Rhythm |

Greek rytmos, kubva reo - kuyerera

Iyo inonzwisisika fomu yekuyerera kwechero maitiro munguva. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuratidzwa kweR. mu decomp. mhando uye zvitaera zveunyanzvi (kwete chete zvenguva, asiwo nzvimbo), pamwe nekunze kwehunyanzvi. mativi (R. yekutaura, kufamba, miitiro yebasa, zvichingodaro) zvakakonzera kutsananguro dzakawanda dzinowanzopesana dzeR. (iyo inobvisa iri shoko kujeka kwemazwi). Pakati pavo, mapoka matatu akasununguka akaganhurwa anogona kuzivikanwa.

Mupfungwa yakafaranuka, R. ndiyo chimiro chenguva chechero nzira dzinofungidzirwa, imwe yezvitatu (pamwe nemutinhiro uye kuwirirana) zvakakosha. zvinhu zvemimhanzi, kugovera maererano nenguva (maererano naPI Tchaikovsky) melodic. uye harmonic. misanganiswa. R. gadzira matauriro, kumbomira, kupatsanurwa kuita zvikamu (rhythmic units yemazinga akasiyana kusvika kune ega eruzha), mapoka avo, reshiyo yenguva, nezvimwewo; nenzira yakamanikana - nhevedzano yenguva yemanzwi, inobviswa kubva paurefu hwayo (rhythmic pattern, kusiyana ne melodic).

Iyi nzira yetsanangudzo inopikiswa nekunzwisisa mutinhimira semhando yakakosha inosiyanisa mafambiro emutsindo kubva kune asiri-rhythmic. Hunhu uhu hunopihwa tsananguro dzakapesana nediametrically. Mn. vatsvakurudzi vanonzwisisa R. sekuchinjana nguva dzose kana kudzokorora uye kuenzana kwakavakirwa pazviri. Kubva pakuona uku, R. muchimiro chayo chakachena ndiyo inodzokorora oscillations ye pendulum kana kurova kwe metronome. Aesthetic R.'s value inotsanangurwa nekuita kwayo kwekuraira uye "hupfumi hwekutarisisa", kufambisa maonero uye kubatsira kune otomatiki yebasa retsandanyama, semuenzaniso. pakufamba. Mumimhanzi, kunzwisisa kwakadaro kweR. kunotungamirira pakuzivikanwa kwayo neyunifomu tempo kana nekurohwa - muses. mita.

Asi mumimhanzi (semunhetembo), apo basa reR. rinonyanya kukura, rinowanzopesana nemamita uye rinosanganiswa kwete nekudzokorora kwakarurama, asi nekuoma kutsanangura "pfungwa yehupenyu", simba, nezvimwewo. "Rhythm ndiyo simba guru , simba guru revhesi. Haigoni kutsanangurwa "- VV Mayakovsky). Chinokosha chaR., maererano naE. Kurt, “kuvavarira mberi, kufamba kuri mauri nesimba rinoramba riripo.” Kusiyana netsanangudzo dzeR., zvichibva pakuenzanirana (rationality) uye kudzokorora kwakagadzikana (statics), manzwiro uye simba zvinosimbiswa pano. hunhu hweR., iyo inogona kuzviratidza isina mita uye kusavapo mune metrically mafomu.

Mukuda kwekunzwisisa kwaR. kunotaura kwakabva izwi iri kubva kuchiito chekuti "kuyerera", uko Heraclitus akaratidzira chikuru chake. chinzvimbo: "zvese zvinoyerera." Heraclitus anogona kunzi "muzivi wenyika R." uye kupikisa "muzivi wekubatana kwenyika" Pythagoras. Vese vazivi vanoratidza maonero avo enyika vachishandisa pfungwa dzezvinhu zviviri zvakakosha. zvikamu zvechinyakare dzidziso yemimhanzi, asi Pythagoras anotendeukira kune dzidziso yakagadzikana ratios yemanzwi anonzwika, uye Heraclitus - kune dzidziso yekuumbwa kwemimhanzi munguva, huzivi hwake uye antich. rhythms inogona kutsanangurana. Musiyano waMain R. kubva kune zvimiro zvisina nguva wakasiyana: "haugone kupinda murukova rumwechete kaviri." Panguva imwecheteyo, mu "nyika R." Heraclitus alternate "nzira kumusoro" uye "nzira pasi", mazita ayo - "ano" uye "kato" - anopindirana nemashoko eantich. rhythms, zvinoreva 2 zvikamu zve rhythmic. mayunitsi (anowanzonzi "arsis" uye "thesis"), zviyero izvo muhurefu hunoita R. kana "logos" yechikamu ichi (muHeraclitus, "world R." zvakare yakaenzana ne "world Logos"). Saka, huzivi hwaHeraclitus hunonongedza nzira yekubatanidzwa kwesimba. R. manzwisisiro ezvine musoro, zvagara zviriko kare.

Emotional (yakasimba) uye inonzwisisika (static) mapoinzi ekuona haanyanyo bvisa, asi anozadzisana. "Rhythmic" kazhinji inoziva mafambiro ayo anokonzera rudzi rweresonance, kunzwira tsitsi kwekufamba, kunoratidzwa muchishuwo chekuchiburitsa (zviitiko zverhythm zvinoenderana zvakananga nekunzwa kwemhasuru, uye kubva kunze kwekunzwa kune ruzha, iyo maonero ayo anowanzo kuperekedzwa. nekunzwa kwemukati.kutamba). Nokuda kweizvi, zvakakosha, kune rumwe rutivi, kuti kufamba hakusi mhirizhonga, kuti kune imwe nzira inonzwisisika, iyo inogona kudzokororwa, kune rumwe rutivi, kuti kudzokorora hakusi mechanical. R. ine ruzivo sekuchinja kwekushushikana kwemanzwiro uye zvigadziriso, izvo zvinonyangarika neiyo chaiyo pendulum-kufanana kudzokorora. MuR., saka, static inosanganiswa. uye dynamic. zviratidzo, asi, sezvo chirevo che rhythm chinoramba chiri manzwiro uye, naizvozvo, mune zvinoreva. Nenzira yekuzviisa pasi, miganhu inoparadzanisa rhythmic mafambiro kubva kune chaotic uye mechanical iwoyo haigoni kunyatsosimbiswa, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive pamutemo uye zvinotsanangura. nzira yepasi. zvidzidzo zvakananga zvezvose zviri zviviri kutaura (mundima uye prose) uye mimhanzi. R.

Kuchinjana kwemakakatanwa uye zvisungo (zvikamu zvekukwira nekudzika) zvinopa mutinhimira. zvimiro zveperiodicals. hunhu, hunofanira kunzwisiswa kwete chete sekudzokorora kwezvimwe. kutevedzana kwezvikamu (enzanisa pfungwa yenguva mune acoustics, nezvimwewo), asiwo se "kutenderera" kwayo, izvo zvinopa kudzokororwa, uye kukwana, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuona rhythm pasina kudzokorora. Ichi chechipiri chimiro ndicho chakanyanya kukosha, iyo yakakwirira rhythmic level. units. Mumimhanzi (pamwe nemukutaura kwehunyanzvi), nguva inonzi. kuvaka kunotaura pfungwa yakakwana. Iyo nguva inogona kudzokororwa (mune couplet form) kana kuva chikamu chakakosha chechimiro chikuru; panguva imwechete inomiririra dzidzo diki, kucheka kunogona kuzvimiririra. shanda.

Rhythmic. iyo fungidziro inogona kugadzirwa nekuumbwa kwakazara nekuda kwekuchinja kwekunetsana (kukwira chikamu, arsis, tie) resolution (inodzika chikamu, thesis, denouement) uye kupatsanurwa necaesuras kana kumbomira kuita zvikamu (nearsis yavo uye theses) . Mukupesana neaya ekunyora, madiki, anoonekwa zvakananga anowanzo kunzi rhythmic chaiyo. Hazvigoneke kumisa miganhu yezvinoonekwa zvakananga, asi mumhanzi tinogona kureva R. zvirevo uye zvikamu zvekutaura mukati memuses. nguva nemitsara, yakatemerwa kwete chete nesemantic (syntactic), asiwo physiological. Mamiriro ezvinhu uye anoenzaniswa muhukuru nemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. periodicities, sekufema uye kupomba, to-rye ndiwo prototypes emhando mbiri dze rhythmic. zvivakwa. Kuenzaniswa nekupuruzira, kufema kunenge kushoma otomatiki, kure nemakanika. dzokororo uye pedyo nemabviro emanzwiro eR., nguva dzayo dzine chimiro chinonyatso nzwisiswa uye dzakatsanangurwa zvakajeka, asi saizi yavo, inowanzoenderana neapprox. 4 kurova kwe pulse, nyore kutsauka kubva pane izvi zvakajairwa. Kufema ndiyo hwaro hwekutaura nemimhanzi. zvirevo, kuona kukosha kweiyo huru. phrasing unit - column (mumimhanzi inowanzonzi "chirevo", uye zvakare, semuenzaniso, A. Reicha, M. Lucy, A. F. Lvov, "rhythm"), kugadzira kumbomira uye zvisikwa. melodic fomu. cadences (chaizvoizvo "kudonha" - chikamu chekudzika cheiyo rhythmic. units), nekuda kwekudzikira kwezwi kusvika kumagumo ekufema. Mukuchinjana kwekusimudzirwa kwemimhanzi uye kuderedzwa ndiko musimboti we "yemahara, asymmetrical R." (Lvov) pasina rhythmic yenguva dzose kukosha. mayunitsi, hunhu hwevazhinji. folklore form (kutanga nevechinyakare uye kupera neRussian. rwiyo runononoka), rwiyo rweGregorian, znamenny chant, nezvimwe. etc. Iyi melodic kana intonational R. (iyo iyo mutsara pane iyo modal yedivi remumhanzi inobata) inova yakafanana nekuda kwekuwedzera kwe pulsating periodicity, iyo inonyanya kuoneka munziyo dzine chekuita nekufamba kwemuviri (kutamba, mutambo, kushanda). Kudzokororwa kunokunda mairi pamusoro pemaitiro uye kuganhurirwa kwenguva, kupera kwenguva iko kurudziro inotanga nguva nyowani, kurova, mukuenzanisa neCrimea, dzimwe nguva dzese, sedzisina kumanikidzwa, ndeyechipiri uye. inogona kutsiviwa nekumbomira. Pulsating periodicity hunhu hwekufamba, otomatiki mafambiro ebasa, mukutaura uye mumhanzi inosarudza tempo - saizi yepakati pakati pekushushikana. Kupatsanurwa nekupuruzira kwekutanga rhythmic intonations. zvikamu zvemhando yekufema muzvikamu zvakaenzana, zvinogadzirwa nekuwedzera kweiyo mota musimboti, zvakare, inosimudzira kuita kwemota panguva yekuona uye nekudaro rhythmic. ruzivo. T. o., dzatova mumatanho ekutanga engano, nziyo dzerudzi rwuri kuramba dzichipikiswa nenziyo “dzinokurumidza”, dzinobudisa mutinhimira wakawanda. kufungidzira. Saka, kare kare, kupikisa kwaR. uye rwiyo (mavambo e“murume” uye “mukadzi”), uye kutaura kwakachena kwaR. kutamba kunozivikanwa (Aristotle, “Nhetembo”, 1), uye mumhanzi inobatanidzwa nekuridzwa uye zviridzwa zvakatemwa. Rhythmic munguva dzazvino. hunhu hunonziwo kune preim. kufora nekutamba mimhanzi, uye pfungwa yeR. kazhinji inobatanidzwa nepulse pane nekufema. Nekudaro, kusimbirira kwedivi rimwe pane pulsation periodicity kunotungamirira kukudzokorora kwemuchina uye kutsiva kwekuchinjana kwemakakatanwa uye zvigadziriso nekurova kwakafanana (saka kusanzwisisana kwemazana emakore kwemazwi ekuti "arsis" uye "thesis", zvichireva nguva huru dzerhythmic, uye kuedza kuona imwe kana imwe nekushushikana). Kurova kwakati kunoonekwa seR.

The subjective ongororo yenguva yakavakirwa pane pulsation (iyo inowana yakanyanya kurongeka inoenderana nemakoshero ari padyo nepakati penguva yeakajairika pulse, 0,5-1 sec) uye, saka, huwandu (nguva-yekuyera) rhythm yakavakirwa pane reshiyo yenguva, iyo yakagashira yekare. kutaura kwechinyakare. Zvisinei, basa rinogadzirisa mariri rinoitwa nemabasa ehupenyu ayo asiri maitiro ekushanda kwemisumbu. maitiro, uye aesthetic. zvinodiwa, kuenzana pano haisi stereotype, asi art. canon. Kukosha kwekutamba kwehuwandu rhythm hakuna kunyanya kumota yayo, asi kune yayo yepurasitiki chimiro, yakanangidzirwa kune chiono, chinova chine mutinhimira. maonero nekuda kwe psychophysiological. zvikonzero zvinoda kurega kufamba, kuchinja kwemifananidzo, kugara kwenguva yakati. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakanga zvakaita yekare yekare. kutamba, R. to-rogo (maererano neuchapupu hwaAristides Quintilian) chaisanganisira kuchinja matambiro. pose (“zvirongwa”) akapatsanurwa ne“zviratidzo” kana kuti “madotsi” (chiGiriki “semeyon” ine zvirevo zvose zviri zviviri). Kurova muhuwandu rhythm haisi mafungiro, asi miganhu yezvikamu inofananidzwa muhukuru, iyo nguva inoparadzaniswa. Maonero enguva pano anoswedera kune imwe nzvimbo, uye pfungwa ye rhythm inoswedera pedyo nekuenzanisa (pfungwa ye rhythm sekuenzanisa uye kuwirirana kunobva pamitambo yekare). Kuenzana kwemaitiro enguva pfupi inova nyaya yakakosha yekuenzana kwavo, pamwe neCrimea, kune mamwe "marudzi eR". (reshiyo yezvikamu zviviri zvechikamu chemutinhimira - arsis uye thesis) - 2: 1, 2: 2, nezvimwewo. Kuzviisa kune zviumbwa zvinofanotara reshiyo yenguva, iyo inosiyanisa kutamba kubva kune kumwe kufamba kwemuviri, kunoendeswa kune yenziyo-vhesi. marudzi, zvakananga nekutamba kusina hukama (semuenzaniso, kune epic). Nemhaka yokusiyana mukureba kwamabhii, rugwaro rwendima runogona kushanda se“chiyero” chaR. (mamita), asi bedzi senhevedzano yamavara marefu namapfupi; chaizvoizvo R. (“kuyerera”) kwevhesi, kupatsanurwa kwaro kuva mbongoro uye zvirevo uye matauriro anotarwa nadzo (asina kubatanidzwa nokusimbisa mashoko) ndeemumhanzi nekutamba. parutivi rwe syncretic mhosva. Kusaenzana kwezvikamu zverhythmic (mutsoka, vhesi, stanza, nezvimwewo) kunoitika kakawanda kupfuura kuenzana, kudzokororwa uye squareness kunopa nzira yezvivakwa zvakaomarara, zvinoyeuchidza zviyero zvezvivakwa.

Hunhu hwenguva dzeiyo syncretic, asi dzatova ngano, uye prof. art-va quantitative R. iripo, kuwedzera kune yekare, mumhanzi wehuwandu hwekumabvazuva. nyika (Indian, Arab, etc.), muMiddle Ages. mimhanzi yevarume, pamwe chete nengano dzevamwe vakawanda. vanhu, umo munhu anogona kutora pesvedzero yaProf. uye kusika kwemunhu (mabhadhi, ashugs, troubadours, nezvimwewo). Dance. mimhanzi yemazuva ano ine chikwereti chengano iyi nhamba yehuwandu hwemafomula, anosanganisira dec. nguva mune imwe hurongwa, dzokororo (kana mutsauko mukati memimwe miganho) to-rykh inoratidza kumwe kutamba. Asi nokuda kwemutinhimira wokuchenjera wakatekeshera munguva dzazvino uno, kutamba kwakadai se<em>waltz kunozivikanwa zvikuru, uko kusina kupatsanurwa kuva mativi. "zvimiro" uye zvikamu zvenguva zvinoenderana zveimwe nguva.

Clock rhythm, muzana remakore rechi17. kutsiva zvachose iyo mensural, ndeye yechitatu (mushure mekutaura uye kuwanda) mhando R. - matauriro, hunhu hwedariro apo nhetembo nemimhanzi zvakaparadzana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe (uye kubva mukutamba) uye chimwe nechimwe chakagadzira mutinhimira waro. Zvakajairika kune nhetembo uye mimhanzi. R. ndezvekuti ese ari maviri akavakwa kwete pakuyerwa kwenguva, asi pareshiyo dzematauriro. Mimhanzi chaiyo. mita yewachi, inoumbwa nekutsinhana kwesimba (inorema) uye isina simba (yakajeka) kudzvanya, inosiyana kubva kumavhesi ese emamita (zvese syncretic mumhanzi-kutaura nemamita ekutaura chete) nekuenderera (kusavapo kwekupatsanurwa kuita mavhesi, metric. chirevo); Chiyero chakafanana nekuenderera mberi. Kufanana nemamita mune accent system (syllabic, syllabo-tonic uye tonic), iyo bha mita ine hurombo uye yakanyanya monotonous kupfuura iyo yehuwandu uye inopa yakawanda mikana yerhythmic. kusiyana kwakagadzirwa neshanduko yedingindira. uye syntax. chimiro. Mune mutinhimira wemazwi, hakusi kuyerwa (kuteerera mita) kunouya pamberi, asi mativi ane simba uye emanzwiro eR., rusununguko rwake uye kusiyana-siyana kunokosheswa pamusoro pekururama. Kusiyana nemamita, chaizvo R. inowanzonzi izvo zvikamu zvechimiro chechinguvana, to-rye haidzorwi nemetric. chirongwa. Mumumhanzi, uku kuungana kwezviyero (ona p. Mirayiridzo yaBeethoven “R. ye3 bars", "R. 4 mbariro”; "rythme ternaire" muDuke's The Sorcerer's Apprentice, nezvimwe. etc.), chirevo (kubva mumhanzi. mita haitauri kupatsanurwa mumitsara, mimhanzi mune izvi iri padyo neprose pane kutaura kwevhesi), ichizadza bhari decomp. nguva yekucherechedza - rhythmic. kudhirowa, kuKrom it. uye mabhuku echiRussia ekutanga dzidziso (pasi pesimba reX. Riman uye G. Konyus) kuderedza pfungwa yeR. Naizvozvo R. uye mita dzimwe nguva inosiyaniswa semubatanidzwa wenguva uye mataurirwo, kunyangwe zviri pachena kuti kutevedzana kwakafanana kweduration na dec. kurongeka kwemazwi emazwi hakugone kutorwa seine mutinhimira wakafanana. Rambai R. mita inogoneka chete sechimiro chinonyatso nzwisiswa chechirongwa chakatemwa, saka, kusimudzira chaiko, zvese zvichipindirana newachi, uye zvichipokana nazvo, zvinoreva R. Hukama hwenguva mune accent rhythm inorasikirwa nekuzvimiririra. zvinoreva uye kuva imwe yenzira yekusimbisa - manzwi marefu anomira pachena kana achienzaniswa neapfupi. Nzvimbo yakajairika yenguva yakakura ndeyekurova kwakasimba kweyero, kutyorwa kwemutemo uyu kunogadzira fungidziro yesyncopation (iyo isiri hunhu hwehuwandu rhythm uye matambiro anobva mairi. mazurka-mhando mafomula). Panguva imwecheteyo, mazita emimhanzi yehuwandu hunoumba rhythmic. kudhirowa, kunoratidza kwete nguva chaiyo, asi kupatsanurwa kwechiyero, ku-rye mumimhanzi. kuita kwakatambanudzwa uye kumanikidzwa muhupamhi hwakakura. Iko kugona kwegogics imhaka yekuti hukama hwenguva chaiyo ingori imwe yenzira dzekutaura mutinhimira. kudhirowa, izvo zvinogona kunzwisiswa kunyangwe nguva chaidzo dzisingaenderane nedzakaratidzwa mune zvinonyorwa. A metronomically even tempo in the beat rhythm haingo sungirwa chete, asi kuti inodziviswa; kuswedera pairi kunowanzoratidza maitiro emotokari (kufora, kutamba), izvo zvinonyanya kutaurwa mukirasi.

Motokari inoratidzwawo mukuvaka mativi mana, "kururamisa" kwakapa Riemann nevateveri vake chikonzero chekuona muses mavari. mita, iyo, semeta yevhesi, inosarudza kupatsanurwa kwenguva kuita motif nemitsara. Nekudaro, iko iko kurongeka kunomuka nekuda kweiyo psychophysiological maitiro, pane kutevedzera zvimwe. mitemo, haigoni kunzi mita. Iko hakuna mitemo yekukamura kuita mitsara mu bar rhythm, uye saka iyo (zvisinei nekuvapo kana kusavapo kwe squareness) haishande kune iyo metric. Izwi raRiemann harigamuchirwi kazhinji maari. musicology (somuenzaniso, F. Weingartner, achiongorora symphonies yaBeethoven, inodana rhythmic structure iyo Riemann chikoro inotsanangura semetric structure) uye haigamuchirwi muGreat Britain neFrance. E. Prout inodana R. "hurongwa maererano neiyo cadenzas inoiswa muchidimbu chemimhanzi" ("Musical Form", Moscow, 1900, p. 41). M. Lussy anosiyanisa masimiriro emetrical (wachi) ane mutinhimira - iwo echivakashure, uye muchikamu chechirevo chekutanga ("rhythm", muchirevo cheLussy; akadana pfungwa yakakwana, nguva "chirevo") kazhinji pane maviri acho. Zvakakosha kuti rhythmic units, kusiyana nemetric, haina kuumbwa nekuzviisa pasi kune imwe ch. kushushikana, asi nekubatanidzwa kweakaenzana, asi kwakasiyana mukushanda, mitsindo (mita inotaridza zvayakajairwa, kunyangwe isiri nzvimbo inosungirwa; saka, mutsara wakajairika ndeyekurova-viri). Aya mabasa anogona kuzivikanwa neakanyanya. nguva dzinogara mune chero R. - arsis uye thesis.

Muses. R., sevhesi, inoumbwa nekudyidzana kwesemantic (thematic, syntactic) chimiro uye mita, iyo inoita basa rekubatsira mukuridza wachi, pamwe chete nemagadzirirwo emavhesi.

Iyo dynamizing, kutaura, uye kwete kupatsanura basa rewachi mita, iyo inodzora (kusiyana nemavhesi metres) chete accentuation, uye kwete punctuation (caesuras), inoratidzwa mukukonana pakati pe rhythmic (chaiyo) uye metric. accentuation, pakati pe semantic caesuras uye kuenderera kuchinjika kweinorema uye yakareruka metric. nguva.

Munhoroondo yewachi rhythm 17 - kutanga. Muzana remakore rechi20 pfungwa huru nhatu dzinogona kusiyaniswa. nguva. Yakapedzwa nebasa raJS Bach naG. f. Handel's Baroque era inotanga DOS. misimboti yerwiyo rutsva rwakabatana nehomophonic harmonic. kufunga. Kutanga kwenguva inotaridzwa nekugadzirwa kweiyo general bass, kana inoenderera bass (basso continuo), iyo inoshandisa kutevedzana kwekubatana kusina kubatanidzwa necaesuras, shanduko dzinowanzoenderana nemetric. accentuation, asi inogona kutsauka kubva pairi. Melodica, umo “simba rekinetic” rinokurira “rhythmic” (E. Kurt) kana kuti “R. avo" pamusoro pe "clock R." (A. Schweitzer), inoratidzirwa nerusununguko rwekusimbisa (maererano nekuchenjerera) uye tempo, kunyanya mukudzokorora. Kusununguka kweTempo kunoratidzwa mukutsauka kwemanzwiro kubva kune tempo yakasimba (K. Monteverdi inosiyanisa tempo del'-affetto del animo ne mechanical tempo de la mano), pakuguma. decelerations, pamusoro peiyo J. Frescobaldi anotonyora, mu tempo rubato ("yakavanzika tempo"), inonzwisiswa sekuchinja kwerwiyo kunoenderana nekuperekedza. Tempo yakasimba inova yakasarudzika, sezvinoratidzwa nezviratidzo se mesurй naF. Couperin. Kutyorwa kwetsamba chaiyo pakati pezvinyorwa zvemimhanzi uye nguva chaiyo inoratidzwa mukunzwisisa kwese kwenzvimbo yekurebesa: zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.

Inogona kureva

, nezvimwewo, a

Music continuity. jira rinogadzirwa (pamwe chete nebasso continuo) polyphonic. zvinoreva - kusawirirana kwemanzwi akasiyana-siyana (semuenzaniso, kuenderera mberi kwekufamba kwemanzwi anoperekedza pamagumo ezvikamu muhurongwa hwekwaya yaBach), kuparadzwa kwemutinhimira wega wega. kudhirowa mukufamba kweyunifomu (general forms of motion), mune-one-headed. mutsetse kana mutsinhiro unopindirana, uchizadza panomira izwi rimwe chete nekufamba kwemamwe manzwi.

zvichingodaro), nekubatanidza vavariro, ona, semuenzaniso, musanganiswa weiyo cadence yekupikisa nekutanga kwedingindira mukugadzirwa kwechi15 kwaBach:

Nguva ye classicism inosimbisa rhythmic. simba, iro rinoratidzwa mumashoko akajeka, mukuenzana kukuru kwe tempo uye mukuwedzera kwebasa remamita, izvo, zvisinei, zvinongosimbisa simba. hunhu hwechiyero, chinochisiyanisa kubva kuhuwandu hwemamita. Hunyambiri hwekukanganisa-kukurudzira kunoratidzwa zvakare mukuti nguva yakasimba yekurova ndiyo yakajairika magumo emuses. semantic maunities uye, panguva imwe chete, kupinda kwekubatana kutsva, kuumbwa, nezvimwewo, izvo zvinoita kuti ive nguva yekutanga yemabhawa, mapoka emabhawa uye zvivakwa. Kudimburwa kwenziyo (b. zvikamu zvemutambo wekutamba-rwiyo) zvinokundwa nekuperekedza, izvo zvinogadzira "double bonds" uye "intruding cadenzas". Kusiyana nemagadzirirwo emitsara uye motifs, chiyero chinowanzo tarisa shanduko ye tempo, dynamics (kamwe kamwe f uye p pamutsara webhari), kubatanidza mapoka (kunyanya, ligi). Hunhu sf, kusimbisa iyo metric. pulsation, iyo mundima dzakafanana naBach, semuenzaniso, mukufungidzira kubva kuChromatic Fantasy uye Fugue cycle) yakavharika zvachose.

Meta yenguva yakanyatsotsanangurwa inogona kugovera nemhando dzese dzekufamba; classical style inoratidzirwa nekusiyana-siyana uye kupfuma kwakakura kwe rhythmic. nhamba, inogara yakabatana, zvisinei, nemetric. inotsigira. Huwandu hwemanzwi pakati pavo haupfuure miganhu yekuonekwa nyore (kazhinji 4), rhythmic shanduko. kupatsanurana (triplets, quintuplets, etc.) kusimbisa pfungwa dzakasimba. Metric activation. zvitsigiso zvinogadzirwawo nemasyncopations, kunyangwe kana zvitsigiro izvi zvisipo mukunzwika chaiko, sepakutanga kwechimwe chezvikamu zvekupedzisira kweBeethoven's 9th symphony, uko mutinhimira usipo zvakare. inertia, asi maonero emimhanzi anoda ext. kuverenga yekufungidzira metric. matauriro:

Kunyange zvazvo kusimbiswa kwebha kunowanzobatanidzwa kunyange ne tempo, zvakakosha kusiyanisa pakati pemaitiro maviri aya mumimhanzi yekare. rhythms. MuWA Mozart, chishuwo chekuenzana metric. share (kuunza rhythm yayo kune iyo yakawanda) yakanyatsoratidzwa muminuet kubva Don Juan, apo panguva imwe chete. kusanganiswa kwehukuru hwakasiyana kusingabatanidzi agogych. kuratidza nguva dzakasimba. Beethoven ane metric yakadhindwa. accentuation inopa yakawanda chiyero kune agogics, uye metric gradation. kushushikana kunowanzopfuura chiyero, kuumba kuchinjwa nguva dzose kwezviyero zvakasimba uye zvisina simba; maererano neizvi, basa raBeethoven rerhythms square rinowedzera, sekunge "mabhawa emhando yepamusoro", umo syncope inogoneka. accents pamatanho asina kusimba, asi, kusiyana nematanho chaiwo, kuchinjika kwakaringana kunogona kutyorwa, zvichibvumira kuwedzera uye kuputika.

Munguva yerudo (mupfungwa yakafaranuka), zvinhu zvinosiyanisa accentual rhythm kubva pahuwandu (kusanganisira chikamu chechipiri chehukama hwenguva uye mita) zvinoratidzwa nekuzara kukuru. Int. kupatsanurwa kwebhiti kunosvika kune diki diki izvo kwete chete nguva yeiyo ind. inonzwika, asi nhamba yavo haina kunzwisiswa zvakananga (izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kugadzira mumimhanzi mifananidzo yekuenderera mberi kwekufamba kwemhepo, mvura, nezvimwewo). Shanduko muchikamu che intralobar hadzisimbise, asi nyorovesa metric. beats: musanganiswa we duols ane katatu (

) dzinoonekwa senge quintuplets. Syncopation inowanzoita basa rimwechete rekudzikisa pakati pevanodanana; masyncopations anoumbwa nekunonoka kwemutinhimira (wakanyorwa rubato mupfungwa yekare) ane hunhu hwakanyanya, sepach. zvikamu zveChopin's Fantasy. Mumhanzi werudo unoonekwa "akakura" katatu, quintuplets, uye mamwe makesi emutsindo unokosha. kupatsanurana kunoenderana kwete imwe chete, asi akati wandei. metric shares. Erase metric miganhu inoratidzirwa mune zvinosungirirwa zvinodarika nemutsetse webhawa pachena. Mukukonana kwevavariro nechiyero, mataurirwo evavariro anowanzo tonga pamusoro pemetrice (izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kuI. Brahms' "kutaura kunodaidzira"). Kazhinji kazhinji kupfuura muchimiro chekare, kurova kunoderedzwa kusvika kune yekufungidzira pulsation, iyo kazhinji isinganyanyi kushanda pane muBeethoven (ona kutanga kweLiszt's Faust symphony). Kupera simba kwekupuruzira kunowedzera mikana yekutyorwa kwekufanana kwayo; romantic the performance inoratidzwa nehupamhi tempo rusununguko, iyo bhawa kurova muhurefu inogona kudarika huwandu hwemaviri nekutevera mabhiti. Kusiyana kwakadaro pakati penguva chaiyo uye zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi zvinoratidzwa mukuita kwaScriabin pachake. prod. uko pasina zviratidzo zvekuchinja kwe tempo mumanotsi. Sezvo, maererano nevemazuva ano, mutambo weAN Scriabin wakasiyaniswa ne "rhythm. kujeka”, pano chimiro chechimiro chemutinhimira chinoratidzwa zvizere. drawing. Note notation hairatidzi nguva, asi "uremu", iyo, pamwe chete nehurefu, inogona kuratidzwa nedzimwe nzira. Saka mukana weparadoxical spellings (kunyanya kazhinji muChopin), kana mufn. kuratidzwa kwenzwi rimwe chete kunoratidzirwa nenotsi mbiri dzakasiyana; semuenzaniso, kana manzwi erimwe izwi akawira pa1st uye 3rd manotsi etatu rezwi rimwe, pamwe chete ne "chaiyo" chiperengo.

zvinogoneka zviperengo

. Dr. rudzi rweparadoxical spellings iri muchokwadi chokuti nekuchinja rhythmic. kupatsanura munyori kuitira kuchengetedza chiyero chakafanana chehuremu, zvinopesana nemitemo yemamuse. zviperengo, hazvichinje mimhanzi (R. Strauss, SV Rachmaninov):

R. Strauss. "Don Juan".

Kudonha kwebasa remamita kusvika pakukundikana kwechiyero mu instr. recitatives, cadences, etc., inobatanidzwa nekuwedzera kukosha kwemumhanzi-semantic chimiro uye nekuzviisa pasi kweR kune zvimwe zvinhu zvemimhanzi, unhu hwemimhanzi yemazuva ano, kunyanya mimhanzi yerudo. mutauro.

Pamwe chete neakanakisa kuratidzwa kwechakananga. maficha emutsindo mumhanzi wezana ramakore rechi 19. munhu anogona kuona kufarira kwemhando dzekare dzemutinhimira zvine chekuita nekukwezva kungano (kushandiswa kwenziyo dzechinyakare mutinhimira wenyika, hunhu hwemimhanzi yeRussia, mafomula ehuwandu akachengetedzwa mungano dzeSpanish, Hungarian, West Slavic, chiverengero chevanhu vekuMabvazuva) uye kufanotaura kuvandudzwa kwe rhythm muzana remakore rechi20

MG Harlap

Kana mu18-19 mazana emakore. muprof. European music. orientation R. yakatora chinzvimbo chepasi, ipapo muzana ramakore rechi20. munhamba zvinoreva. masitayera, chave chinhu chinotsanangura, chakakosha. Muzana remakore rechi20 mutinhimira sechinhu chese mukukosha kwakatanga kuita maungira nemutinhimira wakadaro. zviitiko munhoroondo yeEurope. mimhanzi, seMiddle Ages. modes, isorhythm 14-15 mazana emakore. Mumhanzi wenguva ye classicism uye romanticism, imwe chete rhythm dhizaini inofananidzwa mune yayo inoshanda inovaka basa kune rhythm maumbirwo ezana ramakore rechi20. - "yakajairika 8-stroke nguva", zvine musoro inoruramiswa naRiemann. Nekudaro, mumhanzi wezana ramakore rechi20 mutinhimira wakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mutinhimira. phenomena of the past: yakanyatsojeka semuses chaiwo. chiitiko, kusatsamira pakutamba nemimhanzi. kana mimhanzi yenhetembo. R.; anoreva. chiyero chakavakirwa pamusimboti wekusarongeka, asymmetry. Basa idzva rerhythm mumimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20. yakaratidzwa mubasa rayo rokuumba, mukuonekwa kwemutinhimira. thematic, rhythmic polyphony. Panyaya yekuoma kwemaitiro, akatanga kuswedera kuwirirana, rwiyo. Dambudziko reR. uye kuwedzera kwehuremu hwayo sechinhu chakakonzera kuwanda kwemaitiro ezvinyorwa, kusanganisira stylistically munhu, zvishoma zvakagadziriswa nevanyori mune zvedzidziso. zvinyorwa.

Mutungamiriri wemimhanzi. R. 20th century musimboti wekusarongeka wakazviratidza mukusiyana kwenormative ye siginicha yenguva, masaizi akasanganiswa, kupesana pakati pechinangwa nekurohwa, uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvemutinhimira. mifananidzo, isina-squareness, polyrhythms ine rhythmic division. zvikamu zvechero nhamba yezvikamu zvidiki, polymetry, polychronism yezvinangwa uye mitsara. Muvambi wekuiswa kwerhythm isina kujairika sehurongwa aive IF Stravinsky, achirodza maitiro erudzi urwu akabva kuna MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, pamwe nekuRussia. vhesi yevanhu uye kutaura kweRussia pachayo. Kutungamira muzana remakore rechi20 Stylistically, dudziro yerhythm inopikiswa nebasa raSS Prokofiev, uyo akabatanidza zvinhu zvenguva dzose (kusachinja kwehungwaru, squareness, multifaceted nguva dzose, nezvimwewo) maitiro ezvitaera zve18th ne19th century. . Nguva dzose se ostinato, multifaceted regularity inorimwa naK. Orff, uyo asingapfuuri kubva kune yekare. Prof. tsika, asi kubva pane pfungwa yekudzokorora zvekare. declamation dance. scenic action

Stravinsky's asymmetric rhythm system (inoti, haina kuburitswa nemunyori) yakavakirwa pamitoo yenguva uye matauriro akasiyana uye pane iyo motivic polymetry yezvikamu zviviri kana zvitatu.

The rhythmic system yaO. Messiaen yerudzi rwakajeka rusina kujeka (akaziviswa naye mubhuku: "The Technique of My Musical Language") inobva pakusiyana kwakakosha kwechiyero uye aperiodic formulas yezviyero zvakasanganiswa.

A. Schoenberg naA. Berg, pamwe naDD Shostakovich, vane rhythmic. kusarongeka kwakaratidzwa mumusimboti we“mimhanzi. prose ", mune nzira dzisiri-squareness, kuchinja kwewachi, "peremetrization", polyrhythm (Novovenskaya school). Kuna A. Webern, iyo polychronicity yevavariro nemitsara, kupindirana kwekusarerekera kwehungwaru uye mutinhimira kwakave chimiro. kudhirowa zvine chekuita nekusimbisa, mune zvakazogadzirwa. – rhythmic. canons.

Mune akati wandei ezvino zvitaera, iyo 2nd floor. 20th century pakati pemhando dzerhythmic. masangano nzvimbo yakatanhamara yakagarwa nerhythmic. akatevedzana anowanzo kusanganiswa neakatevedzana emamwe ma paramita, anonyanya kudzika paramita (yeL. Nono, P. Boulez, K. Stockhausen, AG Schnittke, EV Denisov, AA Pyart, nevamwe). Kusimuka kubva kune wachi system uye yemahara kusiyanisa kwe rhythmic divisions. mayunitsi (ne2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, zvichingodaro) akatungamira kumhando mbiri dzakapesana dzeR. notation: notation mumasekonzi uye notation pasina nguva yakatarwa. Maererano nekugadzirwa kwe super-polyphony uye aleatoric. tsamba (somuenzaniso, muna D. Ligeti, V. Lutoslavsky) rinoratidzika static. R., isina accent pulsation uye chokwadi che tempo. Rhythmich. zvimiro zvezvitaera zvazvino prof. mimhanzi yakasiyana zvikuru neine mutinhimira. zvimiro zverwiyo rukuru, imba uye estr. mumhanzi wezana ramakore rechi20, apo, pane kudaro, rhythmic yenguva dzose nokusimbisa, gadziriro yewachi inochengeta ukoshi hwayo hwose.

VN Kholopova.

References: Serov A. N., Rhythm sezwi rine gakava, St. Petersburg Gazette, 1856, June 15, zvimwe chetezvo mubhuku rake: Critical Articles, vol. 1 St. Petersburg, 1892, p. 632-39; Lvov A. F., O yemahara kana asymmetrical rhythm, St. Petersburg, 1858; Westphal R., Art uye Rhythm. VaGiriki naWagner, Mutumwa weRussia, 1880, No 5; Bulich S., New Theory of Musical Rhythm, Warsaw, 1884; Melgunov Yu. N., Pakuridza mutinhimira kwevaBach's fugues, mumhanzi edition: Gumi Fugues ePiano naI. C. Bach mune rhythmic edition naR. Westphalia, M., 1885; Sokalsky P. P., mimhanzi yerudzi rwechiRussia, ChiRussian Chikuru neChiRussian Chidiki, muchimiro chayo chine mutinhimira uye chine mutinhimira uye musiyano wayo kubva panheyo dzenziyo dzazvino uno dzinowirirana, Har., 1888; Nyaya dzeMumhanzi uye Ethnographic Commission …, vol. 3, kwete. 1 - Zvishandiso pamimhanzi rhythm, M., 1907; Sabaneev L., Rhythm, muunganidzwa: Melos, bhuku. 1 St. Petersburg, 1917; yake pachake, Mimhanzi yekutaura. Aesthetic research, M., 1923; Teplov B. M., Psychology yemano emimhanzi, M.-L., 1947; Garbuzov H. A., Zonal chimiro che tempo uye rhythm, M., 1950; Mostras K. G., Rhythmic discipline of violinist, M.-L., 1951; Mazel L., Chimiro chemabasa emimhanzi, M., 1960, ch. 3 - Rhythm uye mita; Nazaikinsky E. V., O tempo yemimhanzi, M., 1965; yake pachake, Papfungwa dzemumhanzi maonero, M., 1972, rondedzero 3 – Natural prerequisites for musical rhythm; Mazel L. A., Zuckerman V. A., Ongororo yemabasa emimhanzi. Zvinhu zvemimhanzi uye nzira dzekuongorora mafomu madiki, M., 1967, ch. 3 - Meter uye rhythm; Kholopova V., Mibvunzo ye rhythm mubasa revanyori vehafu yekutanga yezana remakore re1971, M., XNUMX; yake pachake, Pachimiro chekusava-squareness, muSat: Pamimhanzi. Matambudziko ekuongorora, M., 1974; Harlap M. G., Rhythm yaBeethoven, mubhuku: Beethoven, Sat: Art., Issue. 1, M., 1971; yake, Folk-Russian musical system uye dambudziko rekwakabva mimhanzi, mukuunganidza: Early forms of art, M., 1972; Kon Yu., Notes on rhythm in "The Great Sacred Dance" kubva ku "The Rite of Spring" naStravinsky, mu: Matambudziko ezvinyorwa zvemhando dzemimhanzi nemhando, M., 1971; Elatov V. I., Mukumuka kweimwe rhythm, Minsk, 1974; Rhythm, nzvimbo uye nguva mumabhuku uye unyanzvi, muunganidzwa: st., L., 1974; Hauptmann M., Die Natur der Harmonik und der Metrik, Lpz., 1853, 1873; Westphal R., Allgemeine Theorie der musikalischen Rhythmik seit J. S. Bach, Lpz., 1880; Lussy M., Le rythme musical. Mwanakomana mavambo, sa fonction et son accentuation, P., 1883; Mabhuku К., basa uye rhythm, Lpz., 1897, 1924 (рус. pa. - Bucher K., Basa uye rhythm, M., 1923); Riemann H., System der musikalischen Rhythmik und Metrik, Lpz., 1903; Jaques-Dalcroze E., La rythmique, pt. 1-2, Lausanne, 1907, 1916 (Russian per. Jacques-Dalcroze E., Rhythm. Kukosha kwayo kwekudzidzisa kwehupenyu uye kwehunyanzvi, trans. N. Gnesina, P., 1907, M., 1922); Wiemayer Th., Musikalische Rhythmik und Metrik, Magdeburg, (1917); Forel O. L., The Rhythm. Chidzidzo chepfungwa, "Journal fьr Psychologie und Neurologie", 1921, Bd 26, H. 1-2; R. Dumesnil, Le rythme musical, P., 1921, 1949; Tetzel E., Rhythmus und Vortrag, B., 1926; Stoin V., Bulgarian folk music. Метрика and ритмика, София, 1927; Hurukuro uye nhaurirano padambudziko rerhythm…, "Journal for aesthetics uye general art science", 1927, vol. 21, H. 3; Klages L., Vom Wesen des Rhythmus, Z.-Lpz., 1944; Messiaen O., Technique yemutauro wangu wenziyo, P., 1944; Saсhs C., Rhythm uye Tempo. Chidzidzo munhoroondo yemimhanzi, L.-N. Y., 1953; Willems E., Musical Rhythm. Йtude psychologique, P., 1954; Elston A., Dzimwe rhythmic maitiro mumimhanzi yemazuva ano, "MQ", 1956, v. 42, Kwete. 3; Dahlhaus С., Pakubuda kweawachi system yemazuva ano muzana remakore rechi17. Century, “AfMw”, 1961, gore 18, No 3-4; его же, Probleme des Rhythmus in der neuen Musik, в кн .: Terminologie der neuen Musik, Bd 5, В., 1965; Lissa Z., Rhythmic kubatanidzwa mu "Scythian Suite" naS. Prokofiev, в кн .: Pamusoro pebasa raSergei Prokofiev. Zvidzidzo uye zvinhu, Kr., 1962; K. Stockhausen, Texte…, Bd 1-2, Kцln, 1963-64; Smither H. E., Rhythmic ongororo yemimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi20, "The Journal of Music Theory", 1964, v. 8, No1; Strо W. M., Alban Berg's "Constructive Rhythm", "Maonero eMumhanzi Mutsva", 1968, v. 7, Kwete. 1; Giuleanu V., The musical rhythm, (v.