Ferruccio Busoni |

Ferruccio Busoni

Busoni ndomumwe wemahofori enhoroondo yenyika yepiyano, muimbi ane hunhu hwakajeka uye zvishuvo zvekugadzira zvakafara. Muimbi akabatanidza maficha e "ekupedzisira maMohicans" ehunyanzvi hwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye muoni akashinga wenzira dzemberi dzekuvandudza tsika yehunyanzvi.

Ferruccio Benvenuto Busoni akaberekwa musi waApril 1, 1866 kuchamhembe kweItaly, munharaunda yeTuscan muguta reEmpoli. Akanga ari oga mwanakomana weItaly clarinetist Ferdinando Busoni uye pianist Anna Weiss, amai veItaly uye baba veGermany. Vabereki vomukomana vaiita mabasa emakonti uye vairarama upenyu hwokudzungaira, uhwo mwana aifanira kugoverana.

Baba vaive mudzidzisi wekutanga uye akasarudzika weiyo ramangwana virtuoso. "Baba vangu vainzwisisa zvishoma pakuridza piyano uye, pamusoro pezvo, vakanga vasina kugadzikana mumutinhimira, asi vakatsiva zvikanganiso izvi nesimba risingatsananguriki zvachose, kusimba uye kumhanyisa. Aikwanisa kugara pedyo neni kwemaawa mana pazuva, achidzora chinyorwa chiri chose nechigunwe chiri chose. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kwaisagona kuva nomubvunzo wokuregeredza kupi nokupi, kuzorora, kana kuti kusava nehanya kuduku kwaari. Kumira chete kwaikonzerwa nekuputika kwehunhu hwake husinganzwisisike, huchiteverwa nekunyomba, huporofita hwakasviba, kutyisidzira, mbama uye misodzi yakawanda.

Zvese izvi zvakapera nekutendeuka, kunyaradzwa kwababa uye nekundivimbisa kuti zvakanaka chete ndizvo zvaidiwa kwandiri, mangwana acho zvakatanga patsva. Kutungamira Ferruccio kunzira yeMozartian, baba vake vakamanikidza mukomana ane makore manomwe kuti atange mitambo yeruzhinji. Zvakaitika muna 1873 muTrieste. Musi waFebruary 8, 1876, Ferruccio akapa konzati yake yekutanga yakazvimirira muVienna.

Mazuva mashanu gare gare, ongororo yakadzama naEduard Hanslick yakaonekwa muNeue Freie Presse. Mutsoropodzi weAustria akacherekedza “kubudirira kunoshamisa” uye “mano anoshamisa” zvomukomana, zvichimusiyanisa neboka re“vana vechishamiso” ivavo “vanoguma nechishamiso pauduku.” “Kwenguva refu,” muongorori akanyora kudaro, “hapana mwana mudiki akamutsa tsitsi dzakadai seFerruccio Busoni. Uye chaizvo nekuti mune mwana mudiki ane hunyanzvi maari uye, zvakasiyana, muimbi akanaka… tempo chaiyo, matauriro akanaka ari kwese kwese, mweya wemutinhimira unobatwa, manzwi anosiyaniswa zvakajeka muzvikamu zvepolyphonic ... "

Mutsoropodzi akacherekedzawo “unhu hwakakomba hunoshamisa uye hune ushingi” hwokuedza kwokuumba konzati, uko, pamwe chete nefungidziro yake ye“mifananidzo inozadzwa noupenyu namanomano maduku omubatanidzwa,” yakapupurira “fundo yorudo yaBach”; iyo yemahara fantasy, iyo Ferruccio akavandudza kupfuura chirongwa, "kunyanya mumhepo yekutevedzera kana yekupokana" yaisiyaniswa neayo maficha, pamisoro yakatsanangurwa nekukurumidza nemunyori weongororo.

Pashure pokudzidza naW. Mayer-Remy, mutambi wepiyano muduku akatanga kushanya zvikuru. Mugore regumi neshanu rehupenyu hwake, akasarudzwa kuenda kune yakakurumbira Philharmonic Academy muBologna. Mushure mekubudirira kupasa bvunzo yakaoma kwazvo, muna 1881 akazova nhengo yeBologna Academy - nyaya yekutanga mushure meMozart kuti zita iri rekuremekedza rakapihwa achiri mudiki.

Panguva imwecheteyo, akanyora zvakawanda, akabudisa zvinyorwa mumapepanhau akasiyana-siyana nemagazini.

Panguva iyoyo, Busoni akanga asiya musha wake wevabereki ndokunogara kuLeipzig. Zvakanga zvisiri nyore kuti agare ikoko. Heino imwe yetsamba dzake:

“… Zvokudya, kwete zvemhando yepamusoro chete, asiwo muhuwandu, zvinosiya zvakawanda zvinoshuviwa … Bechstein wangu akasvika rimwe zuva, uye mangwanani akatevera ndaifanira kupa mutarisiri wangu wekupedzisira kuvaridzi vemikova. Husiku hwakapfuura, ndakanga ndichifamba mumugwagwa uye ndakasangana naSchwalm (muridzi weimba yekudhinda - munyori), wandakamisa pakarepo: "Tora zvinyorwa zvangu - ndinoda mari." "Ini handikwanise kuita izvi izvozvi, asi kana mukabvuma kundinyorera kafungidziro kadiki paThe Barber yeBaghdad, mozouya kwandiri mangwanani, ndichakupai mamakisi makumi mashanu pamberi uye mamaki zana mushure mekunge basa rapera. vakagadzirira.” - "Chibvumirano!" Uye takaonekana. "

MuLeipzig, Tchaikovsky akaratidza kufarira mumabasa ake, achifanotaura ramangwana rakanaka kune waaishanda naye ane makore makumi maviri nemaviri.

Muna 1889, atamira kuHelsingfors, Busoni akasangana nemwanasikana wemuvezi weSweden, Gerda Shestrand. Kwapera gore, akava mudzimai wake.

Chiitiko chakakosha muhupenyu hwaBusoni chaive 1890, paakatora chikamu muFirst International Competition yePianists uye Vanyori vakatumidzwa zita reRubinstein. Mubairo mumwe wakapihwa muchikamu chimwe nechimwe. Uye munyori wenziyo Busoni akakwanisa kumukunda. Zvinotonyanya kushamisa kuti mubairo pakati pevaimbi vepiyano wakapihwa kuna N. Dubasov, ane zita rakazorasika murukova rwevatambi… Zvisinei neizvi, Busoni akakurumidza kuva purofesa paMoscow Conservatory, kwaakakurudzirwa naAnton Rubinstein. pachake.

Zvinosuruvarisa, mutungamiriri weMoscow Conservatory VI Safonov haana kufarira muimbi weItaly. Izvi zvakamanikidza Busoni kuti aende kuUnited States muna 1891. Ikoko ndiko kwakaitika shanduko maari, mhedzisiro yacho yaive kuzvarwa kweBusoni mutsva - muimbi mukuru akashamisa nyika uye akagadzira nguva mu nhoroondo ye pianistic art.

Sokunyora kunoita AD Alekseev: “Kuridza piyano kwaBusoni kwakachinja zvikuru. Pakutanga, matambiro emudiki virtuoso aive nehunhu hwehunyanzvi hwerudo, hwakarurama, asi hapana chainyanyo shamisa. Muhafu yekutanga ye1890s, Busoni akachinja zvinoshamisa nzvimbo dzake dzekunaka. Anova mupanduki wemifananidzo, akazvidza tsika dzakaora, mutsigiri wekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi ... "

Kubudirira kukuru kwekutanga kwakauya kuBusoni muna 1898, mushure meBerlin Cycle yake, yakatsaurirwa ku "nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwepiyano concerto". Mushure mekuridza mumitambo yemimhanzi, vakatanga kutaura nezvenyeredzi itsva yakanga yasimuka mumhepo yepiyano. Kubva panguva iyoyo, chiitiko chekonzati chaBusoni chakawana nzvimbo yakakura.

Mukurumbira wepiyano wakawedzera uye wakabvumidzwa nenzendo dzakawanda dzekonzati kumaguta akasiyana-siyana muGermany, Italy, France, England, Canada, USA nedzimwe nyika. Muna 1912 na1913, pashure pokumbozorora kwenguva refu, Busoni akaonekazve pamatanho eSt.

“Kana mukuridza kwaHoffmann ndakashamiswa nounyengeri hwokudhirowa kwenziyo, kujeka kwounyanzvi uye kururama kwokutevera mashoko acho,” anonyora kudaro MN Barinova, “mumutambo waBusoni ndainzwa kudiwa kwounyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu. Mukuita kwake, hurongwa hwekutanga, hwechipiri, hwechitatu hwakanga hwakajeka, kusvika kumutsara wakatetepa kwazvo wepadenga nemhute yakavanza mitsetse. Iyo yakanyanya kusiyanisa mimvuri yepiyano yaive, sekunge, madhiri, pamwe chete neayo ese ma shades e forte aiita seanozorodza. Makanga muri muurongwa uhu hwechivezwa umo Busoni akaita “Sposalizio”, “II penseroso” uye “Canzonetta del Salvator Rosa” kubva mu“Gore Rokudzungaira” rechipiri raLiszt.

“Sposalizio” akanzwika akadzikama, achidzokorora pamberi pevateereri mufananidzo wakafemerwa waRaphael. Octaves mubasa iri rakaitwa naBusoni akanga asiri ehunhu hwakanaka. Dandemutande rakatetepa rejira repolyphonic rakaunzwa kune yakanakisa, velvety pianissimo. Zvikamu zvakakura, zvakasiyana hazvina kukanganisa kubatana kwemafungiro kwesekondi.

Iyi yaive misangano yekupedzisira yevateereri veRussia nemuimbi mukuru. Nenguva isipi Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga yakatanga, uye Busoni haana kuuya kuRussia zvakare.

Simba remurume uyu rakanga risina magumo. Pakutanga kwezana remakore, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akaronga "madekwana eorchestra" muBerlin, umo mabasa mazhinji matsva uye asingawanzoitwa naRimsky-Korsakov, Franck, Saint-Saens, Fauré, Debussy, Sibelius, Bartok, Nielsen, Sindinga. , Isaya…

Akanyanya kukoshesa kuumbwa. Rondedzero yemabasa ake yakakura kwazvo uye inosanganisira mabasa emhando dzakasiyana.

Vechidiki vane tarenda vakaungana vakatenderedza maestro anozivikanwa. Mumaguta akasiyana-siyana, akadzidzisa zvidzidzo zvepiyano uye akadzidzisa munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu. Mazana evatambi vekirasi yekutanga vakadzidza naye, kusanganisira E. Petri, M. Zadora, I. Turchinsky, D. Tagliapetra, G. Beklemishev, L. Grunberg nevamwe.

Mabhuku akawanda aBusoni akazvipira kumumhanzi uye chiridzwa chaanofarira, piyano, haana kurasikirwa nekukosha kwazvo.

Zvisinei, panguva imwecheteyo, Busoni akanyora peji inonyanya kukosha munhoroondo yenyika pianism. Panguva imwecheteyo, tarenda raEugene d'Albert rakapenya pamatanho emakonti naye. Achienzanisa vaimbi vaviri ava, mutambi wepiyano akatanhamara wokuGermany W. Kempf akanyora, kuti: “Chokwadi, kwakanga kune unopfuura museve mumwe mugoba ra d’Albert: iyi n’anga huru yepiyano yakadzimawo chishuvo chayo nokuda kwezvinoshamisa mundima yeopera. Asi, ndichimuenzanisa nemufananidzo weItalo-German Busoni, inofananidzira kukosha kwezvose zviri zviviri, ndinopa zvikero ndichifarira Busoni, muimbi asingaenzaniswi zvachose. D'Albert papiyano akapa fungidziro yesimba rekutanga rakadonha semheni, richiperekedzwa nekurova kukuru kwebhanan'ana, pamisoro yevateereri vakashamiswa nekushamisika. Bhusoni aive akasiyana zvachose. Akanga ariwo wizard yepiyano. Asi haana kugutsikana nechokwadi chokuti, nokuda kwenzeve yake isingaenzaniswi, kusakanganisa kunoshamisa kwehunyanzvi uye ruzivo rwakakura, akasiya chiratidzo chake pamabasa aakaita. Vose vari vaviri semuimbi wepiyano uye somunyori wenziyo, akakwezvwa zvikuru nenzira dzisati dzatsikwa, kuvapo kwadzo kwaifungidzirwa kwakamukwezva zvikuru zvokuti, mukurirwa nechishuvo chake, akaenda kundotsvaka nyika itsva. Nepo d'Albert, mwanakomana chaiye wezvakasikwa, akanga asingazivi nezvezvinetso chero zvipi zvazvo, nomumwe “muturikiri” uya ane huchenjeri hwemabasa ounyanzvi (mushanduri, nenzira, kupinda mumutauro wakaoma zvikuru pane dzimwe nguva), kubva kumabhawa okutanga iwe. wakanzwa uchiendeswa kunyika yepfungwa dzine mavambo emweya zvikuru. Zvinonzwisisika, naizvozvo, kuti kuona kwepamusoro - kwakawanda, pasina kupokana - chikamu cheruzhinji chakayemura chete kukwana kwakakwana kwehunyanzvi hwatenzi. Uko unyanzvi uhwu husina kuzviratidza, nyanzvi yakatonga iri yoga yakaisvonaka, yakafukidzwa nemhepo yakachena, yakajeka, samwari ari kure, uyo haakwanisi kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa paari, zvishuvo uye kutambura kwevanhu.

Kunyanya muimbi - mupfungwa yechokwadi yeshoko - kupfuura mamwe maartist enguva yake, hazvina kuitika kuti akatora dambudziko raFaust nenzira yake. Haana here iye pachake dzimwe nguva akapa fungidziro yeimwe Faust, akatamiswa nerubatsiro rwemashiripiti formula kubva pakudzidza kwake kusvika pachikuva, uyezve, kwete kukwegura Faust, asi mukubwinya kwese kwerunako rwake rwemurume? Nekuti kubva panguva yaLiszt - iyo yepamusoro peak - ndianizve aigona kukwikwidza papiyano nemuimbi uyu? Chiso chake, chimiro chake chinofadza, chakatakura chitambi chezvaishamisa. Zvechokwadi, kusanganiswa kweItaly neGermany, iyo yakamboedzwa kakawanda kuti iitwe nerubatsiro rwekunze nechisimba nzira, inowanikwa mairi, nenyasha dzevamwari, kutaura kwayo kunorarama.

Alekseev anocherekedza tarenda raBusoni seanovandudza: "Busoni akadzivirira rusununguko rwekugadzira rwemuturikiri, achitenda kuti notation iyi yaiitirwa chete "kugadzirisa kuvandudzwa" uye kuti mutambi anofanira kuzvisunungura kubva ku "fossil yezviratidzo", "vaise. mukufamba”. Mukuita kwake kwekonzati, aigara achichinja zvinyorwa zvenziyo, achidziridza zvakanyanya mushanduro yake.

Busoni aive munhu akasarudzika akaenderera mberi nekuvandudza tsika dzeLiszt's virtuoso coloristic pianism. Aine zvakaenzana marudzi ese ehunyanzvi hwepiyano, akashamisa vateereri nekupenya kwekuita, kudzingirirwa kupera uye simba rekurira kwemunwe ndima, manotsi maviri uye octave nekumhanya kwakanyanya. Chakanyanya kukwezva kutarisa kwaive kupenya kunoshamisa kwepalette yake yeruzha, iyo yaiita seyaitora kurira kwakanyanya kweiyo symphony orchestra neogani ... "

MN Barinova, akashanyira mutambi mukuru wepiyano pamusha paBerlin Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga isati yatanga, anoyeuka kuti: “Busoni akanga ari munhu akadzidza zvakasiyana-siyana. Aiziva mabhuku zvakanyanya, aive nyanzvi yemimhanzi uye nyanzvi yemitauro, nyanzvi yehunyanzvi, munyori wenhoroondo uye muzivi. Ndinoyeuka kuti dzimwe nyanzvi dzemutauro wechiSpanish dzakambouya sei kwaari kuzogadzirisa gakava ravo pamusoro pezvakasiyana zveimwe yemitauro yeSpanish. Kudzidza kwake kwaive kwakakura. Mumwe aingozvibvunza kuti akaitora kupi nguva yekuwedzera ruzivo rwake.

Ferruccio Busoni akafa musi waChikunguru 27, 1924.