Fedor Ivanovich Chaliapin (Fedor Chaliapin) |

Feodor Chaliapin

Fedor Ivanovich Chaliapin akaberekwa muna Kukadzi 13, 1873 muKazan, mumhuri yevarombo yaIvan Yakovlevich Chaliapin, murimi kubva mumusha weSyrtsovo, mudunhu reVyatka. Amai, Evdokia (Avdotya) Mikhailovna (nee Prozorova), kubva kumusha weDudinskaya mudunhu rimwe chete. Achiri mudiki, Fedor aive nezwi rakanaka (treble) uye aiwanzoimba pamwe chete naamai vake, "kuchinja inzwi rake." Kubva pazera remakore mapfumbamwe akaimba mumakwaya echechi, akaedza kudzidza kuridza violin, akaverenga zvakawanda, asi akamanikidzwa kushanda somudzidzi weshangu, turner, muvezi, bookbinder, mukopi. Pazera remakore gumi nemaviri, akapinda mumitambo yeboka rekushanya muKazan sekuwedzera. Kuda kusingadzoreki kwenzvimbo yemitambo kwakamutungamirira kumapoka akasiyana-siyana emitambo, ayo aakadzungaira nawo mumaguta eVolga nharaunda, Caucasus, Central Asia, achishanda semutoro kana chirauro pa pier, kazhinji achiziya nenzara uye achipedza usiku hwose. mabhenji.

MuUfa 18 Zvita 1890, akaimba chikamu chake ega kekutanga. Kubva mundangariro dzaChaliapin pachake:

“… Sezviri pachena, kunyangwe mubasa nyoro remuimbi, ndakakwanisa kuratidza mimhanzi yangu yepanyama uye nzira dzezwi rakanaka. Apo rimwe zuva rimwe remabaritones eboka racho kamwe kamwe, manheru emutambo, nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero akaramba basa raStolnik muMoniuszko opera "Galka", uye pakanga pasina munhu muboka kuti amutsive, muzvinabhizimisi Semyonov- Samarsky akandibvunza kana ndingabvuma kuimba chikamu ichi. Pasinei nekunyara kwandaiita, ndakabvuma. Zvaiyedza zvakanyanya: yekutanga basa rakakura muhupenyu hwangu. Ndakakurumidza kudzidza chikamu ndokutamba.

Pasinei nechiitiko chinosuruvarisa mukuita uku (ndakagara pasi pachikuva kupfuura chigaro), Semyonov-Samarsky zvakadaro akakurudzirwa nekuimba kwangu uye chido changu chehana chekuratidza chimwe chinhu chakafanana nemukuru wePolish. Akawedzera ma<em>ruble mashanu kumuhoro wangu uye akatangawo kundironzesa mamwe mabasa. Ndichiri kufunga mashura: chiratidzo chakanaka chemutanga mumutambo wekutanga pachikuva pamberi pevateereri kugara pasi pechigaro. Mubasa rangu rose rakatevera, zvisinei, ndakasvinurira chigaro uye ndakatya kwete kugara chete, asiwo kugara pachigaro chemumwe ...

Mumwaka uyu wekutanga wangu, ndakaimbawo Fernando muIl trovatore uye Neizvestny muAskold's Grave. Kubudirira pakupedzisira kwakasimbisa chisarudzo changu chokuzvipira ndimene kuimba yemitambo.

Ipapo muimbi wechidiki akatamira kuTiflis, kwaakatora zvidzidzo zvekuimba mahara kubva kumuimbi ane mukurumbira D. Usatov, akaitwa mumakonti emasaiti uye evadzidzi. Muna 1894 akaimba mumitambo yakaitika muSt. Petersburg suburban garden "Arcadia", ipapo muPanaevsky Theater. Musi waApril 1895, XNUMX, akaita debut yake saMephistopheles muGounod's Faust paMariinsky Theatre.

Muna 1896, Chaliapin akakokwa naS. Mamontov kuMoscow Private Opera, kwaakatora nzvimbo inotungamira uye akanyatsoratidza tarenda rake, achigadzira mumakore ekushanda mumitambo iyi yemitambo yose yemifananidzo isingakanganwiki mumitambo yeRussia: Ivan the Terrible. muN. Rimsky's The Maid of Pskov -Korsakov (1896); Dositheus mu "Khovanshchina" yaM. Mussorgsky (1897); Boris Godunov mu opera yezita rimwe chete naM. Mussorgsky (1898) nevamwe.

Kukurukurirana muMammoth Theater nevenyanzvi dzepamusoro dzeRussia (V. Polenov, V. uye A. Vasnetsov, I. Levitan, V. Serov, M. Vrubel, K. Korovin nevamwe) vakapa muimbi kukurudzira kwakasimba kwekugadzira: yavo nzvimbo uye zvipfeko zvakabatsira mukugadzira inomanikidza kuvapo. Muimbi akagadzira akati wandei ezvikamu zveopera munhandare pamwe chete neaimbova mutungamiriri uye munyori wenziyo Sergei Rachmaninoff. Hushamwari hwekusika hwakabatanidza maartist maviri makuru kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwavo. Rachmaninov akazvitsaurira kudanana kwakawanda kumuimbi, kusanganisira "Fate" (ndima naA. Apukhtin), "Waimuziva" (ndima naF. Tyutchev).

Unyanzvi hwakadzama hwenyika hwemuimbi hwakafadza vanhu vepanguva yake. "MuchiRussia unyanzvi, Chaliapin inguva, saPushkin," akanyora kudaro M. Gorky. Zvichienderana netsika dzakanakisa dzechikoro chezwi chenyika, Chaliapin akavhura nguva nyowani munhandare yenyika. Akakwanisa zvinoshamisa organically kusanganisa maviri akanyanya kukosha misimboti ye opera art - zvinoshamisa uye zvemumhanzi - kuisa pasi chipo chake chinosuruvarisa, yakasarudzika nhanho plastiki uye yakadzika mimhanzi kune imwechete hunyanzvi pfungwa.

Kubva munaGunyana 24, 1899, Chaliapin, muimbi anotungamira weBolshoi uye panguva imwecheteyo Mariinsky Theatre, akafamba kunze kwenyika nekukunda. Muna 1901, muMilan's La Scala, akaimba nekubudirira kukuru chikamu cheMephistopheles mune opera yezita rimwe chete naA. Boito naE. Caruso, inotungamirirwa naA. Toscanini. Mukurumbira wepasi rose wemuimbi weRussia wakasimbiswa nekushanya muRome (1904), Monte Carlo (1905), Orange (France, 1905), Berlin (1907), New York (1908), Paris (1908), London (1913/ 14). Kunaka kwehumwari kweizwi raChaliapin kwakakwezva vateereri venyika dzese. Mabhesi ake akakwirira, akaunzwa nemasikirwo, ane velvety, timbre yakapfava, yakanzwika yakazara-ropa, ine simba uye ine hupfumi palette yemazwi ezwi. Mhedzisiro yeshanduko yeunyanzvi yakashamisa vateereri - hapana chitarisiko chekunze chete, asiwo zvakadzika zvemukati, izvo zvakaendeswa nekutaura kwezwi kwemuimbi. Mukugadzira mifananidzo ine simba uye inoyevedza, muimbi anobatsirwa nekusarudzika kwake kwakasiyana-siyana: iye ari muvezi uye muimbi, anonyora nhetembo uye prose. Tarenda yakadaro yakasiyana-siyana yemuimbi mukuru inoyeuchidza vatenzi veRenaissance - hazvina kuitika kuti vanhu vemazuva ano vakafananidza ma heroes ake e opera nema titans aMichelangelo. Inyanzvi yeChaliapin yakayambuka miganhu yenyika uye yakapesvedzera kuvandudzwa kweiyo opera imba yepasirese. Vaimbi vakawanda vekuMadokero, vaimbi nevaimbi vaigona kudzokorora mashoko emuitisi weItaly uye munyori wenziyo D. Gavazeni: “Kuvandudzwa kwaChaliapin munharaunda yechokwadi chinoshamisa cheunyanzvi hweopera kwakakanganisa zvikuru nhandare yeItaly… Hunyanzvi hunoshamisa hwemuRussia mukuru. muimbi akasiya mucherechedzo wakadzika uye unogara kwete chete mumunda wekuita maopera eRussia nevaimbi veItaly, asi kazhinji, pamatanho ese ekududzira kwavo kwezwi uye nhanho, kusanganisira mabasa naVerdi ... "

"Chaliapin akakwezvwa nevatambi vevanhu vakasimba, vakambundirwa nepfungwa uye nechido, vachiona mutambo wemweya wakadzika, pamwe nemifananidzo yakajeka yemakodhi," anodaro DN Lebedev. -Nechokwadi chinoshamisa uye simba, Chaliapin anoratidza dambudziko rababa vakashata vakashungurudzika neshungu mu "Mermaid" kana kurwadza kwepfungwa kusawirirana uye kuzvidemba kwakaitika naBoris Godunov.

Mukunzwira tsitsi kutambura kwevanhu, high humanism inoratidzwa - pfuma isingagoneki yekuenderera mberi kweRussia art, yakavakirwa parudzi, pakuchena uye kudzika kwemanzwiro. Munyika iyi, iyo yakazadza hupenyu hwose uye basa rose raChaliapin, simba retarenda rake rakadzika midzi, chakavanzika chekunyengetedza kwake, kunzwisisa kune wese, kunyange kumunhu asina ruzivo.

Chaliapin anopesana zvakanyanya neanofananidzirwa, ekunyepedzera manzwiro: "Mimhanzi yese inogara ichiratidzira manzwiro neimwe nzira, uye pane manzwiro, kutapurirana kwemuchina kunosiya fungidziro yemonotony inotyisa. Aria inoshamisa inonzwika inotonhora uye yakarongeka kana iyo innation yemutsara isina kugadzirwa mairi, kana ruzha rusina kupendwa nemhando inodiwa yemanzwiro. Mimhanzi yekuMadokero inodawo iyi inzwi… iyo yandakaona seyo inosungirwa kufambiswa kwemimhanzi yeRussia, kunyangwe isina kudedera kwepfungwa pane mimhanzi yeRussia.

Chaliapin inoratidzwa neyakajeka, yakapfuma konzati chiitiko. Vateereri vaigara vachifadzwa nekuita kwake kwerudo The Miller, The Old Corporal, Dargomyzhsky's Titular Counsellor, The Seminarist, Mussorgsky's Trepak, Glinka's Doubt, Rimsky-Korsakov's The Prophet, Tchaikovsky's The Double Nightingale, The Nightingale , “Muhope ndakachema zvikuru” naSchumann.

Hezvino zvakataurwa nenyanzvi yemimhanzi yeRussia academician B. Asafiev pamusoro perutivi urwu rwekuita kwemuimbi:

"Chaliapin aiimba mimhanzi yekamuri yechokwadi, dzimwe nguva yakanyanya kunyura, yakadzika zvekuti zvaiita sekunge hapana chaaiwirirana neimba yemitambo uye haana kumbobvira afunga nezvezvishongedzo uye kutaridzika kwekutaura kunodiwa nenhandare. Kudzikama kwakakwana uye kuzvidzora zvakamutora. Somuenzaniso, ndinoyeuka Schumann's "Muhope dzangu ndakachema neshungu" - inzwi rimwe chete, inzwi mukunyarara, manzwiro ane mwero, akavanzika, asi kunoratidzika kunge kusina mutambi, uye iyi huru, inofadza, ine rupo nekuseka, rudo, rwakajeka. munhu. Inzwi rakasurukirwa rinonzwika - uye zvese zviri muzwi: kudzika kwese uye kuzara kwemoyo wemunhu ... Chiso hachina kufamba, maziso anoratidza zvakanyanya, asi nenzira yakakosha, kwete sekuti, kutaura, Mephistopheles mune yakakurumbira chiitiko ne. vadzidzi kana mune serenade yekunyomba: ipapo vakapisa zvakaipa, kunyomba, uyezve maziso emurume ainzwa zvinhu zvekusuwa, asi ainzwisisa izvo chete mukuranga kwakaomarara kwepfungwa nemoyo - murwiyo rwekuratidzwa kwayo kwese. - munhu anowana simba pamusoro pezvishuwo zvose uye kutambura.

Vepepanhau vakada kuverenga mubhadharo wemuimbi, vachitsigira ngano yehupfumi hunoshamisa, makaro aChaliapin. Zvakadini kana ngano iyi ichirambwa nemaposta uye zvirongwa zvemakonzati akawanda erudo, mitambo yakakurumbira yemuimbi muKyiv, Kharkov nePetrograd pamberi pevateereri vakawanda vanoshanda? Runyerekupe rusina basa, runyerekupe rwemapepanhau uye makuhwa kanopfuura kamwe zvakamanikidza muimbi kuti atore chinyoreso chake, arambe manzwiro uye fungidziro, uye ajekese chokwadi chebiography yake. Zvisingabatsiri!

Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, kushanya kwaChaliapin kwakaguma. Muimbi akavhura zvipatara zviviri zvevarwi vakakuvara nemari yake, asi haana kuzivisa "mabasa ake akanaka". Gweta MF Volkenstein, uyo aitungamirira nyaya dzemari yemuimbi kwemakore akawanda, akayeuka kuti: “Dai chete vaiziva kuti imarii yaChaliapin yakapinda mumaoko angu kubatsira vaya vaiida!”

Mushure meOctober Revolution muna 1917, Fyodor Ivanovich akabatanidzwa mukuvakazve kweaimbova madzimambo emitambo, akanga ari nhengo yakasarudzwa yevatungamiri veBolshoi neMariinsky theatre, uye muna 1918 akatungamirira chikamu cheunyanzvi chekupedzisira. Mugore rimwe chetero, aive wekutanga wevatambi kupihwa zita rePeople's Artist of the Republic. Muimbi uyu akatsvaga kutiza zvematongerwo enyika, mubhuku rememoirs yake, akanyora kuti: "Kana muhupenyu hwangu ndaiva chimwe chinhu kunze kwemutambi uye muimbi, ndakazvipira zvachose kubasa rangu. Asi pane zvese ndaiva wezvematongerwo enyika.”

Nekunze, zvinogona kuita sekuti hupenyu hwaChaliapin hunobudirira uye hwakapfuma. Anokokwa kuti aite pamakonzati ehurumende, anoitawo zvakawanda kune veruzhinji, anopiwa mazita ekuremekedza, akakumbirwa kuti atungamirire basa remarudzi akasiyana-siyana ematareji emitambo, makanzuru emitambo. Asi ipapo kune nhare dzakapinza dze "kushamwaridzana Chaliapin", "kuisa tarenda rake kubasa revanhu", kusava nechokwadi kunowanzoratidzwa nezve "kirasi kuvimbika" kwemuimbi. Mumwe munhu anoda kubatanidzwa kwemhuri yake mukuita basa revashandi, mumwe munhu anotyisidzira zvakananga kune aimbove muimbi weimba yemitambo ... "Ndakaona zvakanyanya uye zvakajeka kuti hapana anoda zvandinokwanisa kuita, kuti hapana chikonzero. basa rangu” , – munyori akabvuma.

Zvechokwadi, Chaliapin aigona kuzvidzivirira kubva pakusarura kwevashandi vanoshingaira nekuita chikumbiro chomunhu kuna Lunacharsky, Peters, Dzerzhinsky, Zinoviev. Asi kugara uchitsamira pamirayiro yevakuru vepamusoro-soro vebato rekutonga kunonyadzisa nyanzvi. Mukuwedzera, ivo kazhinji havana kuvimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwakazara kwevanhu uye zvechokwadi havana kukurudzira kuvimba mune ramangwana.

Muchirimo cha1922, Chaliapin haana kudzoka kubva kune dzimwe nyika, kunyange zvazvo kwenguva yakati akaramba achifunga kuti kusadzoka kwake ndekwenguva pfupi. Mhoteredzo yokumba yakaita rutivi runokosha mune zvakaitika. Kuchengeta vana, kutya kuvasiya vasina chokurarama nacho kwakamanikidza Fedor Ivanovich kubvuma nzendo dzisingaperi. Mwanasikana mukuru Irina akasara kugara muMoscow nemurume wake naamai, Paula Ignatievna Tornagi-Chaliapina. Vamwe vana kubva kumuchato wekutanga - Lydia, Boris, Fedor, Tatyana - uye vana kubva kumuchato wechipiri - Marina, Marita, Dassia nevana vaMaria Valentinovna (mudzimai wechipiri), Edward naStella, vaigara navo muParis. Chaliapin ainyanya kudada nemwanakomana wake Boris, uyo, maererano naN. Benois, akawana "kubudirira kukuru semufananidzo wemamiriro ezvinhu uye mufananidzo." Fyodor Ivanovich nechido akakumbira mwanakomana wake; mapikicha uye zvidhori zvababa vake zvakagadzirwa naBoris "zviyeuchidzo zvisingakoshi kumuimbi mukuru ...".

Mune imwe nyika, muimbi aifarira kubudirira nguva dzose, achifamba munenge nyika dzose dzepasi - muEngland, America, Canada, China, Japan, uye Hawaiian Islands. Kubva muna 1930, Chaliapin akaita mukambani yeRussia Opera, iyo mitambo yakanga yakakurumbira nokuda kwepamusoro-soro yetsika. Iyo operas Mermaid, Boris Godunov, uye Prince Igor vakanyanya kubudirira muParis. Muna 1935, Chaliapin akasarudzwa kuva nhengo yeRoyal Academy of Music (pamwe chete naA. Toscanini) uye akapiwa dhipuroma rezvidzidzo. Chaliapin's repertoire yaisanganisira zvikamu makumi manomwe. Mumitambo yevanyori veRussia, akasika mifananidzo yaMelnik (Mermaid), Ivan Susanin (Ivan Susanin), Boris Godunov naVarlaam (Boris Godunov), Ivan the Terrible (Musikana wePskov) nevamwe vakawanda, vasingaenzaniswi musimba nechokwadi che. hupenyu. . Pakati peakanakisa mabasa muWestern European opera ndiMephistopheles (Faust uye Mephistopheles), Don Basilio (The Barber of Seville), Leporello (Don Giovanni), Don Quixote (Don Quixote). Zvakangofanana nehukuru hwaChaliapin mukamuri rekuita kwezwi. Pano akaunza chimwe chinhu chemitambo uye akagadzira rudzi rwe "romance theatre". Repertoire yake yaisanganisira nziyo dzinosvika mazana mana, dzerudo uye mamwe marudzi ekamuri uye mimhanzi yezwi. Pakati pehunyanzvi hwekuita hunyanzvi pane "Bloch", "Forgotten", "Trepak" naMussorgsky, "Night Wongororo" naGlinka, "Prophet" naRimsky-Korsakov, "Grenadiers maviri" naR. Schumann, "Double" naF. Schubert, pamwe chete nenziyo dzechiRussia "Farewell, joy", "Havatauri Masha kuti aende mhiri kwerwizi", "Nemhaka yechitsuwa kusvika pakati".

Mumakore ekuma20 nekuma30 akaita zvinyorwa zvinenge mazana matatu. "Ndinoda zvinyorwa zvegiramufoni ..." Fedor Ivanovich akareurura. "Ndiri kufara uye kunakidzwa nepfungwa yekuti maikorofoni inomiririra kwete chero vateereri, asi mamirioni evateereri." Muimbi uyu aive akasarudzika nezvezvakarekodhwa, pakati pezvaanofarira kurekodha kweMassenet's "Elegy", nziyo dzechiRussian folk, dzaakaisa muzvirongwa zvekonzati yake muhupenyu hwake hwese hwekusika. Maererano nekurangarira kwaAsafiev, "mweya mukuru, une simba, usingadzivisiki wemuimbi mukuru wakazadza rwiyo, uye, rwakanzwika, pakanga pasina muganho kuminda uye nhanho dzeAmai vedu."

Musi wa24 Nyamavhuvhu 1927, Council of People's Commissars inotora chisungo chekutorera Chaliapin zita rePeople's Artist. Gorky aisatenda mukukwanisa kubvisa zita rePeople's Artist kubva kuChaliapin, iro rakanga ratove nerunyerekupe muchirimo cha1927: richaita. Nekudaro, muchokwadi, zvese zvakaitika zvakasiyana, kwete nenzira yaifungidzirwa naGorky ...

Achitaura pamusoro pechisarudzo cheCouncil of People's Commissars, AV Lunacharsky akaramba zvachose mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, akati "chikonzero chega chekutorera Chaliapin zita racho kwaive kusindimara kwekusada kuuya kwechinguva chidiki kunyika yekwake uye nehunyanzvi hwekushandira nyika. vanhu chaizvo vane muimbi waakaziviswa. ”…

Zvisinei, muUSSR havana kusiya kuedza kudzokera Chaliapin. Mumatsutso a1928, Gorky akanyorera Fyodor Ivanovich kubva kuSorrento kuti: “Vanoti uchaimba muRoma? ndichauya kuzoteerera. Vanoda chaizvo kukuteererai muMoscow. Stalin, Voroshilov nevamwe vakandiudza izvi. Kunyange "dombo" muCrimea uye imwe pfuma yaizodzorerwa kwauri.

Musangano muRoma wakaitwa muna April 1929. Chaliapin akaimba "Boris Godunov" nekubudirira kukuru. Mushure memutambo, takaungana paLibrary tavern. “Munhu wose akanga ari mumood yakanaka kwazvo. Alexei Maksimovich naMaxim vakaudza zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonakidza nezveSoviet Union, vakapindura mibvunzo yakawanda, mukupedzisa, Alexei Maksimovich akaudza Fedor Ivanovich: "Enda kumba, utarise kuvakwa kwehupenyu hutsva, kune vanhu vatsva, kufarira kwavo. wakakura, uchiona kuti uchada kugara ipapo, ndine chokwadi. Muroora wemunyori NA Peshkova anoenderera mberi achiti: "Maria Valentinovna, uyo akanga achiteerera akanyarara, akangoerekana ataura zvakasimba, achitendeukira kuna Fyodor Ivanovich:" Iwe uchaenda kuSoviet Union chete pamusoro pechitunha changu. Vanhu vese vakabva vanzwa kupera simba, vakabva vagadzirira kuenda kumba kwavo. Chaliapin uye Gorky havana kusangana zvakare.

Kure nekumba, kuChaliapin, misangano nevaRussia yainyanya kudiwa - Korovin, Rachmaninov, Anna Pavlova. Chaliapin aizivana naToti Dal Monte, Maurice Ravel, Charlie Chaplin, Herbert Wells. Muna 1932, Fedor Ivanovich ane nyeredzi mufirimu Don Quixote maererano nemukuru weGermany Georg Pabst. Firimu racho raifarirwa neveruzhinji. Nechekare mumakore ake akaderera, Chaliapin aida Russia, zvishoma nezvishoma akarasikirwa nemufaro uye tariro, haana kuimba itsva opera zvikamu, uye akatanga kurwara kazhinji. Muna May 1937, vanachiremba vakawana kuti aiva neleukemia. Musi waApril 12, 1938, muimbi mukuru akafa muParis.

Kusvikira pakuguma kwehupenyu hwake, Chaliapin akaramba ari mugari weRussia - haana kugamuchira ugari hwekune dzimwe nyika, akarota kuvigwa munyika yake. Chishuvo chake chakaitika, madota emuimbi akaendeswa kuMoscow uye musi waOctober 29, 1984 vakavigwa kumakuva eNovodevichy.