Jules Massenet |

Jules Massenet

Massenet. Elegy (F. Chaliapin / 1931)

Haana kumbove M. Massenet akaratidza uyewo mu "Werther" unhu hunofadza hwetarenda hwakamuita munyori wenhoroondo wemimhanzi wemweya wechikadzi. C. Debussy

Oh sei kusvotwa Massenet!!! Uye chinonyanya kugumbura pane zvese ndechekuti mune izvi Nausea Ndinonzwa chimwe chinhu chine hukama neni. P. Tchaikovsky

Debussy akandishamisa nekudzivirira confection iyi (Massenet's Manon). I. Stravinsky

Muimbi wega wega wechiFrench ane zvishoma zveMassenet mumoyo make, sezvakangoita muItaly wega wega ane kaVerdi nePuccini. F. Poulenc

Maonero akasiyana evemazuva ano! Hadzina chete kurwisana kwezvido uye zvishuvo, asiwo kusajeka kwebasa raJ. Massenet. Kubatsira kukuru kwemimhanzi yake iri munziyo, iyo, maererano nemunyori A. Bruno, "iwe uchaziva pakati pezviuru". Kazhinji kazhinji ivo vanobatana zvakanyanya neshoko, nekudaro kuchinjika kwavo kunoshamisa uye kutaura. Mutsetse uri pakati pemutinhimira nekudzokorora hauoneki, uye saka zviratidziro zveMassenet hazvina kukamurwa kuita nhamba dzakavharwa uye "sevhisi" zvikamu zvinozvibatanidza, sezvakaitika kune vakamutangira - Ch. Gounod, A. Thomas, F. Halevi. Zvinodiwa zvechiito chemuchinjikwa, realism yemimhanzi ndizvo zvaidiwa panguva iyoyo. Massenet akaabatanidza nenzira yechiFrench, munzira dzakawanda achimutsa tsika dzekare kuna JB Lully. Zvisinei, kudzokorora kwaMassenet hakubvi pakudzokorora kwakadzikama, zvishoma zvishoma zvekuzvikudza kwevatambi vanosiririsa, asi pakutaura kwezuva nezuva kusina unyanzvi kwemunhu ari nyore. Iri ndiro simba guru uye mavambo emashoko eMassenet, ichi ndichowo chikonzero chekukundikana kwake paakatendeukira kune dambudziko remhando yekirasi ("The Sid" maererano naP. Corneille). Muimbi wenziyo akaberekwa, muimbi wekufamba kwepedyo kwemweya, anokwanisa kupa nhetembo yakakosha kumifananidzo yevakadzi, kazhinji anotora zvirongwa zvinosuruvarisa uye zvinoshamisira zve "hombe" opera. Iyo yemitambo yeOpera Comique haina kukwana kwaari, anofanirawo kutonga muGrand Opera, iyo yaanoita anenge Meyerbeerian kuedza. Saka, pakonzati kubva kumimhanzi yevanyori vakasiyana-siyana, Massenet, pachivande kubva kune vaanoshanda navo, anowedzera bhendi guru rendarira kuchikwata chake uye, achivhara nzeve vateereri, anoshanduka kuva gamba rezuva racho. Massenet anotarisira zvimwe zvakawanikwa naC. Debussy naM. Ravel (maitiro ekudzokorora mu opera, chord yakakwira, stylization yemimhanzi yekutanga yechiFrench), asi, kushanda pamwe chete navo, ichiri mukati meiyo aesthetics yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Basa remumhanzi raMassenet rakatanga nekubvumidzwa kwake kuConservatory aine makore gumi. Nenguva isipi mhuri inotamira kuChambéry, asi Jules haagone kuita pasina Paris uye anotiza pamba kaviri. Kuedza kwechipiri chete kwakabudirira, asi mukomana wemakore gumi nemana aiziva hupenyu hwese husina kugadzikana hweiyo artic bohemia inotsanangurwa muZviratidziro ... naA. Murger (waaiziva pachezvake, pamwe neprototypes yaSchoenard naMusetta). Akurira makore ourombo, somugumisiro wokushanda nesimba, Massenet anowana Mubayiro Mukuru weRoma, uyo wakamupa maruramiro orwendo rwamakore mana rwokuenda kuItaly. Kubva kunze kwenyika, anodzoka muna 1866 aine mafranc maviri muhomwe uye nemudzidzi wepiyano, anozova mudzimai wake. Imwezve biography yeMassenet iketani inoenderera yekubudirira kunoramba kuchiwedzera. Muna 1867, opera yake yekutanga, The Great Tete, yakaitwa, gore rakatevera akawana muparidzi wechigarire, uye masutu ake e orchestra akabudirira. Uye ipapo Massenet akagadzira akawedzera kukura uye akakosha mabasa: maopera Don Cesar de Bazan (1872), Mambo weLahore (1877), oratorio-opera Mary Magdalene (1873), mimhanzi yeErinyes naC. Leconte de Lily (1873) ine mukurumbira "Elegy", rwiyo rwayo rwakaonekwa kare muna 1866 seimwe yeGumi Piano Pieces - Massenet's first published work. Muna 1878, Massenet akava purofesa paParis Conservatory uye akasarudzwa senhengo yeInstitute of France. Ari pakati pekutariswa neruzhinji, anonakidzwa nerudo rweruzhinji, anozivikanwa neruremekedzo rwake rusingaperi uye nehungwaru. Chikuru chebasa raMassenet inziyo dzinonzi Manon (1883) naWerther (1886), uye nanhasi dzinorira pamatanho emitambo yakawanda yemitambo pasi rose. Kusvikira pakuguma kwehupenyu hwake, munyori haana kunonoka basa rake rekusika: pasina kupa zororo kwaari kana vateereri vake, akanyora opera mushure me opera. Unyanzvi hunokura, asi nguva dzinoshanduka, uye maitiro ake anoramba asina kuchinjwa. Chipo chekugadzira chinodzikira, kunyanya mumakore gumi apfuura, kunyangwe Massenet ichiri kunakidzwa nekuremekedzwa, kukudzwa uye maropafadzo ese epanyika. Mumakore aya, ma operas Thais (1894) ane mukurumbira Kufungisisa, The Juggler of Our Lady (1902) uye Don Quixote (1910, pashure J. Lorrain), akagadzirwa kunyanya F. Chaliapin, zvakanyorwa.

Massenet haana kudzika, anoonekwa semuvengi wake anogara achikwikwidza K. Saint-Saens, "asi hazvina basa." … we de Grieux muSacristy yeSaint-Sulpice? Ko sei kusatorwa pakadzika pemweya neizvi sobs zverudo? Nzira yekufunga uye kuongorora kana iwe wakabatwa?

E. Shirt

Mwanakomana wemuridzi wemugodhi wesimbi, Massenet anogamuchira zvidzidzo zvake zvemimhanzi kubva kuna amai vake; paParis Conservatoire akadzidza naSavard, Lauren, Bazin, Reber naThomas. Muna 1863 akapiwa mubairo weRoma. Sezvo akazvipira kumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, anoshandawo nekushingaira mundima yemitambo. Muna 1878, mushure mekubudirira kwaMambo weLahore, akagadzwa kuva purofesa wezvekuumbwa panzvimbo yekuchengetedza, chinzvimbo chaakabata kusvika 1896, apo, awana mukurumbira wenyika, akasiya zvinzvimbo zvese, kusanganisira director weInstitut de France.

"Massenet akazviona zvizere, uye uyo, achida kumubaya, akataura nezvake muchivande semudzidzi wemunyori wenziyo wefashoni Paul Delmay, akatanga jee mukuravira kwakashata. Massenet, asi, akateedzerwa zvakanyanya, ichokwadi… kurira kwake kwakafanana nekumbundirwa, uye nziyo dzake dzakaita semitsipa yakakombama… Zvinoita sekuti Massenet akabatwa neruzha rwevateereri vake vakanaka, avo vateveri vake vakapururudza nechido kwenguva yakareba. mitambo… Ndinoreurura, handinzwisisi kuti sei zviri nani kufarira chembere, vadikani veWagner nevakadzi vanogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, pane vasikana vane mapefiyumu vasinganyatso kuridza piyano. Izvi zvakataurwa naDebussy, zvinoshamisa padivi, chiratidzo chakanaka chebasa raMassenet uye kukosha kwaro kutsika dzechiFrench.

Pakagadzirwa Manon, vamwe vanyori vaive vatotsanangura chimiro cheFrench opera muzana rese rese. Funga nezvaGounod's Faust (1859), Berlioz asina kupera Les Troyens (1863), Meyerbeer's The African Woman (1865), Thomas' Mignon (1866), Bizet's Carmen (1875), Saint-Saens' Samson naDelilah (1877), "The Tales. yeHoffmann" naOffenbach (1881), "Lakme" naDelibes (1883). Pamusoro pekugadzirwa kweopera, mabasa akanyanya kukosha aCésar Franck, akanyorwa pakati pe1880 na1886, akaita basa rakakosha mukugadzira mamiriro enyama-asinganzwisisike mumimhanzi yekupera kwezana ramakore, akakodzera kutaurwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, Lalo akanyatsodzidza ngano, uye Debussy, uyo akapiwa Mubairo weRoma muna 1884, akanga ava pedyo nekuumbwa kwekupedzisira kwemaitiro ake.

Kana ari mamwe mafomu eunyanzvi, kudhirowa mukupenda kwakatopfuura basa rayo, uye maartist akatendeukira kune zvese zvakasikwa uye neoclassical, nyowani uye inoshamisa kuratidzwa kwemafomu, akadai saCezanne. Degas naRenoir vakafamba zvakanyanya kune chimiro chechisikigo chemuviri wemunhu, nepo Seurat muna 1883 airatidza mufananidzo wake "Kugezesa", umo kusafamba kwenhamba kwakaratidza kutendeuka kune nyowani yepurasitiki chimiro, pamwe chiratidzo, asi ichiri kongiri uye yakajeka. . Symbolism yakanga ichangotanga kutarisa mukati memabasa ekutanga aGauguin. Nhungamiro yechisikigo (ine maficha ekufananidzira pamagariro evanhu), pane zvinopesana, inonyatsojeka panguva ino mumabhuku, kunyanya mumabhuku eZola (muna 1880 Nana akaonekwa, chinyorwa kubva muupenyu hwedare). Pakatenderedza munyori, boka rinoumbwa rinotendeukira kumufananidzo wechinhu chisingatarisike kana chisingawanzo hunhu hwemabhuku: pakati pe1880 ne1881, Maupassant anosarudza pfambi segadziriro yenyaya dzake kubva muunganidzwa "Imba yaTellier".

Ese aya mazano, vavariro uye maitiro anogona kuwanikwa nyore muManon, nekuda kweiyo munyori akaita mupiro wake kune unyanzvi hwe opera. Iyi mhirizhonga yakatanga yakateverwa nebasa refu kune opera, panguva iyo isiri nguva dzose yakakodzera zvinhu zvakawanikwa kuratidza hunhu hwemunyori uye kubatana kweiyo yekusika pfungwa haina kuchengetedzwa nguva dzose. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mhando dzakasiyana dzekupokana dzinoonekwa padanho rechimiro. Panguva imwecheteyo, kubva paverismo kuenda kudecadence, kubva kungano kuenda kungano yenhoroondo kana yechinyakare nekushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwezvikamu zvezwi uye orchestra, Massenet haana kumboodza mwoyo vateereri vake, kana chete nekuda kwezvakagadzirwa zvinonzwika. Mune chero ma operas ake, kunyangwe asina kubudirira sese, kune peji risingakanganwike rinorarama hupenyu hwakazvimirira kunze kwechiratidziro. Mamiriro ese aya akavimbisa budiriro huru yeMassenet pamusika wediscographic. Pakupedzisira, mienzaniso yake yakanaka ndeye iyo iyo munyori ari wechokwadi kwaari: rwiyo uye chido, chinyoro uye chenyama, achiendesa kushamiswa kwake kune zvikamu zvevatambi vanonyanya kuenderana naye, vadikani, vane hunhu husiri hwechienzi kune hunyoro. yezvigadziriso zvesymphonic, zvinowanikwa zviri nyore uye zvisina miganhu yemukomana wechikoro.

G. Marchesi (yakashandurwa naE. Greceanii)

Munyori wemakumi maviri neshanu operas, ma ballet matatu, akakurumbira orchestral suites (Neapolitan, Alsatian, Scenes Picturesque) nemamwe akawanda mabasa mumhando dzese dzemimhanzi, Massenet ndomumwe wevanyori avo hupenyu hwavo hwaisaziva miyedzo yakakomba. Tarenda huru, hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwehunyanzvi uye hunyengeri hwehunyanzvi hwakamubatsira kuwana kuzivikanwa neruzhinji mukutanga 70s.

Akatanga kuwana chaienderana neunhu hwake; asarudza dingindira rake, haana kutya kuzvidzokorora; Akanyora zviri nyore, asingazezi, uye nekuda kwekubudirira aive akagadzirira kuita chibvumirano chekugadzira nekufarira kwakavapo kwebourgeois public.

Jules Massenet akaberekwa musi waMay 12, 1842, ari mwana akapinda muParis Conservatoire, kwaakapedza kudzidza muna 1863. Pashure pokunge agara semubayiro wayo kwemakore matatu muItaly, akadzokera muna 1866 kuParis. Kutsvaga kwakasimba kwenzira dzekubwinya kunotanga. Massenet anonyora zvose opera uye masutu nokuda orchestra. Asi hunhu hwake hwakanyanya kuratidzwa mumitambo yezwi ("Nhetembo Yevafundisi", "Nhetembo yechando", "Nhetembo yaApril", "Nhetembo yaGumiguru", "Nhetembo yerudo", "Nhetembo dzendangariro"). Iyi mitambo yakanyorwa pasi pesimba raSchumann; vanotsanangura chimiro chekuchengetera cheMassenet's ariose vocal style.

Muna 1873, iye pakupedzisira anokunda kuzivikanwa - kutanga nemimhanzi yenhamo yeAeschylus "Erinnia" (yakashandurwa zvakasununguka naLeconte de Lisle), uyezve - "mutambo mutsvene" "Mary Magdalene", wakaitwa mukonti. Nemashoko anobva pamwoyo, Bizet akakorokotedza Massenet nekubudirira kwake: “Chikoro chedu chitsva hachina kumbogadzira zvakadai. Iwe wakandipinza mufivha, nhubu! Oo, iwe, muimbi ane hunyanzvi… Damn it, uri kundinetsa nechimwe chinhu! ..». “Tinofanira kuteerera munhu uyu,” Bizet akanyorera imwe yeshamwari dzake. "Tarisa, achatipinza mubhande."

Bizet akafanoona ramangwana: munguva pfupi iye pachake akagumisa hupenyu hupfupi, uye Massenet mumakumi emakore anotevera akatora chinzvimbo chekutungamira pakati pevaimbi vemazuva ano vekuFrance. Makore makumi manomwe nema70 aive makore akajeka uye ane zvibereko mubasa rake.

"Mary Magdalene", iyo inovhura nguva ino, iri pedyo neunhu kune opera kupfuura oratorio, uye heroine, mutadzi anopfidza aitenda muna Kristu, uyo akaonekwa mumimhanzi yemunyori seParisian yemazuva ano, akapendwa nemavara akafanana. somuprista Manoni. Mubasa iri, Massenet aifarira denderedzwa remifananidzo uye nzira dzekutaura dzakatemwa.

Kutanga nemwanakomana waDumas uye gare gare maGoncourts, galari yemhando dzechikadzi, ane nyasha uye anotya, anotarisika uye asina kusimba, ane hanya uye asingafungi, yakazvisimbisa muzvinyorwa zveFrench. Kazhinji ava vatadzi vanopfidza, "vakadzi vehafu yenyika", vachirota kunyaradzwa kweimba yemhuri, yemufaro wakashata, asi vakaputsika mukurwisana nehunyengeri hwemabhubhu chokwadi, vakamanikidzwa kusiya zviroto, kubva kune waunoda, kubva. hupenyu… (Izvi ndizvo zviri mumanovhero nemitambo yaDumas mwanakomana: Mukadzi weCamellias (novel - 1848, theatre staging - 1852), Diana de Liz (1853), The Lady of the Half World (1855); onawo zvinyorwa zvehama dzeGoncourt "Rene Mauprin" (1864), Daudet "Sappho" (1884) nevamwe.) Zvisinei, pasinei nehurongwa, nguva uye nyika (chaiye kana ngano), Massenet airatidza mukadzi wedenderedzwa rake remabourgeois, akanyatsoratidza nyika yake yemukati.

Vakararama panguva iyoyo vakadana Massenet kuti “mudetembi wemweya wechikadzi.”

Kutevera Gounod, uyo aive nesimba rakasimba paari, Massenet anogona, nechikonzero chakatokura, kuiswa pakati pe "chikoro chekunzwa kwekutya." Asi kusiyana naGounod mumwechete, uyo akashandisa mumabasa ake akanakisa akapfuma uye akasiyana mavara akagadzira chinangwa chehupenyu (kunyanya muFaust), Massenet inonatswa, elegiac, inozviisa pasi. Ari pedyo nemufananidzo wekunyorova kwevakadzi, nyasha, nyasha dzenyama. Zvinoenderana neizvi, Massenet yakagadzira chimiro chemunhu ariose, chiziviso pamusimboti wayo, chichiburitsa zviri mukati mezvinyorwa, asi zvine mutsindo, uye zvisingatarisirwi zvinobuda mupfungwa "kuputika" kwemanzwiro kunosiyaniswa nemitsara yekufema kwakafara melodic:

Chikamu che orchestral chinosiyaniswawo nehungwaru hwekupedzisa. Kazhinji zviri mairi umo melodic musimboti inokura, iyo inobatsira mukubatana kweiyo inopindirana, yakapfava uye isina kusimba yezwi chikamu:

Mutowo wakafanana uchave wakajairika wemitambo yevaItaly verists (Leoncavallo, Puccini); kuputika kwavo kwemanzwiro chete ndiko kuwedzera kwehasha uye chido. MuFrance, dudziro iyi yechikamu chezwi yakagamuchirwa nevanyori vazhinji vekupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Asi kumashure kuma70s.

Kuzivikanwa kwakahwina kusingatarisirwi kwakakurudzira Massenet. Mabasa ake anowanzoitwa mumakonzati (Picturesque Scenes, the Phaedra Overture, Third Orchestral Suite, Sacred Drama Eve nevamwe), uye Grand Opera inoisa opera King Lagorsky (1877, kubva kuhupenyu hweIndia; kurwisana kwechitendero kunoshanda semashure. ) Zvakare budiriro huru: Massenet akapfekedzwa korona nerukudzo rwemudzidzi - pazera ramakore makumi matatu nematanhatu akave nhengo yeInstitute of France uye nekukurumidza akakokwa semuzvinafundo panzvimbo yekuchengeta.

Zvisinei, mu "King of Lagorsk", uyewo gare gare yakanyorwa "Esclarmonde" (1889), kuchine zvakawanda kubva mumuitiro we "grand opera" - iyi tsika yetsika yeFrench musical theatre iyo yakagara ichipedza mikana yayo yeunyanzvi. Massenet akazviwana zvizere mumabasa ake akanakisisa - "Manon" (1881-1884) uye "Werther" (1886, yakatanga kuVienna muna 1892).

Saka, pazera remakore makumi mana nemashanu, Massenet akawana mukurumbira waidiwa. Asi, achiramba achishanda nesimba rakafanana, mumakore makumi maviri nemashanu akatevera ehupenyu hwake, haana kungowedzera maonero ake uye unyanzvi, asi akashandisa maitiro emitambo uye nzira dzekutaura dzaakange agadzira kune dzakasiyana siyana zvirongwa. Uye zvisinei nekuti iyo yekutanga yemabasa aya yakapihwa nekushamisira nguva dzose, mazhinji acho anofanirwa kukanganwika. Aya maopera mana anotevera asi zvakadaro ane kufarira kusingapokane: "Thais" (1894, chirongwa chenovhero naA. France chinoshandiswa), iyo, maererano nekunyengedzera kweiyo melodic pattern, inosvika "Manon"; "Navarreca" (1894) uye "Sappho" (1897), ichiratidza veristic pesvedzero (yekupedzisira opera yakanyorwa zvichibva pane inoveli naA. Daudet, zano riri pedyo ne "Lady of the Camellias" naDumas mwanakomana, uye nekudaro Verdi's " La Traviata”; mu “Sappho” mapeji akawanda emimhanzi inonakidza, yechokwadi); "Don Quixote" (1910), apo Chaliapin akashamisa vateereri mubasa remusoro.

Massenet akafa musi waNyamavhuvhu 13, 1912.

Kwemakore gumi nemasere (1878-1896) akadzidzisa kirasi yekunyora paParis Conservatoire, achidzidzisa vadzidzi vazhinji. Pakati pavo paiva nevanyori vainzi Alfred Bruno, Gustave Charpentier, Florent Schmitt, Charles Kouklin, nyanzvi yemimhanzi yechiRomania, George Enescu, nevamwe vakazova nemukurumbira muFrance. Asi kunyange avo vasina kudzidza naMassenet (semuenzaniso, Debussy) vakapesvedzerwa nekutya kwake, kuchinjika mukutaura, ariose-declamatory vocal style.

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Kuvimbika kwechirevo cherwiyo-chinoshamisa, kutendeseka, chokwadi mukufambiswa kwemanzwiro anodedera - izvi ndizvo zvakanaka zveMassenet's operas, zvinonyanya kuratidzwa muWerther naManon. Zvisinei, munyori wacho aiwanzoshayiwa simba rechirume mukutaura zvishuvo zvoupenyu, mamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa, kukakavara kwemukati, uyezve humwe hunyoro, dzimwe nguva kutapira kwesaloni, kwakaputika mumimhanzi yake.

Izvi zviratidzo zvinoratidzira zvedambudziko renguva pfupi yerudzi rweFrench "lyric opera", iyo yakaumbwa ne60s, uye mune 70s yakanyatso tora maitiro matsva, anofambira mberi anouya kubva kumabhuku emazuva ano, kupenda, yemitambo. Zvakangodaro, ipapo izvo zvimiro zvekudzikisira zvakaratidzwa maari, izvo zvataurwa pamusoro apa (munyaya yakatsaurirwa kuna Gounod).

Shasha yeBizet yakakunda miganho nhete ye "lyric opera". Achiita drama nekuwedzera zvirimo munziyo dzake dzekutanga dzemumhanzi nemitambo, zvichinyatsoratidza chokwadi uye zvakadzama kupokana kwechokwadi, akasvika pakakwirira pechokwadi muna Carmen.

Asi French operatic tsika haina kuramba iri padanho iri, nekuti vatenzi vayo vakatanhamara vemakumi emakore apfuura ezana ramakore rechi60 vakanga vasina kuomerera kusingachinji kwaBizet kumisimboti mukusimbisa kwavo hunyanzvi. Kubva pakupera kwema1877, nekuda kwekusimbaradzwa kwemaitiro ekuita mumaonero enyika, Gounod, mushure mekusikwa kwaFaust, Mireil naRomeo naJuliet, vakabva kutsika dzenyika dzinofambira mberi. Saint-Saens, zvakare, haana kuratidza kuenderana mukutsvaga kwake kwekugadzira, aive eclectic, uye munaSamsoni naDelilah (1883) chete ndipo paakawana zvakakosha, kunyangwe zvisiri budiriro yakakwana. Kusvika pamwero wakati, zvimwe zvakabudirira mumunda we opera zvakare zvaive nedivi rimwe: Delibes (Lakme, 1880), Lalo (Mambo weGuta reIs, 1886), Chabrier (Gwendoline, XNUMX). Mabasa ese aya aisanganisira zvirongwa zvakasiyana, asi mukududzirwa kwavo kwenziyo, pesvedzero ye "guru" uye "nziyo" opera yakayambuka kune imwe dhigirii kana imwe.

Massenet akaedzawo ruoko rwake pamhando dzose dziri mbiri, uye akaedza zvakashaya basa kuvandudza musambo wekare we "grand opera" nemashoko akananga, kunzwisisika kwenzira dzekutaura. Zvizhinji zvezvose, akakwezvwa nezvakaitwa naGounod muFaust, iyo yakashanda Massenet semuenzaniso usingasvikiki wehunyanzvi.

Nekudaro, hupenyu hwemagariro eFrance mushure meParis Commune yaisa mberi mabasa matsva evanyori - zvaive zvakafanira kujekesa zvakanyanya kupesana chaiko kwechokwadi. Bizet akakwanisa kuvabata muCarmen, asi Massenet akanzvenga izvi. Akazvivharira mumhando yerwiyo rwenziyo, uye akawedzera kupfupisa nyaya yayo. Semuimbi mukuru, munyori weManon naWerther, hongu, airatidza zvishoma mumabasa ake zviitiko uye pfungwa dzevenguva yake. Izvi zvakanyanya kukanganisa kuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekutaura kwekutaura kwemimhanzi inotyisa, iyo inowirirana nemweya wemazuva ano; zvaakaita zvakakosha mukuvaka kwe "kuburikidza" nemitambo yenziyo ye opera, uye mukududzira kusinganzwisisike kwepfungwa kweiyo orchestra.

Pakazosvika ma90s, iyi favourite yerudzi rweMassenet yakanga yazvinetesa. Simba reItaly operatic verismo rinotanga kunzwika (kusanganisira mubasa reMassenet pachake). Mazuva ano, madingindira emazuva ano ari kunyanya kusimbiswa muFrench musical theatre. Zvinoratidza mune izvi ma operas aAlfred Bruno (Iyo Hope yakavakirwa pane inoveli naZola, 1891; The Siege of the Mill yakavakirwa paMaupassant, 1893, nevamwe), ayo asina maficha ezvakasikwa, uye kunyanya Charpentier's opera Louise. (1900), umo mune zvakawanda zvakabudirira, kunyangwe zvisina kujeka, zvisingakwanirise kuratidzwa kunoshamisa kwemifananidzo yehupenyu hwazvino hweParis.

Kuitwa kwaClaude Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande muna 1902 kunovhura nguva nyowani mumhanzi uye yemitambo tsika yeFrance - kufungidzira kunova ndiyo inotungamira stylistic maitiro.

M. Druskin

Zvinyorwa:

Operas (zvese 25) Kunze kweiyo operas "Manon" uye "Werther", chete mazuva ekutanga anopiwa mumabhuraketi. "Ambuya", yakasununguka naAdeny naGranvallet (1867) "Ful King's Cup", yakasununguka naGalle naBlo (1867) "Don Cesar de Bazan", libretto na d'Ennery, Dumanois naChantepie (1872) "King of Lahore" , libretto by Galle (1877) Herodias, libretto by Millet, Gremont and Zamadini (1881) Manon, libretto by Méliac and Gilles (1881-1884) “Werther”, libretto by Blo, Mille and Gartmann (1886, premiere — 1892) The Sid”, libretto na d'Ennery, Blo and Galle (1885) «Ésclarmonde», libretto naBlo and Gremont (1889) The Magician, libretto naRichpin (1891) “Thais”, libretto naGalle (1894) “Mufananidzo we Manon”, libretto naBoyer (1894) “Navarreca”, yakasununguka naClarty naKen (1894) Sappho, yakasununguka naKena naBerneda (1897) Cinderella, libretto naKen (1899) Griselda, libretto naSylvester naMoran (1901) The Juggler of Our Lady”, libretto naLen (1902) Cherub, yakasununguka naCroisset naKen (1905) Ariana, libretto naMendes (1906) Teresa, libretto naClarty (1907) “Vakh” (1910) Don Quixote, libretto b y Ken (1910) Rome, libretto naKen (1912) "Amadis" (posthumously) "Cleopatra", libretto naPayen (posthumously)

Mimwe mimhanzi-yemitambo uye cantata-oratorio inoshanda Mimhanzi yenhamo yaAeschylus "Erinnia" (1873) "Mary Magdalene", mutambo mutsvene Halle (1873) Eve, mutambo unoyera Halle (1875) Narcissus, antique idyll naCollin (1878) "The Immaculate Virgin", the sacred legend. of Grandmougins (1880) "Carillon", kutevedzera uye kutamba ngano (1892) "Nyika Yakapikirwa", oratorio (1900) Dragonfly, ballet (1904) "Spain", ballet (1908)

Symphonic inoshanda Pompeii, suite for orchestra (1866) First suite for orchestra (1867) "Hungarian Scenes" (Second suite for orchestra) (1871) "Picturesque Scenes" (1871) Third suite for orchestra (1873) Overture "Phaedra" (1874) " Zviitiko zvinoshamisa maererano naShakespeare "(1875) "Neapolitan Scenes" (1882) "Alsatian Scenes" (1882) "Enchanting Scenes" (1883) nevamwe.

Uye zvakare, kune akawanda akasiyana nziyo dzepiyano, dzinenge mazana maviri erudo ("Itimate Nziyo", "Pastoral Poem", "Nhetembo yechando", "Nhetembo yeRudo", "Nhetembo yeMemories" uye nevamwe), inoshanda kune chamber chiridzwa. ensembles.

Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa "Ndangariro Dzangu" (1912)