Farinelli |
Farinelli
Muimbi ane mukurumbira wemumhanzi, uye pamwe muimbi ane mukurumbira wenguva dzese, ndiFarinelli.
“Nyika,” mukuwirirana naSir John Hawkins, “haina kutongoona vaimbi vaviri vakadai saSenesino naFarinelli pachikuva panguva imwe cheteyo; wekutanga aive mutambi akatendeseka uye anoshamisa, uye, maererano nevatongi vane ruzivo, ruzha rwezwi rake rwakanga rwuri nani pane rwaFarinelli, asi kunaka kwechipiri kwaive kusingarambike zvekuti vashoma vaisazomuti muimbi mukuru munyika.
Mudetembi Rolli, nenzira, anoyemura zvikuru Senesino, akanyora, kuti: “Kukodzera kwaFarinelli hakundibvumiri kuti ndirege kubvuma kuti akandirova. Zvakatoita sekuti kusvikira zvino ndakanga ndangonzwa kachikamu keinzwi remunhu, asi zvino ndanzwa rose. Uyezve, ane ushamwari uye ushamwari zvikuru, uye ndakanakidzwa chaizvo kutaura naye.
Asi maonero aSM Grishchenko: "Mumwe wevatenzi vakatanhamara vebel canto, Farinelli aive nesimba rinonzwika uye renji (3 octaves), izwi rinochinjika, rinofamba reizwi rakapfava, rakapfava uye kufema kusinga peri. Kuita kwake kwaizivikanwa nehunyanzvi hwayo, diction yakajeka, mimhanzi yakakwenenzverwa, kushamisa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita, kushamiswa nekupinda kwayo mupfungwa uye kutaura kwakajeka. Akanyatsogona hunyanzvi hwe coloratura improvisation.
… Farinelli mutambi akakodzera wezvimbo zvine rwiyo neugamba mumutambo weItaly opera (pakutanga kwebasa rake remaoperasi akaimba zvikamu zvechikadzi, gare gare zvikamu zvechirume): Nino, Poro, Achilles, Sifare, Eukerio (Semiramide, Poro, Iphigenia mu Aulis ”, “Mithridates”, “Onorio” Porpora), Oreste (“Astianact” Vinci), Araspe (“Abandoned Dido” Albinoni), Hernando (“Faithful Luchinda” Porta), Nycomed (“Nycomede” Torri), Rinaldo (“ Yakasiiwa Armida” Pollaroli), Epitide (“Meropa” Anokanda), Arbache, Siroy (“Artashasta”, “Syroy” Hasse), Farnaspe (“Adrian muSyria” Giacomelli), Farnaspe (“Adrian muSyria” Veracini).
Farinelli (zita chairo Carlo Broschi) akaberekwa muna Ndira 24, 1705 muAndria, Apulia. Mukupesana neruzhinji rwevaimbi vechidiki vakatongerwa kudzingwa nekuda kwehurombo hwemhuri dzavo, avo vakaona izvi sesosi yemari, Carlo Broschi anobva kumhuri ine mukurumbira. Baba vake, Salvatore Broschi, pane imwe nguva vaive gavhuna wemaguta eMaratea neCisternino, uye gare gare ari mutungamiriri weboka reAndria.
Muimbi akanakisa pachake, akadzidzisa hunyanzvi kuvanakomana vake vaviri. Mukuru, Ricardo, akazova munyori wemaopera gumi nemana. Gotwe, Carlo, akatanga kuratidza mano anoshamisa okuimba. Pazera remakore manomwe, mukomana akachekwa kuti achengetedze kuchena kwenzwi rake. Iyo pseudonym Farinelli inobva kumazita ehama dzaFarin, avo vakatsigira muimbi muhuduku hwake. Carlo akadzidza kuimba pakutanga nababa vake, ndokuzoenda kuNeapolitan Conservatory "Sant'Onofrio" naNicola Porpora, mudzidzisi anozivikanwa zvikuru wemimhanzi uye kuimba panguva iyoyo, uyo akadzidzisa vaimbi vakadai saCaffarelli, Porporino naMontagnatza.
Pazera ramakore gumi namashanu, Farinelli akaita debut yake yeruzhinji muNaples muPorpora's opera Angelica neMedora. Muimbi wechidiki uyu akazozivikanwa zvakanyanya nemitambo yake paAliberti Theatre muRome mumwaka wa1721/22 mumitambo inonzi Eumene naFlavio Anichio Olibrio naPorpora.
Pano akaimba chikamu chikuru chevakadzi mune Predieri's opera Sofonisba. Manheru ega ega, Farinelli aikwikwidza nemuridzi wehwamanda muokestra, achimuperekedza achiimba nenzwi rakanyanyisa rebravura. C. Berni anotaura nezvemabasa aFarinelli muduku: “Pazera ramakore gumi namanomwe, akatama kubva kuNaples kuenda kuRoma, uko, mukati mokuitwa kweimwe opera, aikwikwidza manheru oga oga nomuridzi wehwamanda akakurumbira muaria, uyo aiperekedza. pachiridzwa ichi; pakutanga zvaiita semakwikwi akapfava uye ane ushamwari chete, kutozosvikira vaoni vachifarira gakava racho ndokukamurwa kuva mapato maviri; mushure mekuita mitambo yadzokororwa, apo vose vari vaviri vakavaka ruzha rwakafanana nesimba ravo rose, vachiratidza simba remapapu avo uye vachiedza kukunda mumwe nomumwe nokungwara nesimba, vakambokuya ruzha rwacho nekatatu kusvika kuchikamu chetatu kwenguva refu zvokuti. vateereri vakatanga kukarira kubuda, uye vose vakaratidzika kuva vaneta chose chose; uye zvirokwazvo, muridzi wehwamanda, aneta chose, akamira, achifunga kuti muvengi wake akanga aneta zvakaenzana uye kuti mutambo wacho wakapera uri mangange; ipapo Farinelli, achinyemwerera sechiratidzo chokuti kusvika zvino akanga angoseka naye, akatanga, mukufema kumwe chete, nesimba idzva, kwete kungogaya ruzha mumatrills, asiwo kuita zvinhu zvakaoma zvikuru uye zvinokurumidza kushongedza kusvikira iye. pakupedzisira vakamanikidzwa kumisa kuombera kwevateereri. Zuva iri rinogona kutanga kutanga kwehukuru hwake husingachinji kune vese venguva yake.
Muna 1722, Farinelli akaita kekutanga mumutambo weMetastasio Angelica, uye kubva ipapo pakanga pane ushamwari hwake hwakanaka nemudetembi wechidiki, uyo asina kumuti "caro gemello" ("hama inodiwa"). Ukama hwakadaro pakati pemudetembi uye "mimhanzi" inofananidzira nguva ino mukugadzirwa kweItaly opera.
Muna 1724, Farinelli akaita chikamu chake chekutanga chechirume, uye zvakare kubudirira muItaly yose, iyo panguva iyoyo yaimuziva pasi pezita rokuti Il Ragazzo (Boy). MuBologna, anoimba nemukurumbira mumhanzi Bernacchi, ane makore makumi maviri mukuru kwaari. Muna 1727, Carlo anokumbira Bernacchi kuti amupe zvidzidzo zvekuimba.
Muna 1729, vanoimba pamwe chete muVenice nacastrato Cherestini mu opera yaL. Vinci. Gore rinotevera, muimbi uyu anotamba nekukunda muVenice muOpera yemukoma wake Ricardo Idaspe. Mushure mekuita kwemaviri virtuoso arias, vateereri vanopinda mukupenga! Nehuchenjeri humwe chetehwo, anodzokorora kukunda kwake muVienna, mumuzinda waMambo Charles VI, achiwedzera "manzwi ake emagetsi" kushamisa Hukuru Hwake.
Mambo ane ushamwari zvikuru anopa zano muimbi wacho kuti asatsauswa namanomano akanaka: “Uku kusvetuka kukuru, izvi zvinonyorwa zvisingagumi uye ndima, ces notes qui ne finisent jamais, zvinongoshamisa bedzi, asi nguva yasvika yokuti utore; munonyanyisa muzvipo zvamakapiwa nezvisikwa; kana uchida kusvika pamwoyo, unofanira kutora nzira iri nyore uye iri nyore.” Aya mazwi mashoma akapotsa achinja zvachose nzira yaaiimba nayo. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, akabatanidza vanonzwisa tsitsi nevapenyu, vakapfava nevakakwirira, nokudaro vachifadza uye vanokatyamadza vateereri muchiyero chakaenzana.
Muna 1734 muimbi akauya kuEngland. Nicola Porpora, ari pakati pekunetsana kwake naHandel, akakumbira Farinelli kuti aite debut yake kuRoyal Theatre muLondon. Carlo anosarudza opera Artaxerxes naA. Hasse. Anowedzerawo mairi maviri emukoma wake akabudirira.
"Mune aria yakakurumbira "Son qual nave," yakagadzirwa nemukoma wake, akatanga chinyorwa chekutanga neunyoro hwakadaro uye zvishoma nezvishoma akawedzera inzwi kune simba rinoshamisa rakadaro, ndokuzorideredza nenzira imwechete kusvika kumagumo kuti vakamuombera. maminitsi mashanu akazara,” anodaro Ch. Bernie. - Mushure meizvozvo, akaratidza kupenya kwakadaro uye kumhanya kwezvikamu zvekuti maviolin venguva iyoyo vaisakwanisa kuenderana naye. Muchidimbu, akanga ari mukuru kune vamwe vaimbi vose sezvo bhiza rakakurumbira rinonzi Childers rakanga rakapfuura mamwe mabhiza ose emujaho, asi Farinelli akanga akasiyana kwete chete nekufamba, iye zvino akabatanidza zvakanakira vaimbi vose vakuru. Paive nesimba, kutapira, nekusiyana kwezwi rake, nekupfava, nyasha, nekukasira mumanyorero ake. Zvamazvirokwazvo akanga ane hunhu husingazivikanwi pamberi pake uye husina kuwanikwa shure kwake mumunhu upi noupi; hunhu husingarambiki uye hwakakunda muteereri wese - musayendisiti uye asina ruzivo, shamwari uye muvengi.
Pashure pemutambo wacho, vateereri vakashevedzera kuti: “Farinelli ndiMwari!” Mutsara unobhururuka muLondon yese. “Muguta,” anonyora kudaro D. Hawkins, “mashoko ayo avo vasina kunzwa Farinelli achiimba uye vasina kuona Foster play haana kufanirwa kuoneka munzanga ine tsika azova chirevo chaizvoizvo.”
Mhomho yevanoyemura inoungana panzvimbo yemitambo, apo muimbi ane makore makumi maviri namashanu okuberekwa anogashira muhoro wakaenzana nemuhoro wenhengo dzose dzeboka iri pamwe chete. Muimbi uyu aigamuchira zviuru zviviri zveguinea pagore. Pamusoro pezvo, Farinelli akawana mari zhinji mumabasa ake ekubatsira. Semuenzaniso, akagamuchira mazana maviri eguineas kubva kuMuchinda weWales, uye 100 guineas kubva kumumiriri weSpain. Pakazara, muItaly akapfuma muhuwandu hwemapaunzi zviuru zvishanu pagore.
Muna Chivabvu 1737, Farinelli akaenda kuSpain aine chinangwa chakasimba chekudzokera kuEngland, kwaakapinda muchibvumirano nevakuru, avo vakazomhanya opera, kuti vazoridza mwaka unotevera. Ari munzira, akaimbira Mambo weFrance muParis, uko, maererano naRiccoboni, akafadza kunyange vaFrench, avo panguva iyoyo vaivenga mimhanzi yeItaly.
Pazuva rokusvika kwake, "musico" yakaitwa pamberi paMambo naMambokadzi weSpain uye haana kuimba pachena kwemakore akawanda. Akapiwa penjeni yechigarire inosvika £3000 pagore.
Chokwadi ndechekuti mambokadzi wekuSpain akakoka Farinelli kuSpain aine tariro yakavanzika yekuburitsa murume wake Philip V kubva mukuora mwoyo kunoganhurana nekupenga. Aigara achinyunyuta pamusoro pemusoro unotyisa, akazvivharira mune imwe yemakamuri eLa Granja Palace, haana kugeza uye haana kuchinja machira, achifunga kuti akafa.
"Philip akakatyamadzwa neruzivo rwekutanga rwakaitwa naFarinelli," Mumiriri weBritain Sir William Coca akashuma mumushumo wake. - Pakupera kwechipiri, akatumira kudana muimbi, akamurumbidza, achivimbisa kumupa zvose zvaaida. Farinelli akamukumbira kuti amuke, ageze, achinje hembe uye aite musangano wekhabhineti. Mambo akateerera uye ave achipora kubva ipapo.”
Mushure meizvozvo, Firipi manheru ega ega anodaidza Farinelli kunzvimbo yake. Kwemakore gumi, muimbi haana kuita pamberi peruzhinji, sezvo zuva rega rega aiimba mana aidiwa arias kuna mambo, maviri acho akanyorwa naHasse - "Pallido il sole" uye "Per questo dolce ammplesso".
Pasati papera mavhiki matatu asvika kuMadrid, Farinelli anogadzwa muimbi wedare wamambo. Mambo akajekesa kuti muimbi anozviisa kwaari chete namambokadzi. Kubva ipapo, Farinelli akanakidzwa nesimba guru mudare reSpain, asi haambozvishandisi zvisina kunaka. Anotsvaka chete kuderedza kurwara kwamambo, kudzivirira vanyori veimba yemitambo uye kuita kuti vateereri vake vade opera yeItaly. Asi haagoni kurapa Philip V, anofa muna 1746. Mwanakomana wake Ferdinand VI, akaberekwa muwanano yake yokutanga, anokunda pachigaro choumambo. Anosunga amai vake vokurera mumuzinda weLa Granja. Anokumbira Farinelli kuti asamusiye, asi mambo mutsva anoda kuti muimbi agare mudare. Ferdinand VI anogadza Farinelli director wehumambo theatre. Muna 1750, mambo akamupa Order of Calatrava.
Mabasa emuvaraidzi ave kushoma uye anonetesa, sezvo akanyengetedza mambo kuti atange opera. Yekupedzisira yakanga iri chinjo huru uye inofadza kuna Farinelli. Agadzwa semutungamiriri wega wemitambo iyi, akaraira kubva kuItaly vanyori nevaimbi venguva iyoyo, uye Metastasio yemahara.
Mumwe mambo weSpain, Charles III, atora chigaro choumambo, akatumira Farinelli kuItaly, achiratidza kuti kunyara uye utsinye zvakanga zvakasanganiswa sei nokunamatwa kwekanzura. Mambo akati: "Ndinongoda maketeni patafura." Zvakadaro, muimbi uyu akaramba achipihwa penjeni yakanaka uye akabvumidzwa kubvisa zvinhu zvake zvese.
Muna 1761, Farinelli akagara muimba yake youmbozha pedyo neBologna. Anotungamira hupenyu hwemurume akapfuma, achigutsa zvido zvake kune zvehunyanzvi nesainzi. Imba yemuimbi yakakomberedzwa nemuunganidzwa wakanakisa wemabhokisi efodya, zvishongo, mapendi, zviridzwa. Farinelli akaridza harpsichord uye viola kwenguva yakareba, asi akaimba kashoma, uyezve pakukumbira kwevaenzi vepamusoro.
Kupfuura zvese, aifarira kugamuchira vamwe maartist neruremekedzo uye kukwenenzverwa kwemunhu wenyika. Europe yose yakauya kuzopa rukudzo kune wavairangarira kuva muimbi mukurusa wenguva dzose: Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, Mambo weAustria, muchindakadzi weSaxon, Duke weParma, Casanova.
Muna Nyamavhuvhu 1770 C. Burney anonyora mudhayari yake:
“Vese vanoda mhanzi, kunyanya avo vakaita rombo rakanaka rekunzwa Signor Farinelli, vachafara kuziva kuti achiri mupenyu uye ane hutano nemweya. Ndakaona ari mudiki pane zvandaitarisira. Akareba uye mutete, asi haana kana kusimba.
… Signor Farinelli haana kumboimba kwenguva yakareba, asi achiri kunakidzwa nekuridza harpsichord uye viola lamour; ane harpsichords dzakawanda dzakagadzirwa munyika dzakasiyana uye dzakatumidzwa naye, zvichienderana nekuonga kwake ichi kana icho chiridzwa, nemazita evatambi vakuru veItaly. Chaanonyanya kufarira piyanoforte yakagadzirwa muFlorence muna 1730, pakanyorwa nemavara egoridhe “Raphael d'Urbino”; wozouya Correggio, Titian, Guido, zvichingodaro. Akaridza Raphael wake kwenguva yakareba, neunyanzvi hukuru uye hunyengeri, uye iye pachake akagadzira zvidimbu zvakati wandei zvechiridzwa ichi. Nzvimbo yechipiri inoenda kurwiyo rwaakapiwa nemushakabvu Mambokadzi wekuSpain, akadzidza naScarlatti kuPortugal neSpain… Mudiwa wechitatu wa Signor Farinelli akaitwawo kuSpain achitungamirirwa naye; ine keyboard inotakurika, senge yeCount Taxis muVenice, umo muiti anogona kufambisa chidimbu kumusoro kana pasi. Mune idzi harpsichords dzeSpanish, makiyi makuru madema, nepo makiyi akafuratira uye anopinza akafukidzwa naamai-we-pearl; dzakagadzirwa maererano nemifananidzo yeItaly, yose yemisidhari, kunze kwegudzanzwi, uye inoiswa mubhokisi rechipiri.
Farinelli akafa musi waChikunguru 15, 1782 muBologna.
