Nikolai Nikolaevich Figner (Nicolai Figner) |

Nicolai Figner

Russian muimbi, muzvinabhizimisi, vocal mudzidzisi. Murume wemuimbi MI Figner. Unyanzvi hwemuimbi uyu hwakaita basa rinokosha mukuvandudzika kweiyo yose yenyika opera theatre, mukuumbwa kwerudzi rwemuimbi-mutambi akazova munhu anoshamisa muchikoro cheRussia opera.

Pane imwe nguva Sobinov, achitaura nezveFigner, akanyora kuti: "Muchitsinga chetarenda rako, kunyange kutonhora, mwoyo yakaoma yakadedera. Nguva idzodzo dzekusimudzira nerunako hadzizokanganwiki nemunhu chero upi zvake akambokunzwa.”

Uye heino maonero emuimbi anoshamisa A. Pazovsky: "Aine inzwi rechimiro chechimiro chisingamboshamisi nokuda kwekunaka kwetimbre, Figner aiziva nzira yekufadza, dzimwe nguva kunyange kuvhunduka, nekuimba kwake vateereri vakasiyana-siyana. , kusanganisira iyo inonyanya kudiwa munhau dzokudhirowa kwenzwi uye pachikuva.”

Nikolai Nikolayevich Figner akaberekerwa muguta reMamadysh, mudunhu reKazan, musi waFebruary 21, 1857. Pakutanga akadzidza kuKazan gymnasium. Asi, vasingamubvumiri kuti apedze kosi yacho, vabereki vake vakamutumira kuSt.

Akanyoreswa muchikwata chengarava, Figner akapiwa basa rekufamba nechikepe paAskold corvette, paari kutenderera nyika. Muna 1879, Nikolai akakwidziridzwa kuva midshipman, uye musi waFebruary 9, 1881, akadzingwa nekuda kwehurwere kubva kubasa aine chinzvimbo chemukuru.

Basa rake remugungwa rakangoerekana rapera mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kujairika. Nikolai akadanana nemuItaly Bonn uyo akashanda mumhuri yevaaizivana navo. Kusiyana nemitemo yedhipatimendi remauto, Figner akasarudza kuroora pakarepo pasina mvumo yevakuru vake. Nikolai akatora Louise muchivande ndokumuroora.

Nhanho itsva, isina kugadzirira nehupenyu hwekare, yakatanga muFigner's biography. Anosarudza kuva muimbi. Anoenda kuSt. Petersburg Conservatory. Pamuedzo wekuchengetedza, mudzidzisi ane mukurumbira webaritone uye kuimba IP Pryanishnikov anotora Figner kukirasi yake.

Zvisinei, kutanga Pryanishnikov, ipapo mudzidzisi akakurumbira K. Everardi akaita kuti anzwisise kuti akanga asina mano ezwi, uye akamurayira kuti asiye pfungwa iyi. Figner sezviri pachena aive nemafungiro akasiyana nezvetarenda rake.

Mumavhiki mashoma ekudzidza, Figner anouya kune imwe mhedziso, zvakadaro. "Ndinoda nguva, kuda uye kushanda!" anodaro ega. Achishandisa tsigiro yokunyama yaakapiwa, iye, pamwe chete naLouise, akanga achitova nomwana, vanoenda kuItaly. MuMilan, Figner aitarisira kuwana kuzivikanwa kubva kuvadzidzisi vezwi vane mukurumbira.

"Asvika kuChristopher Gallery muMilan, kuchinjana uku kwekuimba, Figner anowira mumakumbo evamwe charlatan kubva" mapurofesa ekuimba ", uye anokurumidza kumusiya kwete chete asina mari, asiwo pasina inzwi, Levick anonyora. - Mumwe mukuru wekwaya wepamusoro - wechiGiriki Deroxas - anoona nezvemamiriro ake anosiririsa uye anotambanudza ruoko rwekubatsira kwaari. Anomutora pakutsamira kwakazara uye anomugadzirira chikuva mumwedzi mitanhatu. Muna 1882 NN Figner achaita kutanga kwake muNaples.

Kutanga basa kuMadokero, NN Figner, semunhu ane hunyanzvi uye akangwara, anotarisisa zvese. Achiri mudiki, asi atokura zvakakwana kuti anzwisise kuti munzira yekuimba imwe inotapira-inzwi, kunyangwe muItari, anogona kunge aine minzwa yakawanda kupfuura roses. Iko pfungwa yekufunga kwekugadzira, huchokwadi hwekuita - aya ndiwo matanho aanotarisa paari. Chokutanga pane zvose, anotanga kukudziridza mukati make pfungwa yekuenzanisa kweunyanzvi uye kusarudza miganhu yeinonzi kuravira kwakanaka.

Figner anocherekedza kuti, kazhinji, vaimbi veItaly opera vanenge vasina yavo yekudzokorodza, uye kana vakadaro, havaisi kukosha kwakakodzera kwairi. Vanotarisira arias kana mitsara ine chinyorwa chepamusoro, chine magumo akakodzera kuzara kana marudzi ese eruzha rwuri kupera, aine chimiro chezwi chinoshanda kana kuyerera kwemazwi anonyengerera mutessitura, asi anodzimwa zvakajeka kubva pachiito kana vadiwa vavo vachiimba. . Ivo havana hanya nekuungana, ndiko kuti, kunzvimbo dzinoratidza magumo echimwe chiitiko, uye vanenge vachidziimba nenzwi rakazara, kunyanya kuti dzinzwike. Figner akazoona nekufamba kwenguva kuti zvinhu izvi hazvimbopupuri kunaka kwemuimbi, kuti kazhinji zvinokuvadza kuratidziro yeunyanzvi uye kazhinji zvinopesana nevavariro yemuimbi. Pamberi pemeso ake ndivo vaimbi veRussia vakanakisisa venguva yake, uye mifananidzo yakaisvonaka yaSusanin, Ruslan, Holofernes yakagadzirwa navo.

Uye chinhu chekutanga chinosiyanisa Figner kubva pamatanho ake ekutanga ndeyekuratidzwa kwekudzokorora, kusingawanzo kune iyo nguva padanho reItaly. Hapana kana izwi rimwechete risingatarise mutsara wemimhanzi, hapana kana kanoti kasingabatanidzi nezwi… Chechipiri chekuimba kwaFigner ndiko kuverenga kwakaringana kwechiedza nemumvuri, toni ine muto uye yakaderedzwa semitone, misiyano inopenya.

Sekunge aitarisira ruzha rwehungwaru rwaChaliapin rwekuti “hupfumi”, Figner akakwanisa kuita kuti vateereri vake varambe vari pasi pechiperengo chezwi rakanyatsodudzwa. Hushoma hwehumwe hunyoro hwese, hushoma hweruzha rwega ega zvakaparadzana - chaizvo zvakangodiwa kuti muimbi anzwikwe zvakaenzana mumakona ese ehoro uye kuti muteereri asvike mavara etimbre.

Pasati papera mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, Figner akaita dhipatimendi rake rakabudirira muNaples muGounod's Philemon naBaucis, uye mazuva mashoma gare gare muFaust. Akabva angoonekwa. Vakafarira. Kushanya kwakatanga mumaguta akasiyana eItaly. Iyi ingori imwe yemhinduro dzine shungu dzepepanhau reItaly. Pepanhau rinonzi Rivista (Ferrara) rakanyora muna 1883, kuti: “Tenor Figner, kunyange zvazvo asina inzwi rakasiyana-siyana, anokwezva nokuwanda kwezvirevo, matauriro akarurama, mutsa wokuuraya uye, kupfuura zvose, runako rwezvinonyorwa zvakakwirira. , iyo inonzwika yakachena uye ine simba naye, pasina kuedza kuduku. Mune aria "Rumbidzai kwauri, nzvimbo inoera", mundima yaakanakisa, mugadziri anopa chipfuva "ita" zvakajeka uye zvinonzwika zvekuti zvinokonzeresa kuombera kukuru. Paive nenguva dzakanaka mumakwikwi evatatu, mumutambo werudo uye muvatatu vekupedzisira. Zvisinei, sezvo nzira dzake, kunyange zvazvo dzisingagumi, dzichiri kumupa mukana uyu, zvinoshuviwa kuti dzimwe nguva dzizadzwe nemanzwiro akafanana uye kushingaira kwakafanana, kunyanya chirevo, izvo zvaida kududzira kune chido uye kunogutsa. Muimbi achiri mudiki. Asi nekuda kwehungwaru uye hunhu hwakanakisa hwaakapihwa nerupo, anozokwanisa - kupa repertoire yakanyatsosarudzwa - kufambira mberi munzira yake.

Mushure mekushanyira Italy, Figner anoita muSpain uye anoshanyira South America. Zita rake rakakurumidza kuzivikanwa zvikuru. Mushure meSouth America, mitambo muEngland inotevera. Saka Figner kwemakore mashanu (1882-1887) anova mumwe wevanhu vane mukurumbira muEuropean opera imba yenguva iyoyo.

Muna 1887 akanga atokokwa kuMariinsky Theater, uye maererano nemashoko akanaka asina kumboitika. Zvadaro muhoro wepamusoro wemuiti weMariinsky Theatre waiva 12 zviuru rubles pagore. Chibvumirano chakapedzwa nevaviri veFigner kubva pakutanga kwakapa kubhadharwa kwe500 rubles pamutambo pamwe nehuwandu hwekuita makumi masere pamwaka, kureva kuti, yaisvika zviuru makumi mana zvemadhora pagore!

Panguva iyoyo, Louise akanga asiyiwa naFigner muItaly, uye mwanasikana wake akanga asarawo ikoko. Pakushanya, akasangana nemuimbi wechidiki weItaly, Medea May. Naye, Figner akadzokera kuSt. Nokukurumidza Medea akava mudzimai wake. Vakaroorana vakagadzira dhiyabhorosi yakanyatsonaka yakashongedza guta guru re opera kwemakore mazhinji.

Muna Kubvumbi 1887, akatanga kuoneka pachikuva cheMariinsky Theatre saRadamès, uye kubva panguva iyoyo kusvika 1904 akaramba ari soloist aitungamira weboka, rutsigiro uye kudada.

Zvichida, kuitira kuti zita remuimbi uyu rirambe riripo, zvingave zvakakwana kuti ndiye aiva mutambi wekutanga wezvikamu zveHerman muThe Queen of Spades. Saka gweta rine mukurumbira AF Koni rakanyora kuti: “NN Figner akaita zvinhu zvinoshamisa saHerman. Akanzwisisa uye akapa Herman semufananidzo wekiriniki wechirwere chepfungwa ... Pandakaona NN Figner, ndakashamisika. Ndakashamiswa nemwero waakanyatsoratidza uye zvakadzama kupenga ... uye kuti akakura sei maari. Kudai ndaiva chiremba wepfungwa, ndaiti kuvateereri: “Endai munoona NN Figner. Iye achakuratidza mufananidzo wekuvandudzwa kwehupenzi, izvo zvausingambofi wakasangana nazvo uye usingazowani! .. Sezvakaita NN Figner akaridza zvose! Patakatarisa kuvepo kwaNikolai Nikolayevich, pakutarisa kwakanangidzirwa pane imwe pfungwa uye nekusava nehanya zvachose kune vamwe, zvakava zvinotyisa kwaari ... . Apa ndipo panopinda basa rake guru. Ndakanga ndisingazivi Nikolai Nikolayevich panguva iyoyo, asi gare gare ndakava neropafadzo yokusangana naye. Ndakamubvunza kuti: “Ndiudze, Nikolai Nikolayevich, wakadzidzira kupenga kupi? Makaverenga mabhuku here kana kuti makaaona?' — 'Aiwa, handina kuaverenga kana kuadzidza, ndinongoona sokuti zvinofanira kudaro.' Iyi intuition. ”…

Zvechokwadi, kwete chete mubasa raHerman rakaratidza tarenda rake rinoshamisa. Sechokwadi chinofema chaive chiri Canio yake muPagliacci. Uye mubasa iri, muimbi wacho neunyanzvi akabudisa manzwiro akawanda, achiwana munguva pfupi yechiitiko chimwe chekuwedzera kukuru kunoshamisa, zvichiguma nekutambudzika kukuru. Mutambi wacho akasiya pfungwa yakasimba mubasa raJose (Carmen), apo zvinhu zvose mumutambo wake zvaifungidzirwa kunze, zvakaruramiswa mukati uye panguva imwechete yakavhenekera nechido.

Mutsoropodzi wemimhanzi V. Kolomiytsev akanyora pakupera kwa1907, apo Figner akanga atopedza mitambo yake:

“Mukati mokugara kwake kwamakore makumi maviri muSt. Petersburg, akaimba mativi mazhinji. Kubudirira hakuna kumuchinja chero kupi zvako, asi iyo chaiyo repertoire ye "jasi nebakatwa", iyo yandakataura pamusoro apa, yakanyanya kuenderana neunhu hwake hwehunyanzvi. Aive gamba resimba rakasimba uye rinoshamisa, kunyangwe richishanda, rine mamiriro ekuda. Kazhinji maopera eRussia neGerman muzviitiko zvakawanda haana kubudirira kwaari. Kazhinji, kuva akarurama uye asingasaruri, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti Figner haana kusika siyana dariro mhando (mupfungwa yokuti, semuenzaniso, Chaliapin anoasika): anenge nguva dzose uye mune zvose akaramba ari pachake, kureva, zvose zvakafanana. anoyevedza, anotya uye ane shungu yekutanga tenor. Kunyangwe make-up ake haana kushanduka - zvipfeko chete zvakachinja, mavara akakora kana kupera simba zvinoenderana, mamwe maficha akaiswa shaded. Asi, ndinodzokorora, hunhu hwemunhu, hwakajeka kwazvo hweiyi dhizaini hwakanga hwakakodzera zvakanyanya zvikamu zvakanakisa zverepertoire yake; uyezve, hazvifanirwe kukanganwika kuti izvi chaizvo zvikamu zvetenari pachazvo, muhunhu hwazvo, zvine homogeneous.

Kana ndisiri kukanganisa, Figner haana kumbobvira aonekwa mumaopera eGlinka. Haana kuimba Wagner zvakare, kunze kwekuedza kusina kubudirira kuratidza Lohengrin. Mumitambo yeRussia, pasina mubvunzo aive akanaka mumufananidzo waDubrovsky mune opera Napravnik uye kunyanya Herman muTchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades. Uye zvino yakanga isingaenzaniswi Alfred, Faust (muMephistopheles), Radames, Jose, Fra Diavolo.

Asi apo Figner akasiya fungidziro isingadzimiki yaive mumabasa aRaoul muMeyerbeer's Huguenots uye Othello muVerdi's opera. Mumaopera maviri aya, kazhinji akatipa mafaro akakura, asingawanzo.

Figner akasiya nhanho pakukwirira kwetarenda rake. Vateereri vakawanda vaidavira kuti chikonzero cheizvi chakanga chiri kurambana nomudzimai wake muna 1904. Uyezve, Medea akanga ane mhaka yokurambana kwacho. Figner akaona zvisingaite kutamba naye padanho rimwe chete…

Muna 1907, kuoneka kunobatsira kuita kwaFigner, uyo akanga achisiya nhandare yeopera, kwakaitika. “Russian Musical Newspaper” yakanyora maererano neizvi: “Nyeredzi yake yakasimuka kamwe kamwe uye pakarepo yakapofumadza veruzhinji nevatungamiriri, uyezve, nzanga yepamusoro, iyo yaifarira zvakasimudza mukurumbira waFigner kusvika pakakwirira kusvika zvino vaimbi veopera vokuRussia vasingazivikanwi… Figner akashamiswa. . Akauya kwatiri, kana zvisiri nezwi rakatanhamara, zvino nemaitiro anoshamisa ekugadzirisa chikamu kune nzira yake yezwi uye zvinotonyanya kushamisa kutamba kwezwi uye kunoshamisa.

Asi kunyange apedza basa rake semuimbi, Figner akaramba ari muRussia opera. Akava murongi uye mutungamiri wemapoka akati wandei muOdessa, Tiflis, Nizhny Novgorod, akatungamira basa rinoshanda uye rakasiyana-siyana reruzhinji, rakaitwa mumakonzati eruzhinji, uye aive murongi wemakwikwi ekugadzira opera mabasa. Mucherechedzo wakanyanya kucherechedzwa muhupenyu hwetsika wakasiiwa nebasa rake semukuru weboka re opera reSt. Petersburg People's House, uko Figner akatanhamara ekutungamirira mano akazviratidzawo.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Figner akafa musi waDecember 13, 1918.