Giuseppe Sarti |

Giuseppe Sarti

Muimbi weItaly ane mukurumbira, kondakita uye mudzidzisi G. Sarti akaita mupiro wakakura mukusimudzirwa kwetsika dzemimhanzi yeRussia.

Akaberekerwa mumhuri yejeweler - mutambi weviolinist. Akawana dzidzo yake yepakutanga yemimhanzi pachikoro chekuimba chechi, uye akazotora zvidzidzo kubva kuvaimbi vane hunyanzvi (kubva kuF. Vallotti muPadua uye kubva kune akakurumbira Padre Martini muBologna). Pakazosvika makore gumi nematatu, Sarti akanga atotamba makiyibhodhi zvakanaka, izvo zvakamubvumira kuti atore nzvimbo ye oganist mutaundi rokumusha kwake. Kubva 13 Sarti akatanga kushanda muimba yeOpera. Opera yake yokutanga, Pompey muArmenia, yakasangana nechido chikuru, uye yechipiri yake, yakanyorerwa Venice, The Shepherd King, yakamuunzira kukunda chaiko nemukurumbira. Mugore rimwe chetero, 1752, Sarti akakokwa kuCopenhagen semutungamiriri weboka reItaly opera uye akatanga kuumba, pamwe chete nemitambo yeItaly, singspiel muchiDanish. (Zvinokosha kuziva kuti, agara muDenmark kwemakore anenge 1753, munyori wacho haana kumbodzidza chiDanish, achishandisa shanduro yeinterlinear paaigadzira.) Mumakore ake ari muCopenhagen, Sarti akagadzira 20 nziyo. Zvinotendwa kuti basa raSarti rakaisa hwaro hweDanish opera munzira dzakawanda.

Pamwe chete nekunyora, Sarti aiita mabasa ekudzidzisa. Pane imwe nguva akatopa zvidzidzo zvokuimba kuna mambo weDenmark. Muna 1772, bhizimusi reItaly rakadonha, munyori aive nechikwereti chikuru, uye muna 1775, nemutongo wedare, akamanikidzwa kubva muDenmark. Mumakore gumi akatevera, hupenyu hwaSarti hwakanga hwakabatana zvakanyanya nemaguta maviri eItaly: Venice (1775-79), kwaaive mutungamiriri wenzvimbo yevakadzi, uye Milan (1779-84), uko Sarti aive mutungamiriri wecathedral. Basa remunyori panguva iyi rinosvika mukurumbira weEurope - maopera ake akaitwa pamatanho eVienna, Paris, London (pakati pavo - "Godo reMusha" - 1776, "Achilles paSkyros" - 1779, "Kupopotedzana maviri - wechitatu anofara" – 1782). Muna 1784, paakakokwa naCatherine II, Sarti akasvika kuRussia. Ari munzira kuenda kuSt. Petersburg, muVienna, akasangana naWA Mozart, uyo akanyatsodzidza nziyo dzake. Mushure mezvo, Mozart akashandisa imwe yezvinyorwa zveSarti zvekushanda muDon Juan ball scene. Nokuda kwake, asingakoshesi unyanzvi hwomunyori, kana kuti zvichida kuva negodo muchivande pamusoro petarenda raMozart, gore rakatevera Sarti akabudisa chinyorwa chinotsoropodza pamusoro pemaquartets ake.

Kutora nzvimbo yedare bandmaster muRussia, Sarti akagadzira 8 operas, ballet uye anenge makumi matatu emabasa ezwi uye kwaya genre. Kubudirira kwaSarti semunyori muRussia kwakaperekedzwa nekubudirira kwebasa rake redare. Makore okutanga mushure mokunge asvika (30-1786) akapedza ari kumaodzanyemba kwenyika, ari mubasa raG. Potemkin. Muchinda aive nepfungwa dzekuronga chikoro chemimhanzi muguta reYekaterinoslav, uye Sarti akabva agamuchira zita remukuru weiyo academy. Chikumbiro chekuda kuziva kubva kuna Sarti kuti amutumire mari yekugadzwa kweacademy, pamwe nekupa musha wakapikirwa, sezvo "hupfumi hwake hwepamoyo huri mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kwazvo," hwakachengetwa mudura reMoscow. Kubva mutsamba imwe chete iyoyo munhu anogonawo kutonga zvirongwa zvenguva yemberi zvomunyori wacho: “Kudai ndaiva nechinzvimbo chehondo nemari, ndaizokumbira hurumende kuti indipe nzvimbo, ndaizoshevedza varimi vokuItaly ndovaka dzimba panzvimbo iyi.” Zvirongwa zvePotemkin zvakanga zvisingatarisirwi kuti zviitike, uye muna 90 Sarti akadzokera kuSt. Nekurayira kwaCatherine II, pamwe chete naK. Canobbio naV. Pashkevich, akatora chikamu mukugadzira uye kuronga kwekuita kwakakura kwakavakirwa pane zvinyorwa zveEmpress neyakadudzirwa zvakasununguka kubva munhoroondo yeRussia - Oleg's Initial Administration (1790) . Pashure porufu rwaCatherine Sarti, akanyora kwaya inoyera yokugadzwa kwaPauro I, nokudaro achichengeta nzvimbo yake ine ropafadzo mudare idzva.

Makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, munyori aiita tsvakurudzo yezvinyorwa zve acoustics uye, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akaisa nguva yakawanda yezvinonzi. "Petersburg tuning forogo" (a1 = 436 Hz). St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences yakakoshesa zvikuru mabasa esayenzi aSarti ndokumusarudza kuva nhengo inokudzwa (1796). Sarti's acoustic research yakachengeta kukosha kwayo kweanoda kusvika makore zana (chete muna 100 muVienna ndiyo yaive chiyero chepasi rose a1885 = 1 Hz yakatenderwa). Muna 435, Sarti akasarudza kudzokera kunyika yake, asi munzira akarwara ndokufira Berlin.

Creativity Sarti muRussia, sokunge zvakadaro, inopedzisa nguva yese yekusika yevaimbi veItaly vakakokwa muzana rose re300th. Petersburg semutungamiriri webhendi. Cantatas uye oratorios, Sarti's salutatory choirs nenziyo dzakagadzira peji yakakosha mukusimudzira tsika yekwaya yeRussia munguva yaCatherine. Nekukura kwavo, ukuru uye hukuru hwekurira, kushamisira kwemavara eorchestra, vakanyatsoratidza zvinofarirwa nedenderedzwa revakuru reSt. Mabasa acho akagadzirwa nemurairo wedare, akatsaurirwa kukunda kukuru kweuto reRussia kana kune zviitiko zvakakomba zvemhuri yehumambo, uye aiwanzoitwa mumhepo. Dzimwe nguva nhamba yose yevaimbi yakasvika vanhu 1792. Saka, somuenzaniso, pakuimba oratorio “Kubwinya kuna Mwari Kumusoro-soro” (2) pakupera kwehondo yeRussia-Turkish, kwaya 2, nhengo 1789 dze<em>symphony orchestra, orchestra yehwamanda, boka chairo rezviridzwa zvinorira. dzaishandiswa, kurira kwebhero uye pfuti yemoto (!) . Mamwe mabasa erudzi rweoratorio akasiyaniswa nehukuru hwakafanana - "Tinorumbidza Mwari kwamuri" (panguva yekutorwa kwaOchakov, 1790), Te Deum (pakutorwa kwenhare yeKiliya, XNUMX), nezvimwe.

Basa rekudzidzisa raSarti, iro rakatanga muItaly (mudzidzi wake - L. Cherubini), rakazaruka musimba rakazara muRussia, uko Sarti akasika chikoro chake chekugadzira. Pakati pevadzidzi vake ndiS. Degtyarev, S. Davydov, L. Gurilev, A. Vedel, D. Kashin.

Nezvekukosha kwavo kwehunyanzvi, mabasa aSarti haana kuenzana - achiswedera kumabasa ekuvandudza eKV Gluck mune mamwe maopera, munyori mune mazhinji emabasa ake akaramba akatendeka kumutauro wechinyakare wenguva iyoyo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, makwaya ekugamuchira nemamonumental cantatas, akanyorwa kunyanya kuRussia, akashanda semienzaniso yevanyori veRussia kwenguva yakareba, pasina kurasikirwa nekukosha mumakumi emakore akatevera, uye akaitwa pamhemberero nemhemberero kusvika pakugadzwa kwaNicholas I (1826). )

A. Lebedeva