Franz Lehár |

Franz Lehár

Hungarian munyori uye conductor. Mwanakomana wemunyori uye mutungamiriri weboka remauto. Lehar akapinda (kubvira 1880) National Music School muBudapest semudzidzi wechikoro chesekondari. Muna 1882-88 akadzidza violin naA. Bennewitz paPrague Conservatory, uye zvidzidzo zvedzidziso naJB Förster. Akatanga kunyora mimhanzi mumakore ake emudzidzi. Nziyo dzekutanga dzaLehar dzakawana mvumo yaA. Dvorak naI. Brahms. Kubva 1888 akashanda semuridzi weviolinist-anoperekedza orchestra yeunited theatre muBarmen-Elberfeld, ipapo muVienna. Kudzokera kunyika yake, kubva 1890 akashanda sebhendi mumapoka akasiyana-siyana ehondo. Akanyora nziyo dzakawanda, kutamba uye kufora (kusanganisira kufora kwakakurumbira kwakatsaurirwa kubhokisi uye waltz "Gold neSilver"). Akawana mukurumbira mushure mekuita muLeipzig muna 1896 iyo opera "Cuckoo" (yakatumidzwa zita regamba; kubva kuhupenyu hweRussia panguva yaNicholas I; mune yechipiri edition - "Tatiana"). Kubva 2 aive regimental bandmaster muVienna, kubva 1899 aive wechipiri conductor weTheatre an der Wien. Kuratidzwa kweoperetta "Vakadzi veViennese" munhandare iyi yakatanga "Viennese" - nguva huru yebasa raLehar.

Akanyora pamusoro pe30 operettas, pakati pavo The Merry Widow, The Count of Luxembourg, uye Gypsy Love ndivo vakanyanya kubudirira. Mabasa akanakisa aLehar anoratidzirwa nehunyanzvi hwekusanganisa mataurirwo eAustria, Serbian, Slovak nedzimwe nziyo nekutamba ("The Basket Weaver" - "Der Rastelbinder", 1902) nenziyo dzeHungarian szardas, Hungarian neTyrolean nziyo. Mamwe maoperetta aLehar anosanganisa madhanzi emazuvano ekuAmerica, macancan nemawaltze eViennese; mune akati wandei operettas, nziyo dzakavakirwa pamaimbiro echiRomanian, chiItalian, chiFrench, nziyo dzechiSpanish dzechiSpanish, pamwe nemitambo yekutamba yePoland ("Blue Mazurka"); mamwe "Slavicisms" anosanganawo (mu opera "The Cuckoo", mu "Dances of the Blue Marquise", operettas "The Merry Widow" uye "The Tsarevich").

Nekudaro, basa raLehar rakavakirwa pamanzwi echiHungary uye rhythms. Nziyo dzaLehár dziri nyore kurangarira, dziri kupinda mukati, dzinoratidzwa ne “kunzwisisa”, asi hadzipfuurire kunaka. Nzvimbo yepakati muLehar's operettas inogarwa newaltz, zvisinei, mukusiyana neakareruka mazwi ewaltzes eiyo classical Viennese operetta, maLehar's waltzes anoratidzwa nekutya pulsation. Lehar akawana nzira itsva dzekutaura dzeoperettas dzake, akakurumidza kuziva matambiro matsva (nemazuva eoperettas munhu anogona kutanga kutaridzika kwemitambo yakasiyana-siyana muEurope). Mazhinji operettas Legar akadzokorora kakawanda, akagadziridza libretto nemutauro wemimhanzi, uye vakaenda mumakore akasiyana mumitambo yakasiyana-siyana pasi pemazita akasiyana.

Lehar akabatanidza kukosha kukuru kune orchestration, yaiwanzounza zviridzwa zvechivanhu, zvinosanganisira. balalaika, mandolin, makandira, tarogato kusimbisa kunakidza kwenyika yemimhanzi. Chiridzwa chake chinoshamisa, chakapfuma uye chine mavara; pesvedzero yaG. Puccini, uyo Lehar aiva noushamwari hukuru, kazhinji inobata; hunhu hwakafanana neverismo, zvichingodaro, zvakare hunoonekwa muzvikamu uye mavara emamwe magamba (somuenzaniso, Evha anobva kuoperetta "Eve" ari nyore mushandi wefekitori uyo muridzi wefekitari yegirazi anowira murudo).

Basa raLehar rakanyanya kutsanangura maitiro eiyo itsva Viennese operetta, umo nzvimbo yekutyisa satirical buffoonery yakatorwa nemazuva ese emumhanzi mumhanzi uye mutambo wenziyo, uine zvinhu zvekunzwa. Mukuedza kuunza operetta pedyo neopera, Legar inowedzera kukakavara kukuru, inovandudza nhamba dzemimhanzi kusvika kumafomu ekushanda, uye inoshandisa zvakanyanya leitmotifs ("Pakupedzisira, ndega!", nezvimwewo). Aya maficha, ayo akange atotsanangurwa muGypsy Love, ainyanya kuoneka muoperettas Paganini (1925, Vienna; Lehar pachake akafunga kuti ane rudo), The Tsarevich (1925), Frederick (1928), Giuditta (1934) Vatsoropodzi vemazuva ano vanonzi Lehár's lyrical. operettas "legariades". Lehar pachake akadana wake "Friederike" (kubva kuhupenyu hwaGoethe, ane nhamba dzemimhanzi kuenda kunhetembo dzake) singspiel.

Sh. Kallosh

Ferenc (Franz) Lehar akaberekwa muna Kubvumbi 30, 1870 mutaundi reHungary reKommorne mumhuri yemukuru wemauto. Mushure mekupedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory muPrague uye makore akati wandei ebasa semutambi wemitambo yemitambo uye muimbi wemauto, akazove kondakita weVienna Theatre An der Wien (1902). Kubva pamakore ake emudzidzi, Legar haasiye pfungwa yemunda wemunyori. Anonyora waltzes, march, nziyo, sonatas, violin concertos, asi kupfuura zvose anokwezvwa nemitambo yemitambo. Basa rake rekutanga remumhanzi uye rinoshamisa raive opera Cuckoo (1896) yakavakirwa panhau kubva kuhupenyu hwevakatapwa vekuRussia, yakagadziridzwa mumweya wedhiramu rechokwadi. Mimhanzi ye "Cuckoo" ine melodic yepakutanga uye melancholic Slavic toni yakakwezva kutarisa kwaV. Leon, munyori wepamusoro anozivikanwa uye mutungamiriri weVienna Karl-Theatre. Basa rekutanga rakabatanidzwa raLehar naLeon - iyo operetta "Reshetnik" (1902) muchimiro cheSlovakia folk comedy uye operetta "Vakadzi veViennese" yakaitwa panguva imwe chete nayo, yakaunza munyori mukurumbira semugari wenhaka kuna Johann Strauss.

Sekureva kwaLegar, akauya kune imwe genre nyowani, asingazivi zvachose. Asi kusaziva kwakashanduka kuva bhenefiti: "Ndakakwanisa kugadzira yangu nzira ye operetta," munyori akadaro. Iyi nzira yakawanikwa muThe Merry Widow (1905) kune libretto naV. Leon naL. Stein zvichibva pamutambo waA. Melyak "Attache of the Embassy". Iyo itsva yeChirikadzi Merry inosanganiswa nerutsigiro uye inoshamisa dudziro yerudzi, kudzika kwevatambi, uye kurudziro yepfungwa yechiito. Legar anoti: “Ndinofunga kuti operetta inotamba haikoshesi veruzhinji vanhasi … <...> Chinangwa changu ndechekusimudzira operetta.” Basa idzva mumutambo wemimhanzi rinowanikwa nekutamba, iyo inokwanisa kutsiva chirevo chega kana chiitiko che duet. Pakupedzisira, nzira itsva dzemanyorero dzinokwezva kutarisa - runako rwemamelos, inonakidza orchestral mhedzisiro (sekunge glissando yembira inopeta kaviri mutsara wenyere kuita chetatu), iyo, maererano nevatsoropodzi, inofananidzira opera uye symphony yemazuva ano, asi hapana nzira operetta mutauro wemimhanzi.

Misimboti yakatanga muThe Merry Widow inogadzirwa mumabasa anotevera naLehar. Kubva 1909 kusvika 1914, akagadzira mabasa aiumba makirasi emhando. Anonyanya kukosha ndeaya The Princely Child (1909), The Count of Luxembourg (1909), Gypsy Love (1910), Eva (1911), Ari Ega Pakupedzisira! (1914). Mumatatu avo ekutanga, rudzi rweNeo-Viennese operetta yakagadzirwa naLehar inozogadziriswa. Kutanga neThe Count of Luxembourg, mabasa evatambi anotangwa, maitiro ehunhu ekusiyanisa chiyero chezvirongwa zvemumhanzi wechirongwa chedramaturgy - lyrical-dramatic, cascading uye farcical - inoumbwa. Dingindira riri kuwedzera, uye pamwe naro iro renyika palette rinopfumiswa: "Princely Mwana", uko, maererano nechirongwa, kunhuhwirira kweBalkan kunotsanangurwa, kunosanganisirawo zvinhu zvemumhanzi weAmerica; mhepo yeViennese-Parisian yeThe Count of Luxembourg inotora pendi yeSlavic (pakati pezvinyorwa ndeyeRussia aristocrats); Gypsy Love ndiyo yekutanga yaLehar ye "Hungarian" operetta.

Mumabasa maviri emakore aya, maitiro anotsanangurwa akanyanya kuratidzwa gare gare, munguva yekupedzisira yebasa raLehar. "Gypsy Love", kune ese anojairwa emumhanzi wake dramaturgy, inopa dudziro isina kujeka yevatambi uye mapoinzi ehurongwa zvekuti dhigirii remakonisheni rinowanikwa muoperetta rinoshanduka kusvika pamwero wakati. Lehar anosimbisa izvi nekupa zvibodzwa zvake zita rakakosha rerudzi - "romantic operetta". Kufambidzana neaesthetics yerudo opera inotonyanya kuoneka mune operetta "Pakupedzisira Ndega!". Kutsauka kubva kumhando dzekanoni kunotungamira pano kune kusati kwamboitika shanduko muchimiro chechimiro: chese chechipiri chiito chebasa chiitiko chakakura cheduet, chisina zviitiko, chinodzikira mukukura kwekukura, kuzere nekunzwa-kurangarira manzwiro. Chiito chacho chinopesana nechekumashure kwenzvimbo yealpine, nhongonya dzemakomo dzakafukidzwa nesinou, uye mukuumbwa kwechiito, zvikamu zvezwi zvinochinjana nezvinoyevedza uye zvinotsanangura zvimedu zvesymphonic. Contemporary Lehar vatsoropodzi vakadana basa iri "Tristan" ye operetta.

Pakati pemakore ekuma1920, nguva yekupedzisira yebasa remunyori yakatanga, ichiguma naGiuditta, iyo yakaitwa muna 1934. (Chaizvoizvo, basa rekupedzisira raLehar remumhanzi nepasiteji raive opera The Wandering Singer, kugadziridzwazve kweoperetta Gypsy Love, kwakaitwa muna 1943 nekuraira kweBudapest Opera House.)

Lehár akafa muna Gumiguru 20, 1948.

Lehar's late operettas inotungamira kure neiyo modhi yaakamboita iye pachake. Hapasisina magumo anofadza, kutanga kwecomedic kwave kuda kubviswa. Nemhando yavo yemhando, aya haasi makomedhi, asi erudo madhirama enziyo. Uye mumhanzi, vanokwevera vakananga kuimba yechirongwa chekuvhiya. Mavambo emabasa aya akakura zvekuti vakagamuchira yakasarudzika mhando mumabhuku - "legariads". Izvi zvinosanganisira "Paganini" (1925), "Tsarevich" (1927) - operetta inotaura pamusoro penhamo yemwanakomana waPeter I, Tsarevich Alexei, "Friederik" (1928) - pamwoyo wezano rayo rudo. weGoethe mudiki wemwanasikana weSesenheim mufundisi Friederike Brion , iyo "Chinese" operetta "Nyika Yekunyemwerera" (1929) yakavakirwa papakutanga Leharov's "Yellow Jacket", iyo "Spanish" "Giuditta", iri kure prototype ye iyo inogona kushanda sa "Carmen". Asi kana iyo nzira inoshamisa yeThe Merry Widow naLehar akazotevera ma1910s ikava, mumashoko erudzi rwemunyori wenhoroondo B. Grun, "nzira yekubudirira kwetsika yese yedanho", ipapo kuyedza kwaLehar hakuna kuenderera mberi. . Vakazove rudzi rwekuedza; ivo vanoshaya iyo aesthetic balance mumubatanidzwa we heterogeneous zvinhu izvo zvisikwa zvake zvechinyakare zvakapihwa nazvo.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Zvinyorwa:

dhanzi -Cuckoo (1896, Leipzig; pasi pezita rekuti Tatiana, 1905, Brno), operetta – Viennese vakadzi (Wiener Frauen, 1902, Vienna), Comic wedding (Die Juxheirat, 1904, Vienna), Merry chirikadzi (Die lustige Witwe, 1905, Vienna, 1906, St. Petersburg, 1935, Leningrad), Murume ane vakadzi vatatu ( Der Mann mit den drei Frauen, Vienna, 1908), Count of Luxembourg (Der Graf von Luxemburg, 1909, Vienna, 1909; St. Petersburg, 1923, Leningrad), Gypsy Love (Zigeunerliebe, 1910, Vienna, 1935, Moscow; , Budapest), Eva (1943, Vienna, 1911, St. Petersburg), Ideal wife (Die ideale Gattin, 1912, Vienna, 1913, Moscow), Pakupedzisira, ndega! (Endlich allein, 1923, 1914nd edition How beautiful the world! – Schön ist die Welt!, 2, Vienna), Where the lark singt (Wo die Lerche singt, 1930, Vienna and Budapest, 1918, Moscow), Blue Mazurka (Die blaue Mazur, 1923, Vienna, 1920, Leningrad), Tango Queen (Die Tangokönigin, 1925, Vienna), Frasquita (1921, Vienna), Yellow jacket (Die gelbe Jacke, 1922, Vienna, 1923, Leningrad Land, ine libreland itsva. zveSmiles – Das Land des Lächelns, 1925, Berlin), zvichingodaro, singshpils, operettas evana; yeorchestra - kutamba, kufora, 2 concertos yeviolin uye orchestra, nhetembo ye symphonic yezwi uye orchestra Fever (Fieber, 1917), zvepiyano - mitambo, nziyo, mimhanzi yemitambo yemitambo yemitambo.