Le Verrier haana kungoita fungidziro yakadaro, asi akakwanisa kuverenga kuti pasi rino rinofanira kunge riri kupi, akanyora pamusoro peizvi kuna Johann Galle, uyo mushure mokunge nzvimbo yekutsvaga yakanyanyisa.

Saka Neptune yakava nyika yekutanga iyo yakatanga kufanotaurwa nedzidziso, uye yakazongowanikwa mukuita. Kuwanikwa kwakadaro kwainzi "kuwanikwa pamucheto wepeni", uye kwakachinja zvachose mafungiro kune dzidziso yesainzi. Dzidziso yeSainzi yarega kunzwisiswa semutambo wepfungwa, pakunyatsotsanangura "chii"; dzidziso yesainzi yakaratidza zvakajeka kugona kwayo kufanotaura.

Kuburikidza nenyeredzi kuvaimbi

Ngatidzokere kumimhanzi. Sezvaunoziva, kune gumi nemaviri manotsi mune octave. Mangani matatu-anonzwika chords anogona kuvakwa kubva kwavari? Zviri nyore kuverenga - pachava ne12 chords yakadaro.

Izvi, hongu, haisi nhamba yakakura yezvenyeredzi, asi kunyangwe muhuwandu hwakadaro hwemakonzoni zviri nyore kuvhiringika.

Nenzira yakanaka, tine dzidziso yesayenzi yekubatana, tine "mepu yenzvimbo" - nzvimbo yezvizhinji (PC). Iyo PC inovakwa sei, isu takafunga mune imwe yapfuura manotsi. Uyezve, takaona kuti makiyi akajairwa anowanikwa sei muPC - makuru uye madiki.

Ngatisanangurei zvakare misimboti iyo inosimbisa makiyi echinyakare.

Aya ndiwo maitiro makuru uye maduku anotarisa sePC (fig. 2 uye fig. 3).

Chinhu chepakati chezvivakwa zvakadaro kona: kana nemirazi inotungamirirwa kumusoro - triad huru, kana nemirairi inotungamirirwa pasi - triad duku (Fig. 4).

Aya makona anoumba crosshair, iyo inokubvumira kuti "centralize" imwe yemanzwi, iite "main". Aya ndiwo maitiro anoita tonic.

Ipapo kona yakadaro inoteedzerwa symmetrically, mune yakanyanya kuwirirana mitsindo yepedyo. Uku kukopa kunopa kune subdominant uye inotonga.

Tonic (T), subdominant (S) uye dominant (D) anonzi mabasa makuru mukiyi. Zvinyorwa zvinosanganisirwa mumakona matatu aya zvinoumba chiyero chekiyi inoenderana.

Nenzira, kuwedzera kumabasa makuru mukiyi, mativi emativi anowanzosiyaniswa. Tinogona kuvaratidza muPC (Fig. 5).

Pano DD inotonga kaviri, iii ibasa renhanho yechitatu, VIb inoderedzwa yechitanhatu, zvichingodaro. Isu tinoona kuti iwo akafanana makuru uye madiki makona, ari kure kure ne tonic.

Chero noti inogona kuita se tonic, mabasa anovakwa kubva mairi. Chimiro - nzvimbo yakaenzana yemakona muPC - haizoshanduki, inongoenda kune imwe nzvimbo.

Zvakanaka, isu takaongorora kuti mataurirwo echinyakare anorongedzerwa sei. Tichawana here, tichivatarisa, kutungamira uko kwakakodzera kutsvaga "mapuraneti matsva"?

Ndinofunga kuti tichawana miviri yedenga.

Ngatitarisei muonde. 4. Inoratidza kuti takaisa sei ruzha nechepakati nekona yevatatu. Mune imwe nguva, matanda ose maviri aitungamirirwa kumusoro, mune imwe - pasi.

Zvinoita sekuti takapotsa dzimwe sarudzo mbiri, hapana chakashata pane kuisa pakati pechinyorwa. Ngativei nemwaranzi imwe yakanongedza kumusoro uye imwe pasi. Zvadaro tinowana makona aya (Fig. 6).

Aya matatu matatu anoisa pakati pechinyorwa, asi nenzira isina kujairika. Kana iwe uchivavaka kubva pane zvinyorwa to, ipapo padanda vachaita seizvi (Fig. 7).

Isu tichachengeta ese mamwe misimboti yekuvaka tonality isina kuchinjika: isu tichawedzera makona maviri akafanana symmetrically mumanotsi ari pedyo.

Ndichawana matsva makiyi (Mufananidzo 8).

Ngatinyorei pasi zvikero zvavo kuti zvive pachena.

Isu takaratidzira manotsi ane anopinza, asi, hongu, mune zvimwe zviitiko zvichave nyore kuzvinyora zvakare ne enharmonic flats.

Mabasa makuru emakiyi aya anoratidzwa mufig. 8, asi mapadhi chords anoshaikwa kupedzisa mufananidzo. Nekufananidza neFig. 5 tinogona kuvakwevera nyore nyore muPC (Fig. 10).

Ngatizvinyorei pane mudonzvo wemimhanzi (Fig. 11).

Kuenzanisa gamma mumufananidzo 9 uye mazita emabasa mufig. . Kutaura zvazviri, basa redhigirii rechitatu rinogona kuvakwa kwete zvachose kubva pachidimbu chechitatu muchiyero, basa rekuderedzwa rechitanhatu - kwete zvachose kubva kune rakaderedzwa rechitanhatu, nezvimwewo. Chii, zvino, mazita aya anorevei? Mazita aya anosarudza zvinorehwa neutatu hutatu. Ndiko kuti, basa renhanho yechitatu mukiyi nyowani ichaita basa rimwechete iro basa rechitatu danho rinoitwa muhombe kana diki, zvisinei nekuti inosiyana zvakanyanya kurongeka: iyo triad inoshandiswa zvakasiyana uye inowanikwa. mune imwe nzvimbo pachiyero.

Zvichida zvinosara kuratidza mibvunzo miviri yedzidziso

Yekutanga yakabatana ne tonality yekota yechipiri. Tinoona izvozvo nekunyatsoisa pakati pechinyorwa munyu, kona yayo ye tonic inovakwa kubva to (to - kudzikisa inzwi mugumbo). Uyewo kubva to chiyero cheiyi tonality chinotanga. Uye kazhinji, tonality yataratidza inofanira kunzi tonality yechikamu chechipiri che to. Izvi zvinotoshamisa pakutanga kuona. Zvisinei, kana tikatarisa mufananidzo we3, tichaona kuti takatosangana ne "shift" imwechete mune zviduku zvakanyanya. Mupfungwa iyi, hapana chinoshamisa chinoitika mukiyi yekota yechipiri.

Mubvunzo wechipiri: sei zita rakadaro - makiyi eII uye IV makamuri?

Mumasvomhu, masanhu maviri anokamura ndege muzvikamu zvina, izvo zvinowanzoverengerwa kunhamba (Fig. 4).

Isu tinotarisa apo maranzi ekona anowirirana anotungamirirwa, uye tinoshevedza makiyi maererano nekota ino. Muchiitiko ichi, chikuru chichava kiyi yekota yekutanga, mudiki achava chikamu chechitatu, uye makiyi maviri matsva, maererano, II uye IV.

Gadzirisa materesikopu

Sedhizeti, ngatiteererei diki etude yakanyorwa nemunyori Ivan Soshinsky mukiyi yechina.

"Etulle" I. Soshinsky

Makiyi mana atakawana ndiwo chete anogoneka here? Kunyatsotaura, kwete. Kunyatsotaura, magadzirirwo ematoni kazhinji haakodzeri pakugadzira masisitimu emimhanzi, tinogona kushandisa mamwe misimboti isina chekuita necentralization kana symmetry.

Asi isu tichamisikidza nyaya nezve dzimwe sarudzo izvozvi.

Zvinoita kwandiri kuti chimwe chinhu chakakosha. Zvese zvigadziriso zvinovaka zvine musoro chete kana zvapfuura kubva kudzidziso kuenda kukuita, kuenda kutsika. Kuti hukasha hwakagadziriswa sei mumimhanzi mushure mekunyorwa kweWell-Tempered Clavier naJ.

Zvakanaka, ngatimisei materesikopu edu toona kana vaimbi vachigona kuzviratidza semapiyona uye varongi venyika itsva dzenziyo.

Munyori - Roman Oleinikov