Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau |

Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau

Muimbi weGerman Fischer-Dieskau akasiyaniswa nenzira yakapusa yemunhu kune akasiyana operatic repertoire nenziyo. Kuwanda kwenzwi rake kwakamubvumira kuita chinenge chirongwa chipi nechipi, kuita munenge chikamu chipi nechipi cheopera chaiitirwa baritone.

Akaita mabasa nevanyori vakasiyana vakadai saBach, Gluck, Schubert, Berg, Wolf, Schoenberg, Britten, Henze.

Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau akaberekwa musi waMay 28, 1925 muBerlin. Muimbi wacho pachake anoyeuka kuti: "... baba vangu vaiva mumwe wevarongi veinonzi theatre yechikoro chesekondari, uko, zvinosuruvarisa, vadzidzi vakapfuma chete ndivo vakapiwa mukana wekuona mitambo yekare, kuteerera opera nemakonzati nemari shoma. Zvese zvandakaona ipapo zvakabva zvapinda mukugadzirisa mumweya wangu, chishuwo chakamuka mandiri chekuchiisa pachangu pachangu: Ndakadzokorora monologues uye zviitiko zvese zvinonzwika nekupenga kwekupenga, kazhinji ndisinganzwisise zvinoreva mazwi akataurwa.

Ndakapedza nguva yakawanda ndichishungurudza vashandi mukicheni neruzha rwangu, fortissimo recitations, zvekuti pakupedzisira akatiza, achitora kuverenga.

…Zvisinei, pazera remakore gumi nematatu ndaiziva mabasa enziyo anonyanya kukosha zvakakwana - kunyanya nekuda kwemarekodhi egiramufoni. Pakati pemakore makumi matatu, zvinyorwa zvakanaka zvakaonekwa, izvo zvino zvinowanzorekodhwa zvakare pamarekodhi ekutamba kwenguva refu. Ndakanyatsoisa mutambi kune kuda kwangu kwekuzviratidza.

Manheru emimhanzi aiwanzoitwa mumusha wevabereki, umo mudiki Dietrich aive mutambi mukuru. Pano akatogadzira Weber's "Free Gunner", achishandisa marekodhi egiramufoni ekuperekedza mimhanzi. Izvi zvakapa vanyori venguva yemberi chikonzero chekutaura vachiseka kuti kubva ipapo kufarira kwake kukuru kwekurekodha kwakamuka.

Dietrich akanga asina mubvunzo kuti aizozvipira kumumhanzi. Asi chii chaizvo? Muchikoro chesekondari, akaita Schubert's Winter Road kuchikoro. Panguva imwe cheteyo, akakwezvwa nebasa rokuita kondakita. Pane imwe nguva, pazera remakore gumi nerimwe, Dietrich akaenda nevabereki vake kune imwe nzvimbo yekutandarira uye akaita zvakanaka mumakwikwi eamateur conductor. Kana kuti zvimwe zviri nani kuva muimbi? Kufambira mberi kwake sokuridza piyano kwaiororawo. Asi handizvo zvoga. Sayenzi yemimhanzi yakamukwezvawo! Pakupera kwechikoro, akagadzirira chinyorwa chakasimba paBach's cantata Phoebus uye Pan.

Rudo rwekuimba rwakatora nzvimbo. Fischer-Dieskau anoenda kunodzidza kudhipatimendi remazwi reChikoro Chepamusoro cheMumhanzi muBerlin. Hondo Yenyika II yakatanga uye akapinzwa muchiuto; pashure pemwedzi inoverengeka yokugadzirira, vakaendeswa kuhondo. Zvisinei, jaya racho harina kumbokwezvwa nepfungwa dzaHitler dzokutonga nyika.

Muna 1945, Dietrich akapedzisira ava mumusasa wejeri pedyo neguta rokuItaly reRimini. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya asiri akajairika, dhizaini yake yekutanga yakaitika. Rimwe zuva, zvinyorwa zveSchubert cycle "The Beautiful Miller's Woman" zvakabata ziso rake. Akakurumidza kudzidza kutenderera uye pasina nguva akataura nevasungwa pane imwe nguva.

Kudzokera kuBerlin, Fischer-Dieskau anoenderera mberi nezvidzidzo zvake: anotora zvidzidzo kubva kuna G. Weissenborn, achikudza nzira yake yezwi, achigadzirira repertoire yake.

Anotanga basa rake semuimbi ane hunyanzvi asingatarisirwi, akarekodha Schubert's "Winter Journey" patepi. Apo uku kurekodha kwakanzwika rimwe zuva paredhiyo, tsamba dzakanaya kubva kwose kwose dzichikumbira kuti idzokororwe. Purogiramu yacho yakatepfenyurwa rinenge zuva riri rose kwemwedzi inoverengeka. Uye Dietrich, zvakadaro, ari kurekodha ese matsva mabasa - Bach, Schumann, Brahms. Mustudio, kondakita weWest Berlin City Opera, G. Titjen, akazvinzwawo. Akaenda kumuimbi wechidiki uye akataura zvakasimba: "Mumavhiki mana uchaimba pamutambo wekutanga weDon Carlos naMarquis Pozu!"

Pashure pacho, basa raFischer-Dieskau rokuvhiya rakatanga muna 1948. Gore negore anovandudza unyanzvi hwake. Repertoire yake inozadzwa nemabasa matsva. Kubva ipapo, akaimba makumi ezvikamu mumabasa eMozart, Verdi, Wagner, Rossini, Gounod, Richard Strauss nevamwe. Mukupera kwema50s, muimbi akatamba basa rekutanga kekutanga muTchaikovsky's opera Eugene Onegin.

Rimwe remabasa aidiwa nemuimbi uyu raive basa raMacbeth mune opera yaVerdi: "Mukuita kwangu, Macbeth aive hofori yakatsvuka, inononoka, yakapfava, yakavhurika kun'anga dzinopengesa pfungwa dzevaroyi, vachizovavarira kuita zvechisimba muzita resimba, kupedzwa neshungu nokuzvidemba. Chiratidzo chebakatwa chakasimuka nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete: chakaberekwa nechishuvo changu chekuuraya, icho chakakunda manzwiro ose, monologue yakaitwa nenzira yekudzokorora kusvikira mhere pamagumo. Ipapo, mukazevezeve, ndakati “Zvose zvapera,” sokunge kuti aya mashoko ainyungudutswa nokunyomba ane mhaka, muranda anoteerera womudzimai anotonhora, ane nzara yesimba nahosi. Mune yakanaka D-flat major aria, mweya wamambo akashurikidzwa wakaita sekupfachukira nemazwi erima, uchizvitongera kuparadzwa. Kutyisa, kutsamwa, kutya kwakatsiviwa pasina shanduko - apa ndipo paidiwa kufema kwakafara kune cantilena yeItaly chaiyo, hupfumi hunoshamisa hwekudzokorora kudzokorora, kudzika kweNordic kunotyisa mukati mako, kukakavara kuitira kuti abudise huremu hwakazara hwekuuraya. zvinokanganisa - apa ndipo paive nemukana wekutamba "theatre yenyika".

Havasi vese vaimbi vakaita nechido muma opera nevanyori vezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Pano, pakati pezvakanakisa kubudirira kwaFischer-Dieskau ndiko kududzirwa kwemapato epakati mumitambo The Painter Matisse naP. Hindemith naWozzeck naA. Berg. Anotora chikamu mukutanga kwemabasa matsva naH.-V. Henze, M. Tippett, W. Fortner. Panguva imwecheteyo, anobudirira zvakaenzana munziyo uye heroic, comic uye inoshamisa mabasa.

“Panguva imwe chete muAmsterdam, Ebert akaoneka mukamuri rangu rehotera,” anoyeuka kudaro Fischer-Dieskau, “uye akavamba kunyunyuta pamusoro pezvinetso zvomuitisi anosanozivikanwa, ivo vanodaro, makambani anorekodha anomurangarira bedzi apo neapo, vatungamiriri vemitambo yemitambo havawanzozadziki zvipikirwa zvavo mumuitiro.

… Ebert akabvuma kuti ndakanga ndakanyatsokodzera kutora chikamu mune anonzi maopera edambudziko. Mune pfungwa iyi, akasimbiswa nemutungamiriri mukuru weimba yemitambo, Richard Kraus. Iwo ekupedzisira akatanga kurongedza zvisingatarisirwe, zviri nani kutaura zvinenge zvakanganwa, Ferruccio Busoni's opera Chiremba Faust, uye kudzidza basa rezita, murapi, muzivi mukuru wehunyanzvi hwemitambo, shamwari yaKraus Wolf Völker, yakanamatira kwandiri se "kunze. mutungamiri". Helmut Melchert, muimbi-mutambi weHamburg, akakokwa kuti atambe basa reMephisto. Kubudirira kwekutanga kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kudzokorora mutambo wacho kagumi neina mumwaka miviri.

Mamwe manheru mubhokisi remutungamiriri akagara Igor Stravinsky, munguva yakapfuura anopikisa Busoni; mushure mekupera kwekuita, akadzoka kumashure. Seri kwemalenzi akakora emagirazi ake, maziso ake akavhurika aipenya nekuyemura. Stravinsky akati:

“Ndaisaziva kuti Busoni aive shasha yakadai! Nhasi nderimwe remanheru anokosha eopera kwandiri.”

Nekusimba kwese kwebasa raFischer-Dieskau panhandare yeopera, chinongova chikamu chehupenyu hwake hwehunyanzvi. Semutemo, anomupa mwedzi mishoma yechando chete, achitenderera munzvimbo dzemitambo huru muEurope, uye anotora chikamu mumitambo yeopera pamitambo muSalzburg, Bayreuth, Edinburgh muzhizha. Imwe nguva yemuimbi ndeyemumhanzi wekamuri.

Chikamu chikuru cheFischer-Dieskau's concert repertoire ndeye mazwi ezwi revanyori verudo. Muchokwadi, nhoroondo yese yerwiyo rweGerman - kubva kuSchubert kuenda kuMahler, Wolf naRichard Strauss - inotorwa muzvirongwa zvake. Akanga asiri muturikiri asingaenzaniswi weakawanda emabasa ane mukurumbira, asi akadanwawo kuhupenyu hutsva, akapa vateereri manyoro emabasa akawanda naBeethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, ayo akanga apotsa anyangarika zvachose kubva pakuita konzati. Uye vatambi vazhinji vane tarenda vakaenda munzira yakavhurika kwavari.

Iri gungwa rose remimhanzi rakanyorwa naye pamarekodhi. Zvese zviri zviviri maererano nehuwandu uye mhando yezvakarekodhwa, Fischer-Dieskau zvirokwazvo inogara imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga munyika. Anoimba mu studio ane mutoro mumwechete uye nekunakidzwa kwakafanana kwekugadzira kwaanoenda kune veruzhinji. Kuteerera marekodhi ake, zvakaoma kubvisa pfungwa yokuti mutambi ari kukuimbira, uri pane imwe nzvimbo pano.

Chishuvo chokuva kondakita hazvina kumusiya, uye muna 1973 akatora tsvimbo yomuperekedzi. Mushure meizvozvo, vadi vemimhanzi vakawana mukana wekujairana nekunyora kwake kwemamwe mabasa e symphonic.

Muna 1977, vateereri veSoviet vakakwanisa kuzvionera unyanzvi hweFischer-Dieskau. MuMoscow, pamwe chete naSvyatoslav Richter, akaita nziyo naSchubert naWolf. Muimbi Sergei Yakovenko, achigovera manzwiro ake echido, akasimbisa: "Muimbi, semaonero edu, sekunge akanyungudutswa mune imwechete nheyo dzechikoro cheGerman neItalian chechikoro ... kurongeka kwemarejista ezwi - ese aya maficha , hunhu hweakanakisa eItaly masters, zvakare ari inherent muzwi rezwi reFischer-Dieskau. Wedzera kune izvi kukwira kusingagumi kwemataurirwo ezwi, chiridzwa chesainzi yekurira, kugona kwepiyanissimo, uye tinowana muenzaniso wakakwana wekuita kwezvose zviri zviviri mimhanzi yeoperatic, uye chamber, uye cantata-oratorio.

Imwe hope dzaFischer-Dieskau hadzina kuramba dzisina kuzadzikiswa. Kunyange zvazvo asina kuva nyanzvi yemimhanzi, akanyora mabhuku ane tarenda zvikuru pamusoro perwiyo rweGermany, pamusoro penhaka yezwi remudiwa wake Schubert.