Tsamba yemimhanzi |

musical notation, notation (Latin notatio, Italian notazione, semeiografia, French notation, semeiographie, German Notation, Notenschrift) igadziriro yezviratidzo zvemifananidzo inoshandiswa kurekodha mimhanzi, pamwe chete nekurekodhwa kwemimhanzi pachayo. Mavambo eN.P. yakamuka kare.

Pakutanga, nziyo dzaifambiswa nenzeve dzaive dzakarongwa nemifananidzo. nzira (kushandisa mifananidzo). Muna Dr. MuEgypt, kuedza kwakaitwa kuita chinyorwa chakadaro. Muna Dr. Babironi inofungidzirwa kuti yakashandisa ideographic. (syllabic) kurekodha kwemimhanzi. inonzwika uchishandisa kunyora kwecuneiform (hwendefa revhu rine zvinyorwa zvecuneiform rakachengetedzwa - nhetembo yakanyorwa nezviratidzo zvekuwedzera, izvo zvinodudzirwa se syllabary notation yemanzwi emimhanzi). Track. dariro rakanga riri vara N. p. Mabhii ekunyora manzwi akashandiswa muDr. Greece. Kunyange zvazvo iyi gadziriro yaingorekodha kurira kwenzwi, asi kwete nguva yadzo, yakagutsa vaimbi venguva iyoyo, sezvo mimhanzi yevaGiriki vekare yakanga iri monophonic uye mutinhimira wacho wainyatsoenderana nenhetembo. text. Kutenda kune izvi, pasinei nekusakwana kweN. p., mimhanzi nemimhanzi. dzidziso muDr. Greece, pamwe nemamwe marudzi emhosva, yakagamuchira zvinoreva. kusimukira (ona Alphabet musical, Ancient Greek music). Pakazosvika 6th c. kuratidza manzwi, pamwe chete nechiGiriki, mabhii a<em>lat akatanga kushandiswa. alphabet; kusvika ku10 c. nzira yekugadzira manzwi muLatin. mabhii akatsiva zvachose ekare. The tsamba hurongwa muzana remakore rechi20. chikamu chinoshandiswa mumhanzi-tioretical. litre-re kudoma otd. manzwi nematoni. Dr. Hurongwa hwekare hwaipenga N. p., hwakazopararira mucf. zana remakore (ona Nevmy). Zviratidzo zvakakosha - neumes dzakanyorwa pamusoro pemashoko ekuyeuchidza nziyo dzenziyo; anopenga N. p. yakashandiswa zvakanyanya. nokuda kwezvinyorwa zveKaturike. nziyo dzechitendero. Nekufamba kwenguva, mitsetse yakatanga kushandiswa kuratidza nemazvo kureba kweneum. Pakutanga, mitsetse yakadaro yaisaratidza manzwi chaiwo, asi yaibvumira muimbi kuti aone kuti ndeipi yenhamba yemanzwi airatidzwa neneuma yaiva yakaderera uye yaiva yakakwirira. Nhamba yemitsara yakabva kune imwe kusvika ku18; masisitimu kubva mumitsetse yakati wandei, sokunge zvakadaro, akaburitsa pabepa tambo dzemuses. tool. Muzana ramakore rechi 11, Guido d'Arezzo akavandudza nzira iyi yeN. vashandi vemimhanzi. Pamavambo emitsetse, akaisa zviratidzo zvebhii zvichiratidza manzwi chaiwoiwo amanzwi akanyorwa paari; zviratidzo izvi zvaiva prototypes zvemazuva ano. keys. Zvishoma nezvishoma, zviratidzo zvisiri-zvinoreva zvakatsiviwa nemusoro wenotsi, zvichireva chete kukwirira kwemanzwi. Iyi N. p. rakashandiswa zvakanyanya kurekodha rwiyo rwaGregorian uye nokudaro rakagamuchira zita rekuti choral (ona Choral notation, Gregorian chant).

Track. danho mukukura kweN. p. ndiyo yainzi. mensural notation, iyo yakagadziriswa panguva imwe chete. uye manzwi uye nguva yekurira. Iyo yekupedzisira yairatidzwa nechimiro chemusoro wenoti. Zviratidzo zvechiyero, izvo zvakasimbisa hutatu kana zvikamu zviviri zvenguva imwe neimwe yenoti, zvakaiswa pakutanga kwemutsara wemimhanzi, uye apo chiyero chakachinjwa, pakati pezvinyorwa zvemimhanzi. Zviratidzo zvekumbomira zvakashandiswa muhurongwa uhwu zvaienderana nenhambo yenguva yemurume uye zvaisanganisira mazita azvo (ona Mensural notation, Pause).

Panguva imwe chete ne mensural notation mu15th-17th mazana emakore. paive nealfabheti kana manhamba sisitimu, zvichingodaro tablature yakashandiswa kurekodha instr. music. Aive nemhando dzakawanda dzaienderana nehunhu hwedhipatimendi. zvishandiso; kwaivewo nemhando dzerudzi rwetabhenakeri: ChiGerman, French, Italian, Spanish.

Nzira yekugadzira machords ane manhamba akanyorwa pamusoro kana pasi pezwi rakanyorwa bhesi - general bass kana basso continuo (continuous bass) yakashandiswa ne con. 16th century uye yakapararira. akashanda semutungamiri wenyika. yekuratidzwa kwechikamu chinoperekedza cheogani nepiyano. Muzana ramakore rechi20 dhijitari bass inoshandiswa chete sechiitwa mukudzidza kuwirirana.

Iyo yedhijitari mimhanzi yekurekodha system inoshandiswa mumazuva ano. pedagogical tsika yekurerutsa kudzidza kutamba pane mamwe mabhangi. zvishandiso. Tsvimbo inotsiviwa nemitsara zvichienderana nenhamba yetambo dzechiridzwa, nhamba dzakanyorwa padziri dzichiratidza kuti ndezvipi zvinoshungurudza kuitira kuti tambo inofanira kudzvinyirirwa kumutsipa.

MuRussia, isiri-mutsara N. p. (znamenny, kana hoko) yaivepo kubva kumagumo. 11 c. (zvichida pakutanga) kusvika muzana remakore rechi17. kusanganisira. Yakanga iri mhando yekunyora yakatsauka uye yakashandiswa muChechi yeOrthodox. kuimba. Ruzivo rwekuimba kwaZnamenny rwakanga rwuri ideographic. fomu N. p. – zviratidzo zvinotaridza otd. matauriro kana kuti vavariro, asi aisaratidza manzwi chaiwo uye ukuru hwemanzwi. Gare gare, mamwe masaini akaiswa aitsanangura kureba kwemanzwi, kunonzi. cinnabar marks (ona Znamenny chant, Hooks).

Pakutanga. Muzana ramakore rechi 17 muUkraine, uyezve muRussia, nerunyoro rwemamhanzi ezuva nezuva emonophonic, kushanduka zvishoma nezvishoma kunogadzirwa kubva pakunyorera hoko kuenda kune 5-linear musical system uchishandisa sikweya manotsi uye cefaut kiyi (ona Key).

Mushure memazana emakore ekutsvaga mukugadzirisa kwekusimudzira muses. nyaya yacho yakagadzirwa nemazuva ano. N. p., iyo, pasinei zvapo nezvimwe zvikanganiso, inopfuurira kushandiswa munyika yose kusvikira kuzuva rino. Kubatsira kwemazuva ano N. p. rinosanganisira zvakanyanya mukuonekwa kweiyo dhizaini-yepamusoro chinzvimbo chezvinyorwa uye yavo metro-rhythm. ratios. Mukuwedzera, kuvapo kwemakiyi anobvumira kushandiswa kwevashandi vemimhanzi yekurekodha dec. music ranges. chikero, chinoita kuti zvikwanise kuzvivharira kune 5-mutsara wemumhanzi sisitimu, apo neapo tichishandisa mimwe mitsetse uye inozadzisa. mazita.

D. Millau. Les Choephores. 1916. Mapeji echikamu chibodzwa cheanoereketa, kwaya yevanoverenga uye zviridzwa zvinoridzwa.

Izvo zvinoumba zvinhu zvemazuva ano. N. p. vari: 5-mutsara tsvimbo; makiyi anotarisa kukosha kwekukwirira kwemitsara yedanda; zviratidzo zvemimhanzi: misoro yeovha ine tsinde (kana tsvimbo) - isina kuzara (chena) uye yakazadzwa (yakasviba); dec. zvinhu zvemimhanzi zvinoratidzira zvine chekuita. kureba kwemanzwi, zvichibva pasvomhu. musimboti wekupatsanurwa kuita maviri ega ega note (yenguva) mugove; zviratidzo zvetsaona pakiyi, kugadzirisa hurefu hwenhanho yakapihwa mumimhanzi yese. inoshanda, uye netsaona ine manotsi (random), kushandura nzwi chete muchiyero chakapihwa uye kune yakapihwa octave; mita, kureva nhamba yenguva inorova pachiyero uye kureba kwayo; wedzera. zviratidzo zvinotsanangura kuwedzera kwenguva yekurira (dot, fermata, league), mubatanidzwa wevanoverengeka. tsvimbo dzemumhanzi muhurongwa hwemhanzi hunoenderana nekugona kwechiridzwa, mubatanidzwa, kwaya nenziyo dzeokestra (ona Mumhanzi wemimhanzi, Accolade, Key signs, Score).

Yakashandiswa uye yakagadziridzwa sisitimu inopindirana. mazita - tempo, dynamic, pamwe nekuratidza kubatanidzwa kweimwe nzira dzekuita, chimiro chekutaura, etc. Pamwe chete nemazita e tempo, iyo inobvumira, mukati mehutano hwakakwana, decomp. kushandiswa kunoenderana nehuwandu hwemimhanzi uye aesthetic. kuiswa kwenguva uye mimhanzi. manzwiro emuiti pachake (mazita akadai saallegro, andante, adagio, nezvimwewo), kubva pakutanga. 19th century yakawedzera uye kazhinji yakatanga kushandiswa uye anopindirana mazita e tempo, anoratidzwa muhuwandu hwekutenderera kwemetronome pendulum. Maererano nezvose izvi, N. p. akatanga kurekodha mimhanzi zvakanyatsorurama. Uye zvakadaro kugadzirisa uku hakumbove kwakajeka sekugadziriswa kwemimhanzi nerubatsiro rwekurekodha.

K. Stockhausen. Kubva pakutenderera kwekutamba.

Kunyangwe nekunyatso kucherechedzwa kwemirairo yemunyori, mutambi anogona kududzira zvakafanana mimhanzi notation yemamusi munzira dzakawanda. anoshanda. Ichi chinyorwa chinoramba chiri chigadziro chakanyorwa chekugadzirisa basa; zvisinei, mukunzwika chaiko kwemimhanzi. mabasa aripo chete mune mumwe kana mumwe muiti. dudziro (ona Kuita kweMumhanzi, Dudziro).

New music. miitiro yezana remakore rechi20. vakauya nechinjo dzakati mumitoo yokuimba nziyo. Kune rimwe divi, uku ndiko kumwe kunatsiridza uye kupfumisa kwemazita ekuita, kuwedzera kweiyo yakaoma kwazvo. Nokudaro, kusarudzwa kwemaitiro ekuitisa, mazita emhando dzisingazivikanwi dzekuita (Sprechgesang), nezvimwewo zvakatanga kushandiswa. Mazita anoonekwa akaiswa pamberi neuyu kana kuti munyori uye haana kushandiswa kunze kwebasa rake. Mumhanzi wekongiri uye mimhanzi yemagetsi, N. p. haashandiswi zvachose - munyori anogadzira basa rake. mune tepi yekurekodha, iyo ndiyo yega isingabvumiri k.-l. kuchinja muchimiro chekugadzirisa kwayo. Kune rumwe rutivi, vanotevedzera muses. aleatorics mune imwe kana imwe yemhando dzayo dzinoramba kusachinjika kwakanyorwa kugadziridzwa kwemabasa avo, vachisiya zvakawanda mavari pakufunga kwemuiti. Vanyori, vanotenda kuti nhandaro yemafungiro avo inofanira kuitwa nenzira iri pedyo nekusununguka kwekusununguka, kazhinji vanoita zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi zvebasa ravo. muchimiro chemutsara we "hints", rudzi rwemimhanzi. machati.

Pane hurongwa hwakakosha hwekugadzirisa zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi zvemapofu, zvakavambwa muna 1839 nemaFrench. mudzidzisi nemuimbi L. Braille; yakashandiswa muUSSR mukudzidzisa mimhanzi kumapofu. Onawo Armenian mimhanzi notation, mimhanzi yeByzantine.

References: Papadopulo-Keramevs KI, Mavambo enziyo notation pakati pekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kweSlavs ..., "Bulletin yeArcheology uye Nhoroondo", 1906, kwete. 17, p. 134-171; Nuremberg M., Mimhanzi mifananidzo, L., 1953; Riemann, H. Studien zur Geschichte der Notenschrift, Lpz., 1878; David E. Et Lussy M., Histoire de la notation musicale depuis ses origines, P., 1882; Wölf J., Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1-1, Lpz., 2-1913; wake, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 19; Smits vanWaesberghe J., The musical notation of Guido d'Arezzo, “Musica Divina”, 1924, v. 1951; Georgiades Thr. G., Sprache, Musik, schriftliche Musikdarstellung, “AfMw”, 5, Jahrg. 1957, nhamba 14; yake pachake, Musik und Schrift, Münch., 4; Machabey A., Notations musicales non modales des XII-e et XIII-e sicle, P., 1962, 1957; Rarrish C., The notation of medieval music, L. - NY, (1959); Karkoschka E., Das Schriftbild der neuen Musik, Celle, (1957); Kaufmann W., Musical notations of the Orient, Bloomington, 1966 (Indiana University Series, No 1967); Ape60 W., Die Notation der polyphonen Musik, 1-900, Lpz., 1600.

VA Vakhromeev