Wedzera |

lat. augmentation; German Augmentation, Vergräerung; French augmentation; ital. per authentication

1) Nzira yekushandura rwiyo, dingindira, chinangwa, chidimbu chemimhanzi. chigadzirwa, rhythmic kudhirowa kana chimiro, pamwe nekumbomira nekuridza manzwi (kumbomira) kwenguva refu. U. inotora kurekodha kwakaringana kwemutinhimira, izvo zvakazova zvinogoneka kutenda kune mensural notation; kuitika kwayo kunotangira kunguva yeArs nova uye inobatanidzwa nemaitiro akananga kurhythmic. independence polyphonic. manzwi uye musimboti we isorhythmia (ona Motet). U. inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumhanzi wakasimba, kunyanya neFranco-Flemish contrapuntalists - G. Dufay (anofungidzirwa munyori webhuku rekutanga muU.), J. Okegem (somuenzaniso, muMissa prolationum), J. Obrecht, Josquin Despress. U. zviri nyore uye zvinogutsa pakunzwa zvinoratidza hukama hwechinguvana pakati pepolyphonic. mavhoti uye chiyero chechiyero pakati pezvikamu zvefomu; senzira ipi neipi inoburitsa kuzviisa pasi, hurongwa, kurongeka kwemanzwi, U. ine kukosha kwekuumba uye mupfungwa iyi mune polyphonic. mimhanzi iri padanho nekutevedzera, yakaoma counterpoint, shanduko uye dzimwe nzira dzekushandura polyphonic. misoro (pamwe chete iyo inowanzoshandiswa). The vekare contrapuntalists chaizvoizvo haana kuita pasina U. mu mafomu pamusoro cantus firmus mu masses, motets: zvakanaka-inonzwika chorales muU. mune architectonic. maererano nekusimbisa basa rose, nenzira yekufananidzira - yakabatana (mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvese nzira dzekutaura) nemufananidzo wepfungwa yehukuru, chinangwa, zvisikwa zvose. U. shasha dzekunyora kwakasimba dzakabatanidzwa nekutevedzera uye kanoni. Kutevedzera (canon), umo mamwe rispost anopiwa muU., pamwe nekutevedzera (canon), umo manzwi ese anotanga panguva imwe chete, uye mumwe kana mamwe achienda kuU., anonzi kutevedzera (canon) muU. Mumuenzaniso uri pazasi, maitiro eU. anowedzerwa nekuchengeta poindi mumanzwi epasi nepamusoro (ona chikamu 666).

Muenzaniso weiyo mensural canon yeJosquin Despres inopiwa muArt. Canon (column 692) (zvikasadaro inodaidzwa kuti proportional: yakanyorwa nemunyori pamutsara mumwe uye yakaverengerwa zvinoenderana nemirairo yemunyori). Mune cantus firmus mafomu, iyo yekupedzisira inodzokororwa zvakare muU. (yakazara kana muzvikamu, kazhinji zvisina kururama, dzimwe nguva nezvinyorwa zviduku zvinozadza kusvetuka kwemelodic; ona muenzaniso mumutsara we667).

U. - kusiyana nekudzikira - inowedzera, inoburitsa izwi rimwe kubva kune general polyphonic. ruzhinji, inoisimudzira zvine musoro. kukosha. Panyaya iyi U. yakawana kunyorera mu ricerkara - fomu mukucheka iro rinotungamira basa reyakasarudzika polyphonic rakatsanangurwa zvishoma nezvishoma. madingindira nemapendero akabva atangira nzira yakakosha yemhando yemahara - fugue (ona muenzaniso muchikamu 668).

JS Bach, achipfupisa chiitiko cheEuropean. polyphony, inowanzoshandiswa naW., semuenzaniso. muhukuru muh-moll - muCredo (No 12) uye Confiteor ((No 19), 5-musoro kaviri fugue pachorale: 2nd theme (chiyero 17), kubatana kwemadingindira (chiyero 32), kubatana kwemadingindira ne chorale basses (kuyera 73), kubatana kwemadingindira nekwaya muU. mune tenoro (kuyera 92)). Sezvo tasvika pakukwana kwepamusoro-soro mumacantatas, zvishuvo, kugadziridzwa kwenhengo yekwaya yeBach, mafomu ari pacantus firmus akanyangarika kubva pakuita kwemunyori; gare gare U. yakagamuchira zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa mune zvisiri zvepolyphonic. mimhanzi, uchienderera mberi kuve hunhu hwefugue. Mazita anogamuchirwa edingindira refugue muna W. -. U. inombowanikwa mukutsanangurwa (Contrapunctus VII kubva kuBach's The Art of Fugue; Shchedrin's Fugue Es-dur No. 19).

J. Animuccia. Christe eleyson kubva kuruzhinji rweConditor aimme syderum.

Kazhinji kazhinji inowana nzvimbo mu stretta (muzviyero 62 uye 77 zve dis-moll fugue kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeBach's Well-Tempered Clavier; muzviyero 62 uye 66 zveAs-dur fugue op. 87 by Shostakovich), iyo inosanganisa dzimwe nzira dzekushandura (muchiyero 14 che c-moll fugue kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu yeWell-Tempered Clavier, dingindira riri muU., mukutenderera uye kwakajairika kufamba; muzviyero 90 uye 96 yeDes-dur fugue

Cantus firmus muG. Dufay's mass paL'homme armé. Kutanga kwemaitirwo anopiwa, mazwi anopikisa anosiyiwa: a - maonero makuru; b - kuwedzera nemamwe manzwi; c, d, e - magnification sarudzo; f - kuderedza. op. 87 yaShostakovich, dingindira mukufamba kwakajairika uye panguva imwecheteyo dingindira muU., muchiyero 150, dingindira uye kaviri uye katatu U.). W. inowedzera chikuru. achataura. mhando ye stretta ndeyekusangana kwe thematism, semantic hupfumi, iyo inonyanya kuoneka mune fugues ine symphony. budiriro (stretta muchikamu chekusimudzira chedetembo re symphonic "Prometheus" naLiszt; virtuoso stretta kubva ku cantata

A. Gabrieli. Reachercar (stretta in magnification).

"Mushure mekuverenga pisarema" Taneyev, Nha 3, nhamba 6; kuyera 331 ndiro dingindira muU. uye kuyera 298 ndiro dingindira muU. ine dingindira mukufamba kwakajairika mukodhi yebasa rechipiri. Myaskovsky's sonatas; muenzaniso wekusuma dingindira muU. pakuguma - kunze kwe stretta - fugue kubva ku1st suite yeP. I. Tchaikovsky). Stretta - chikuru. chimiro chekanoni muW., kunyangwe dzimwe nguva ichiwanikwa kunze kwe stretta (kutanga kwe scherzo ye 1st symphony naShostakovich; kutanga kwechikamu chekutanga chequartet yemunyori weLatvia R. Kalson; seruzivo rwekuumbwa mumabhawa 29-30 kubva kuNo 1 yeLunar Pierrot” naSchoenberg), kusanganisira sechidimbu chakakwana (mutsauko IV kubva ku “Canonical Variations on a Christmas Carol”, BWV 769, No 6 mu “Musical Offering ” uye Canon I muBach's "Art of Fugue" - canons dzisingaperi muU. uye mukutenderera; Aihwa. 21 kubva kuCanons yaLyadov; Stanchinsky's Prelude Ges-dur; Aihwa. 14 kubva kuShchedrin's Polyphonic Notebook). Mune isiri-polyphonic U. mumhanzi kazhinji inzira yenziyo. kuzara kwezwi. madingindira (yera 62 muchikamu chechishanu cheBrahms' German Requiem; mabara 5-8 kubva panhamba 10 yeAll-Night Vigil yaRachmaninov; mukonikiti yake yechipiri yepiyano, kudzokorora kwechikamu chechikamu chechikamu chekutanga; chiyero chechina mushure menhamba 9 muchikamu chekutanga cheHindemith's "The Painter Mathis" symphony; mabhawa maviri kusvika kunhamba 2 muBerg's Violin Concerto). S. S. Prokofiev akashandisa U. pamwe nemugove wekunyengedza kunofadza (rwiyo "Chatterbox" - Allegro As-dur; "Peter uye Wolf" - nhamba 44). Mhedzisiro yakapesana inowanikwa muchiitiko chechitatu chechiito cheBerg's opera Wozzeck, apo rwiyo rwepolka (kuyera 3, "kugadzirwa kwerwiyo rumwe") muU. inoshanda sechishandiso chekutaura chekuratidzira mamiriro ehunyengeri (kunyanya, zviyero 3, 122, stretta muchiyero 145). U. haiwanzo shandiswa semudziyo wekusimudzira (bars 187, 180 muchikamu che363 cheScriabin's 371rd symphony; chikamu chekutanga cheMyaskovsky's 1th symphony, nhamba 3 ne4, pamwe nechiyero chechi5 pamberi pechiverengo 87 uye 89- chiyero chechi4. mushure mehuwandu hwakafanana mukufamba kwekutanga kwesymphony ndiko "kuderera" kwekuvandudzwa kweharmonic nerubatsiro rwaW.; 15st movement yeShostakovich's 1th symphony, nhamba 1-1; kuita kwechikamu chedivi mukusimudzira. kufamba kwechi5 kwepiyano. Sonata No 1 naProkofiev), kazhinji mumagumo emunharaunda kana akajairwa - akasimba (chikamu chechinomwe chechina quartet, nhamba 7 uye 4, 6 chikamu chepiyano quintet, nhamba 193, Taneyev), zvinoshamisa (195th chikamu che 4 -th symphony naShostakovich, nhamba 220 ne4) kana zvinosiririsa (chikamu che1 cheMyaskovsky's 28th symphony, nhamba 34; ibid. nhamba 48-52 muchikamu che53: leitmotif, Za ira, Dies irae, chikamu chikuru 4- th chikamu). MuchiRussia akabata mimhanzi muW. inoshanda senzira yekumisikidza epic. zvisaririra (chikamu chikuru mukudzokororwa mune kaviri, mucoda mune ina U.

Zvisina kujairika Mafomu eU. Shandisa muMimhanzi Itsva ye20th Century inotemerwa nekatsika kayo kekuomarara nekuverenga. Mumhanzi we dodecaphone, U inogona kuve nguva yekuronga mukuratidzwa kwezvinhu zveserial.

A. Webern. Concerto op 24, 1st kufamba. Kuwedzera uye kuderera kufambira mberi kwe rhythm.

Harmonic rusununguko runoita kusanganisa kwakanyanya neW. kugoneka, semuenzaniso. kushanda kunobudirira kwechinyorwa muU. mupolyphony. MuStravinsky's double canon (zvichienderana nemaitiro eVenetians G. naA. Gabrieli), 2nd proposte iU. yepakutanga (ona muenzaniso muzvikamu 670 uye 671). U. uye kudzikisira ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha zvinhu zve virtuoso mutinhimira. maitiro aO. Messiaen. Mubhuku. "Nzira yemutauro wangu wemimhanzi" anoratidza avo vasiri tsika. mafomu ane chekuita nechimiro cheiyo rhythmic. nhamba uye polyrhythms. uye polymetric polyphonic ratio. mavhoti (ona muenzaniso muchikamu 671). Panyaya yepfungwa yeU. mureshiyo yepolyphonic. manzwi, Messiaen anoongorora rhythmic. canons (iyo melodic pateni haina kutevedzerwa), umo risposta inoshandurwa ine dot mushure mechinyorwa ("Matatu madiki liturgy dzekuvapo kwaMwari", 1st chikamu, risposta muU. imwe nehafu nguva), uye musanganiswa. yenhamba (kazhinji ostinato) ine U. yakasiyana uye kuderedza (dzimwe nguva chidimbu, chisina kururama, mukufamba kweparutivi; ona muenzaniso mukoromo 672).

IF Stravinsky. Canticum sacrum, chikamu 3, mbariro 219-236. Midziyo yetambo inotevedzera kwaya yasiiwa. P, I, R, IR - sarudzo dzakatevedzana.

O. Mesiya. Canon. Muenzaniso Nha 56 kubva pachikamu chechipiri chebhuku "The Technique of My Musical Language".

2) Mukunyorwa kwevarume, kuwedzera kuwedzera kwenguva yenoti nehafu, inoratidzwa nedoti mushure metsamba. Inonziwo nzira yekurekodha umo manotsi anoridzwa mune kaviri- kana katatu-katatu kuwedzera kwenguva: 2/1 (proportio dupla), 3/1 (proportio tripla).

O. Mesiya. Epouvante. Muenzaniso Nha50 kubva pachikamu chechipiri chebhuku "The Technique of My Musical Language".

References: Dmitriev A., Polyphony sechinhu chekuumba, L., 1962; Tyulin Yu., Art of counterpoint, M., 1964; Z Kholopov Yu., Pane matatu ekunze masisitimu ekubatana, mu: Mimhanzi uye Mazuva Ano, vol. 4, M., 1966; Kholopova V., Mibvunzo yerhythm mubasa revanyori vehafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi1971, M., 1978; Theoretical yekutarisa panhoroondo yemimhanzi, Sat. Art., M., 1978; Matambudziko erwiyo rwemimhanzi, Sat. Art., M., 2; Riemann H., Handbuch der Musikgeschichte, Bd 1907, Lpz., 1500; Feininger L., Die Frühgeschichte des Kanons bis Josquin des Prez (um 1937), Emsdetten muWestf., 1; Messiaen O., Technique de mon langage musical, v. 2-1953, P., XNUMX. Onawo lit. paArt. mensural notation.

VP Frayonov