Evgeny Alexandrovich Mravinsky |

Evgeny Mravinsky

People's Artist yeUSSR (1954). Laureate weLenin Prize (1961). Gamba reSocialist Labor (1973).

Hupenyu nebasa remumwe wevakuru vakuru vezana ramakore re1920 zvakabatana zvisingaite neLeningrad. Akakurira mumhuri yemimhanzi, asi mushure mokunge apedza chikoro chebasa (1921) akapinda muchikoro chepamusoro cheLeningrad University. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo, jaya racho rakanga ratobatanidzwa neimba yemitambo. Kudiwa kwekuwana mari kwakamuunza padanho rekare reMariinsky Theatre, kwaakashanda semutambi. Iri basa rinofinha zvikuru, panguva iyi, rakabvumira Mravinsky kuti awedzere maitiro ake eunyanzvi, kuti awane maonero akajeka kubva pakukurukurirana zvakananga nevatenzi vakadai sevaimbi F. Chaliapin, I. Ershov, I. Tartakov, conductors A. Coates, E. Cooper nevamwe. Mukuenderera mberi kwekugadzira, akashandirwa zvakanaka neruzivo rwaakawana paaishanda semupiyano paLeningrad Choreographic School, uko Mravinsky akapinda muna XNUMX. Panguva ino, akanga atosiya yunivhesiti, achisarudza kuzvipira kune unyanzvi hwemimhanzi.

Kuedza kwekutanga kupinda muimba yekuchengetedza hakuna kubudirira. Kuti arege kutambisa nguva, Mravinsky akanyoresa mumakirasi eLeningrad Academic Chapel. Makore emudzidzi akatanga kwaari mugore rakatevera, 1924. Anotora makosi mukuwirirana uye chiridzwa naM. Chernov, polyphony na X. Kushnarev, fomu uye kuumbwa kunoshanda naV. Shcherbachev. Mabasa akati wandei nemunyori wekutanga akazoitwa muImba Diki yeConservatory. Kunyange zvakadaro, Mravinsky anozvitsvaga ari kutozvitsvaga mune imwe nzvimbo - muna 1927 akatanga kuitisa zvidzidzo pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaN. Malko, uye makore maviri gare gare A. Gauk akava mudzidzisi wake.

Achiedza kuvandudza kunoshanda kwehunyanzvi hwekuitisa, Mravinsky akashandisa imwe nguva kushanda neamateur symphony orchestra ye Union of Soviet Trade Employees. Maonero ekutanga eruzhinji neboka iri aisanganisira mabasa evanyori veRussia uye akawana ongororo yakanaka kubva kumapepanhau. Panguva imwecheteyo, Mravinsky aitungamirira chikamu chemimhanzi chechikoro chechoreographic uye akaitisa pano ballet yaGlazunov The Four Seasons. Pamusoro pezvo, aive nehunyanzvi hwekuita maindasitiri paOpera Studio yeConservatory. Chikamu chinotevera chekusimudzira kwekugadzira kwaMravinsky chakabatana nebasa rake paOpera uye Ballet Theatre yakanzi SM Kirov (1931-1938). Pakutanga aive mubatsiri conductor pano, uye gore rakatevera akaita debut yake yakazvimirira. Yaiva musi waSeptember 20, 1932. Mravinsky akaita ballet "Sleeping Beauty" nekubatanidzwa kwaG. Ulanova. Kubudirira kukuru kwekutanga kwakauya kune kondakita, iyo yakasimbiswa nemabasa ake anotevera - mabheti aTchaikovsky "Swan Lake" uye "The Nutcracker", Adana "Le Corsaire" uye "Giselle", B. Asafiev "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" uye " Yakarasika Illusions ". Pakupedzisira, pano vateereri vakazivana chete nekuita opera naMravinsky - "Mazepa" naTchaikovsky. Saka, zvaiita sokuti muimbi ane tarenda pakupedzisira akasarudza nzira yemitambo yemitambo.

The All-Union Competition of Conductors muna 1938 yakavhura peji itsva yakanakisa muhunyanzvi hwekugadzira biography. Panguva ino, Mravinsky akanga atounganidza ruzivo rwakakura mumakonzati e symphony yeLeningrad Philharmonic. Kunyanya kukosha kwaiva kusangana kwake nebasa raD. Shostakovich mukati memakore gumi emimhanzi yeSoviet muna 1937. Zvadaro Fifth Symphony yemunyori akakurumbira yakaitwa kwekutanga. Shostakovich akazonyora kuti: “Ndakasvika pakuziva Mravinsky zvakanyanya munguva yedu yekubatana paFifth Symphony yangu. Ndinofanira kubvuma kuti pakutanga ndakambotya nemaitiro aMravinsky. Zvaiita sekuti ainyanya kunyura muzvinhu zvidiki, akateerera zvakanyanya kune zvimwe zvinhu, uye zvaiita kwandiri sekuti izvi zvaizokanganisa hurongwa hwese, pfungwa yakajairika. Pamusoro pehungwaru hwose, pamusoro pepfungwa dzose, Mravinsky akandiita kubvunzurudza kwechokwadi, achida kubva kwandiri mhinduro kune kusava nechokwadi kwose kwakamuka maari. Asi kare pazuva rechishanu rekushanda pamwe chete, ndakaona kuti nzira iyi ndeyechokwadi. Ndakatanga kutora basa rangu zvakanyanya, ndichiona kuti Mravinsky anoshanda sei. Ndakaona kuti kondakita haafanire kuimba semunhu arikure. Tarenda rinofanira kutanga rasanganiswa nebasa refu uye rinorwadza.

Kuita kwaMravinsky kweFifth Symphony kwaive chimwe chezvakanakisa zvemakwikwi. Mutungamiriri weLeningrad akapiwa mubayiro wekutanga. Chiitiko ichi chakanyanya kutsanangura kuguma kwaMravinsky - akazova mutungamiriri mukuru we symphony orchestra yeLeningrad Philharmonic, ikozvino sangano rakanyatsokodzera republic. Kubva ipapo, pave pasina zviitiko zvinoonekwa zvekunze muhupenyu hwaMravinsky. Gore negore, anorera orchestra inotungamirirwa, achiwedzera nziyo dzayo. Paanenge achikudza hunyanzvi hwake, Mravinsky anopa dudziro dzakanakisa dzemasimphoni aTchaikovsky, anoshanda naBeethoven, Berlioz, Wagner, Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler nevamwe vanyori.

Upenyu hune rugare hweimba yacho hwakakanganiswa muna 1941, apo, nemurairo wehurumende, Leningrad Philharmonic yakaendeswa kumabvazuva uye yakazarura mwaka wayo unotevera muNovosibirsk. Mumakore iwayo, mimhanzi yeRussia yakatora nzvimbo inonyanya kukosha muzvirongwa zvemuitisi. Pamwe chete naTchaikovsky, akaita mabasa naGlinka, Borodin, Glazunov, Lyadov… MuNovosibirsk, Philharmonic yakapa 538 symphony concerts kupindwa nevanhu mazana mana…

Basa rekugadzira raMravinsky rakasvika pakakwirira mushure mokudzoka kweimba yeimba kuLeningrad. Sekare, kondakita anoita paPhilharmonic ane akapfuma uye akasiyana zvirongwa. Muturikiri akanaka kwazvo anowanikwa maari nemabasa akanakisa evanyori veSoviet. Sekureva kwenyanzvi yemimhanzi V. Bogdanov-Berezovsky, "Mravinsky akagadzira maitiro ake ega ega ekutamba, ayo anoratidzwa nekubatana kwepedyo kwemisimboti yepfungwa uye yehungwaru, kurondedzera kwehasha uye pfungwa dzakadzikama dzehurongwa hwese hwekuita, hwakagadziridzwa naMravinsky mu. kuita kwemabasa eSoviet, kukwidziridzwa kwaakapa uye kunopa kutarisisa kwakawanda".

Kududzirwa kwaMravinsky kwakashandiswa kwekutanga nemabasa akawanda nevanyori veSoviet, kusanganisira Prokofiev's Sixth Symphony, A. Khachaturian's Symphony-Nhetembo, uye, pamusoro pezvose, zvisikwa zvinoshamisa zveD. Shostakovich, zvakabatanidzwa muhomwe yegoridhe yemitambo yedu yemimhanzi yekare. Shostakovich akapa Mravinsky kuita kwekutanga kweyechishanu, Yechitanhatu, Yesere (yakatsaurirwa kune conductor), Yepfumbamwe uye yechigumi symphonies, iyo oratorio Rwiyo rweMasango. Ihwo hutsika kuti, achitaura nezveSeventh Symphony, munyori akasimbisa muna 1942: "Munyika yedu, symphony yakaitwa mumaguta akawanda. Muscovites akaiteerera kakawanda pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaS. Samosud. MuFrunze neAlma-Ata, symphony yakaitwa neHurumende Symphony Orchestra, inotungamirirwa naN. Rakhlin. Ndinotenda zvikuru vaitisi veSoviet nevekune dzimwe nyika nokuda kworudo nehanya zvavakaratidza kuimba yangu yokuridza nziyo. Asi zvakanzwika zvakanyanya pedyo neni semunyori, wakaitwa neLeningrad Philharmonic Orchestra inotungamirirwa naEvgeny Mravinsky.

Hapana mubvunzo kuti yaive pasi peutungamiriri hwaMravinsky kuti Leningrad orchestra yakakura ikava yepasirese symphony ensemble. Uyu ndiwo mugumisiro wekushanda nesimba kwemuitisi, chido chake chisingaregi chekutsvaga zvitsva, zvakadzika uye zvakarurama kuverenga kwemabasa emimhanzi. G. Rozhdestvensky anonyora, kuti: “Mravinsky ari kuda zvakaenzana kwaari uye neokhestra. Munguva yekushanya kwakabatana, pandaifanira kunzwa mabasa akafanana kakawanda pane imwe nguva pfupi, ndaigara ndichishamiswa nekugona kwaEvgeny Alexandrovich kusarasikirwa nekunzwa kwekutsva kwavo nekudzokorora kudzokorora. Koniti yega yega ndeyekutanga, pamberi pekonzati zvese zvese zvinofanirwa kudzokororwa. Uye kwakaoma sei dzimwe nguva!

Mumakore epashure pehondo, kuzivikanwa kwenyika dzakawanda kwakauya kuna Mravinsky. Sezvo mutemo, kondakita anoenda kunze kwenyika pamwe chete neochestra yaanotungamira. Muna 1946 na1947 chete akanga ari muenzi wePrague Spring, kwaakamboimba neCzechoslovak orchestras. Maonero eLeningrad Philharmonic muFinland (1946), Czechoslovakia (1955), nyika dzokuMadokero kweEurope (1956, 1960, 1966), uye United States of America (1962) akanga ari kubudirira kworukundo. Dzimba dzakazara, kuombera kubva kuvanhu, kuongorora kwechido - zvese izvi kucherechedzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekirasi yekutanga yeLeningrad Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra uye mukuru wayo conductor Evgeny Aleksandrovich Mravinsky. Basa rekudzidzisa raMravinsky, purofesa paLeningrad Conservatory, akagamuchirawo kuremekedzwa kwakakodzera.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969