Alfred Garrievich Schnittke |

Alfred Schnittke

Art idenho kune uzivi. World Congress of Philosophy 1985

A. Schnittke ndomumwe wevanyori vakuru veSoviet veanodaidzwa kuti chizvarwa chechipiri. Basa raSchnittke rinoratidzirwa nekunyatsotarisisa kumatambudziko emazuva ano, kune ramangwana revanhu uye tsika dzevanhu. Iyo inoratidzirwa neakakura-mwero pfungwa, kupesana dramaturgy, kutaura kwakanyanya kwekurira kwemimhanzi. Muzvinyorwa zvake, ngwavaira yokuputika kwebhomba reatomu, kurwisana nouipi husingaregi huri pasi pano, ngwavaira yetsika yokusavimbika kwavanhu, uye kuteterera kune zvakanaka zviri muunhu hwomunhu zvakawana mutsindo.

Mhando huru dzebasa raSchnittke symphonic uye chamber. Muimbi akasika 5 symphonies (1972, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1988); 4 makontikiti eviolin uye orchestra (1957, 1966, 1978, 1984); concerto for oboe nembira (1970), piyano (1979), viola (1965), cello (1986); orchestral piece Pianissimo… (1968), Passacaglia (1980), Ritual (1984), (K)ein Sommernachtstraum (Not Shakespearean, 1985); 3 concerti grossi (1977, 1982, 1985); Serenade yevaimbi vashanu (5); iyo piano quintet (1968) uye yayo orchestral shanduro - "In memoriam" (1976); "Biography" ye percussion (1978), Anthems for Ensemble (1982-1974), String Trio (79); 1985 sonatas yeviolin uye piano (2, 1963), Sonata ye cello uye piano (1968), "Kuzvitsaurira kuPaganini" yeviolin solo (1978).

Akawanda emabasa eSchnittke anoitirwa nhanho; iwo ma ballet Labyrinths (1971), Sketches (1985), Peer Gynt (1987) uye nhanho yekuumbwa The Yellow Sound (1974).

Sezvo maitiro emunyori akashanduka, nziyo dzemanzwi nekwaya dzakawedzera kukosha mubasa rake: Nhetembo nhatu naMarina Tsvetaeva (1965), Requiem (1975), Three Madrigals (1980), "Minnesang" (1981), "Nyaya yaDr. Johann Faust" (1983), Concerto yekwaya kuSt. G. Narekatsi (1985), “Nhetembo dzokupfidza” (1988, kusvika kugore rechi1000 rokubhabhatidzwa kweRussia).

Chokwadi hunyanzvi ibasa raSchnittke rinonakidza kwazvo pamimhanzi yemufirimu: "Agony", "Glass Harmonica", "Pushkin's Drawings", "Ascent", "Farewell", "Matambudziko Madiki", "Mweya Yakafa", nezvimwe.

Pakati pevatambi venguva dzose vemimhanzi yaSchnittke ndivo vaimbi vakuru veSoviet: G. Rozhdestvensky, O. Kagan, Yu. Bashmet, N. Gutman, L. Isakadze. V. Polyansky, quartets yeMosconcert, ivo. L. Beethoven nevamwe. Basa reSoviet master rinozivikanwa zvikuru munyika yose.

Schnittke akapedza kudzidza kubva kuMoscow Conservatory (1958) uye post-graduate zvidzidzo (ibid., 1961) mukirasi yezvinyorwa naE. Golubev. Muna 1961-72. akashanda semudzidzisi paMoscow Conservatory, uyezve semuongorori akazvimirira.

Basa rekutanga rakavhura "Schnittke akakura" uye akafanosarudzira akawanda maficha ekuwedzera budiriro yaive yechipiri Violin Concerto. Misoro yekusingaperi yekutambudzika, kutengesa, kukunda rufu inobatanidzwa pano mumutambo wakajeka wakasiyana, apo mutsara we "positive characters" wakaumbwa ne solo violin uye boka retambo, mutsara we "negative" - ​​kuparadzaniswa kwebass kaviri. kubva muboka retambo, mhepo, percussion, piyano.

Imwe yemabasa epakati eSchnittke yaive Yekutanga Symphony, iyo pfungwa huru yaive iyo yekupedzisira yehunyanzvi, seratidziro yekuchinja kwemunhu munyika yanhasi.

Kekutanga mumhanzi weSoviet, mune rimwe basa, kwakakura panorama yemimhanzi yeese masitaira, marudzi uye mirairo yakaratidzwa: classical, avant-garde mimhanzi, chorales yekare, waltzes emazuva ese, polkas, march, nziyo, magitare tunes, jazz. , etc. Munyori akashandisa nzira dzepolystylistics pano uye collage, pamwe chete nemaitiro e "instrumental theatre" (kufamba kwevaimbi pachikuva). Dramaturgy yakajeka yakapa gwara rakanangana nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvine ruvara rwakanyanya, kusiyanisa pakati pechokwadi neunyanzvi hwekukurudzira, uye nekudaro ichisimbisa yakakwirira yakanaka yakanaka.

Schnittke akashandisa polystylistics senzira yakajeka yekuratidza kukakavara pakati pechinyakare kuwirirana kwemaonero enyika uye yemazuva ano overstrain mune akawanda emamwe mabasa ake - Yechipiri Violin Sonata, Yechipiri uye Yetatu Symphonies, Yechitatu uye Yechina Violin Concertos, iyo Viola Concerto, "Kuzvitsaurira kuna Paganini", nezvimwewo.

Schnittke akafumura zvitsva zvetarenda rake panguva ye "retro", "kureruka kutsva", iyo yakangoerekana yaonekwa mumimhanzi yeEurope muma70s. Achinzwa shura nokuda kwerwiyo rwunotaura, akagadzira rwiyo-runorwadza Requiem, Piano Quintet - anoshanda anoenderana nerufu rwaamai vake, ipapo baba vake. Uye mukunyora kunonzi "Minnesang" ye52 solo manzwi, dzinoverengeka nziyo dzechokwadi dzeGerman minnesingers yeXII-XIII mazana emakore. akabatanidza muchimiro chemazuva ano che "super-voiced" (aifungidzira mapoka ari kuimba pamavharanda emaguta ekare eEurope). Munguva ye "retro" nguva, Schnittke akatendeukirawo kumitambo yemimhanzi yeRussia, achishandisa nziyo dzekare dzekare dzeRussia muHymns for the Ensemble.

80s yakava yemunyori nhanho mukubatanidzwa kwenziyo uye melodic nheyo, iyo yakabudirira mu "retro", nehuwandu hwepfungwa dzesymphonic dzenguva yapfuura. MuChipiri Symphony, kumucheka wakaoma we orchestral, akawedzera chirongwa chakasiyana nenzira yechokwadi monophonic Gregorian chants - "pasi pedome" ye symphony yemazuva ano, hukuru hwekare hwakanzwika. MuThird Symphony, yakanyorerwa kuvhurwa kwehoro itsva yekonzati Gewandhaus (Leipzig), nhoroondo yemimhanzi yeGerman (Austro-German) kubva kuMiddle Ages kusvika nhasi ino yakapihwa nenzira yezvimiro zvekunyepedzera, anopfuura makumi matatu madingindira. anoshandiswa - monograms yevanyori. Ichi chinyorwa chinopera nemhedziso yerwiyo rwemoyo.

Yechipiri tambo quartet yaive synthesis yekare yekuRussia rwiyo uye inoshamisa pfungwa yesymphonic chirongwa. Zvose zvinyorwa zvake zvemimhanzi zvinoumbwa nemashoko kubva mubhuku raN. Uspensky "Samples of Old Russian Singing Art" - monophonic gossips, stichera, nziyo nhatu-manzwi. Mune dzimwe nguva, inzwi repakutanga rinochengetedzwa, asi muhukuru rinoshandurwa zvakasimba - rinopiwa mazuva ano harmonic dissonance, kupisa kwefivha yekufambisa.

Panopera basa iri, mutambo unorodzwa kusvika pakusumwa kwekuchema kwechisikigo, kugomera. Mukupedzisira, kuburikidza netambo ye quartet, kunyengera kwekutinhira kwekwaya isingaoneki inoita rwiyo rwekare inogadzirwa. Panyaya yezvinyorwa uye mavara, iyi quartet inodzokorora mifananidzo yeL. Shepitko mafirimu "Ascent" uye "Farewell".

Rimwe remabasa aSchnittke aishamisa zvikuru raiva cantata yake “Nhoroondo yaDr. Johann Faust” yakavakirwa parugwaro rwe“People’s Book” muna 1587. Mufananidzo wewarlock, tsika dzetsika dzeEurope, uyo akatengesa mweya wake kuna dhiyabhorosi nokuda. kugara zvakanaka muhupenyu, zvakaratidzwa nemunyori panguva inoshamisa kwazvo yenhoroondo yake - nguva yekurangwa pane zvavakaita, zvakanaka asi zvinotyisa.

Muimbi akapa simba rinokwezva kumumhanzi nerubatsiro rwemaitiro ekuderedza maitiro - kuunzwa kwemhando yetango (Mephistopheles' aria, yakaitwa nepop contralto) muchikamu chekupedzisira chekuuraya.

Muna 1985, munguva pfupi yakanyanyisa, Schnittke akanyora maviri emabasa ake makuru uye akakosha - Concerto yekwaya panhetembo nemunyori weArmenian anofunga uye mudetembi wezana ramakore rechi 2. G. Narekatsi and viola concert. Kana iyo choral Concerto cappella izere nechiedza chegomo chinopenya, ipapo viola Concerto yakava nhamo inonzwika, iyo yaive yakaenzana chete nekunaka kwemimhanzi. Kunyanya kuomerwa nebasa kwakaita kuti utano hwomunyori wacho huve nenjodzi. Kudzokera kuhupenyu nekugadzira kwakadhindwa muCello Concerto, iyo mukubata kwayo igirazi-symmetrical kune viola imwe: muchikamu chekupedzisira, cello, yakakwidziridzwa nemagetsi, inotaura zvine simba "kuda kwehunyanzvi".

Kutora chikamu mukugadzira mafirimu, Schnittke akadzamisa kugona kwepfungwa kwezvese, achigadzira imwezve manzwiro uye semantic ndege nemimhanzi. Mumhanzi wemufirimu waishandiswawo nesimba naye mumabasa emakonzati: muFirst Symphony uye Suite muchimiro chekare cheviolin nepiyano, mumhanzi wemufirimu Wenyika “Nhasi” (“Uye zvakadaro ndinotenda”) wakaridzwa muFirst concerto. grosso - tango kubva ku "Agony" uye madingindira kubva ku "Butterfly", mu "Matatu Zviitiko" zvezwi uye kurova - mimhanzi kubva ku "Madiki Nhamo", nezvimwe.

Schnittke mugadziri akazvarwa weakakura emimhanzi canvases, pfungwa mumimhanzi. Matambudziko enyika netsika, zvakanaka nezvakaipa, kutenda uye kusava nechokwadi, hupenyu nerufu, izvo zvinozadza basa rake, zvinoita kuti mabasa eSoviet tenzi ave nemafungiro anoratidza uzivi.

V. Kholopova